Retrotransposons and the evolution of mammalian gene expression

Transposable elements, and retroviral-like elements in particular, are a rich potential source of genetic variation within a host's genome. Many mutations of endogenous genes in phylogenetically diverse organisms are due to insertion of elements that affect gene expression by altering the normal pattern of regulation. While few such associations are known to have been maintained over time, two recently elucidated examples suggest transposable elements may have a significant impact in evolution of gene expression. The first example, concerning the mouse sex-limited protein ( Slp ), clearly establishes that ancient retroviral enhancer sequences now confer hormonal dependence on the adjacent gene. The second example shows that within the human amylase gene family, salivary specific expression has arisen due to inserted sequences, deriving perhaps from a conjunction of two retrotransposable elements.Peer Reviewedhttp://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/42800/1/10709_2004_Article_BF00133720.pd

Is dit een soa?

STD-associated questions and symptoms are submitted frequently to general practitioners and STD outpatient-clinics. In this teaching article we address 10 important clinical questions regarding epidemiology, risk assessment, testing policy, diagnostics and prevention. STD's form a separate category of infectious diseases because of the role of sexuality. Good communication about sexual behavior is indispensable for an adequate diagnosis. We discuss the recognition of extragenital manifestations of STD, which requires alertness. Estimating the STD-risk based on sexual behavior is essential for testing policy. Persons at high risk are tested for the big five. In other cases testing is based on symptoms and complaints. HIV and syphilis are serious std's. Early detection followed by treatment is important in preventing health damage and preventing further spread. Hiv-indicator-conditions are useful alarm-signs for this purpose. PrEP can help not to acquire hiv and increases sexual health. It can be prescribed by gp's and public health clinicians. But condom-use remains crucial in prevention

Is it a sexually transmitted disease?

STD-associated questions and symptoms are submitted frequently to general practitioners and STD outpatient-clinics. In this teaching article we address 10 important clinical questions regarding epidemiology, risk assessment, testing policy, diagnostics and prevention. STD's form a separate category of infectious diseases because of the role of sexuality. Good communication about sexual behavior is indispensable for an adequate diagnosis. We discuss the recognition of extragenital manifestations of STD, which requires alertness. Estimating the STD-risk based on sexual behavior is essential for testing policy. Persons at high risk are tested for the big five. In other cases testing is based on symptoms and complaints. HIV and syphilis are serious std's. Early detection followed by treatment is important in preventing health damage and preventing further spread. Hiv-indicator-conditions are useful alarm-signs for this purpose. PrEP can help not to acquire hiv and increases sexual health. It can be prescribed by gp's and public health clinicians. But condom-use remains crucial in prevention.</p

Een opaciteit in de hals op het orthopantomogram: wat te doen?

Bij een 71-jarige man werd bij toeval op het orthopantomogram een opaciteit in de hals ontdekt, die werd verdacht van verkalking ter hoogte van de splitsing in de carotis interna en externa. Op grond van de internationale literatuur worden verschillende gedragslijnen bepleit ten aanzien van nader vaatonderzoek en eventuele operatieve verwijdering van dergelijke verkalkingen. In Nederland wordt de tandarts en de kaakchirurg vooralsnog geadviseerd in een dergelijke situatie de patiënt te informeren en het aan de huisarts over te laten of nader vaatonderzoek is geïndiceerd. Dit geldt ook voor het eventuele gebruik van antitrombotica

Een opaciteit in de hals op het orthopantomogram: wat te doen?

Bij een 71-jarige man werd bij toeval op het orthopantomogram een opaciteit in de hals ontdekt, die werd verdacht van verkalking ter hoogte van de splitsing in de carotis interna en externa. Op grond van de internationale literatuur worden verschillende gedragslijnen bepleit ten aanzien van nader vaatonderzoek en eventuele operatieve verwijdering van dergelijke verkalkingen. In Nederland wordt de tandarts en de kaakchirurg vooralsnog geadviseerd in een dergelijke situatie de patiënt te informeren en het aan de huisarts over te laten of nader vaatonderzoek is geïndiceerd. Dit geldt ook voor het eventuele gebruik van antitrombotica

Evaluation Of Orthodontic Positioners

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