La movilidad social en Buenos Aires y Montevideo de 1960 a 2012

This work compares social mobility in Buenos Aires and Montevideo over a period of 50 years, based on the oldest and most recent social mobility surveys in each of them. The comparison is restricted to male heads of household, as they were the only ones included in the oldest data. Notwithstanding this limitation, the comparison is useful for future studies because it provides results for modeling data. Recent data comes from the EMOTE2 survey for Montevideo and the ENES 2012 of the PISAC project for Buenos Aires. Mobility data circa 1960 comes from ICPRS for Buenos Aires, and from works of the time for Montevideo, which allowed completing tables and distributions through Iterative Proportional Fitting. The hypotheses of the time and the most recent ones about these cities were reviewed, and they were channeled within the contemporary discussion that analyzes social mobility, which focuses especially on the association between class origins, educational achievements, and current class. Using loglinear models, hypotheses about constant fluidity, inequality of educational opportunities, and the return of educational capital were explored. Divergent changes and trends in class mobility and reproduction between the two cities were verified. Class inequality continues to dominate social mobility, but between both dates there is greater social fluidity in Buenos Aires than in Montevideo. The effect of class inequality is notable through how educational achievement is distributed and rewarded. No substantive advance of meritocracy is noted, and part of the problem is the mismatch of educational attainment and current class position. The conclusions contribute to a sequence of comparative studies that INCASI is developing. The results are interpreted as a counterpoint and dialogue with recent international trends.Este trabajo compara la movilidad social en Buenos Aires y Montevideo en un período de 50 años, en base a las encuestas de movilidad social más antiguas y más recientes en cada una de ellas. La comparación se restringe a hombres jefes de hogar, porque fueron los únicos incluidos en los datos más antiguos. No obstante esta limitación, la comparación es útil para próximos estudios porque sienta resultados para modelar datos. Los datos recientes provienen de la encuesta EMOTE2 para Montevideo y de la ENES 2012 del proyecto PISAC para Buenos Aires. Los datos de la movilidad circa 1960 provienen de ICPRS para Buenos Aires, y de trabajos de la época para Montevideo, que permitieron completar tablas y distribuciones por medio de Iterative Proportional Fitting. Se reseñaron las hipótesis de la época y las más recientes sobre estas ciudades, y se las encausó dentro de la discusión contemporánea que analiza la movilidad social, que se enfoca especialmente en la asociación entre orígenes de clase, logros educativos, y clase actual. Por medio de modelos loglineales se exploraron las hipótesis sobre la fluidez constante, la desigualdad de oportunidades educativas, y el retorno del capital educativo Se verificaron cambios y tendencias divergentes en la movilidad y la reproducción de clases entre las dos ciudades La desigualdad de clase sigue dominando la movilidad social, Pero entre ambas fechas se registra una mayor fluidez social en Buenos Aires que en Montevideo. Es notorio el efecto de la desigualdad de clase a través de cómo se distribuye y recompensa el logro educativo. No se advierte un avance sustantivo de la meritocracia, y parte del problema es la no correspondencia de logro educativo y posición de clase actual. Las conclusiones contribuyen a una secuencia de estudios comparativos de que está desarrollando INCASI. Los resultados se interpretan como contrapunto y diálogo con las corrientes internacionales recientes. This work compares social mobility in Buenos Aires and Montevideo over a period of 50 years, based on the oldest and most recent social mobility surveys in each of them. The comparison is restricted to male heads of household, as they were the only ones included in the oldest data. Notwithstanding this limitation, the comparison is useful for future studies because it provides results for modeling data. Recent data comes from the EMOTE2 survey for Montevideo and the ENES 2012 of the PISAC project for Buenos Aires. Mobility data circa 1960 comes from ICPRS for Buenos Aires, and from works of the time for Montevideo, which allowed completing tables and distributions through Iterative Proportional Fitting. The hypotheses of the time and the most recent ones about these cities were reviewed, and they were channeled within the contemporary discussion that analyzes social mobility, which focuses especially on the association between class origins, educational achievements, and current class. Using loglinear models, hypotheses about constant fluidity, inequality of educational opportunities, and the return of educational capital were explored. Divergent changes and trends in class mobility and reproduction between the two cities were verified. Class inequality continues to dominate social mobility, but between both dates there is greater social fluidity in Buenos Aires than in Montevideo. The effect of class inequality is notable through how educational achievement is distributed and rewarded. No substantive advance of meritocracy is noted, and part of the problem is the mismatch of educational attainment and current class position. The conclusions contribute to a sequence of comparative studies that INCASI is developing. The results are interpreted as a counterpoint and dialogue with recent international trends

Diez años después. Determinantes del ingreso por trabajo en los jóvenes evaluados por PISA 2003 en Uruguay

Background of INCASI Project H2020-MSCA-RISE-2015 GA 691004. WP1: CompilationLa utilización de las ecuaciones de Mincer es un procedimiento habitual por el cual se observa el retorno de la inversión en capital humano, su versatilidad permite incluir variedad de controles. El propósito del presente artículo es observar que ocurre con los ingresos a los 25 años, controlando por el resultado obtenido en PISA a los 15 años. Los datos provienen de la Segunda Encuesta a los Jóvenes Evaluados por PISA en 2003, que en 2012 encuestó a 2451 jóvenes uruguayos, que a los 15 años fueron evaluados por el ciclo PISA 2003. Los resultados muestran un efecto estadísticamente significativo de los puntajes obtenido en PISA a los 15 años en los ingresos; quienes obtuvieron puntajes por encima del umbral de alfabetismo de acuerdo a PISA, tienen en promedio mayores ingresos, incluso aplicando controles de género, nivel educativo, experiencia laboral, lugar de residencia, tipo de empleo y hogar de origen.The use of Mincer's equations, are standard procedure to estimate the return of investment in human capital, its versatility has allowed the inclusion of many controls. The proposal of this article is observe the incomes at 25 years old, controlling the PISA score, achieved by young people at 15 years old. The data set for the article came from the Second Survey to Young People Evaluated by PISA at 2003, that in 2012 surveyed 2451 Uruguayan young people, that were evaluated by PISA in the 2003 cycle. The result shows a statistical significant effect of the PISA score in the incomes, even 10 years after of the evaluation. Those that obtain score above the threshold of literacy according PISA, have on average higher income, even including applying controls of gender, educational level, work experience, place of residence, type of job, and family social class

Ten years after. Determinants of income from work in young assessed by PISA 2003 in Uruguay

La utilización de las ecuaciones de Mincer es un procedimiento habitual por el cual se observa el retorno de la inversión en capital humano, su versatilidad permite incluir variedad de controles. El propósito del presente artículo es observar que ocurre con los ingresos a los 25 años, controlando por el resultado obtenido en PISA a los 15 años. Los datos provienen de la Segunda Encuesta a los Jóvenes Evaluados por PISA en 2003, que en 2012 encuestó a 2451 jóvenes uruguayos, que a los 15 años fueron evaluados por el ciclo PISA 2003. Los resultados muestran un efecto estadísticamente significativo de los puntajes obtenido en PISA a los 15 años en los ingresos; quienes obtuvieron puntajes por encima del umbral de alfabetismo de acuerdo a PISA, tienen en promedio mayores ingresos, incluso aplicando controles de género, nivel educativo, experiencia laboral, lugar de residencia, tipo de empleo y hogar de origen.The use of Mincer’s equations, are standard procedure to estimate the return of investment in human capital, its versatility has allowed the inclusion of many controls. The proposal of this article is observe the incomes at 25 years old, controlling the PISA score, achieved by young people at 15 years old. The data set for the article came from the Second Survey to Young People Evaluated by PISA at 2003, that in 2012 surveyed 2451 Uruguayan young people, that were evaluated by PISA in the 2003 cycle. The result shows a statistical significant effect of the PISA score in the incomes, even 10 years after of the evaluation. Those that obtain score above the threshold of literacy according PISA, have on average higher income, even including applying controls of gender, educational level, work experience, place of residence, type of job, and family social class

Social inequality, occupational prestige, income and education: Proposal for a Uruguayan scale

[Resumen] En el marco de le Encuesta de Movilidad Social y Trayectorias Educativas (EMOTE 2010 - 2012), se realizó un relevamiento sobre prestigio ocupacional, aplicando un set de preguntas específico sobre este tema. Se aplicó a una submuestra representativa de la encuesta, que ascendió a 427 casos de ambos sexos, mayores de 18 años, de las ciudades de Montevideo, Maldonado y Salto (Uruguay). El interés sobre el trabajo era múltiple, pero partía de intentar establecer si los entrevistados podrían brindar una opinión indicativa del prestigio de las ocupaciones y la desigualdad social. Con la muestra se evaluó un conjunto de 90 ocupaciones que representaban la mayoría de las ocupaciones presentes en la Encuesta Nacional Ampliada de Hogares (ENAH) de 2006. Se requirió a los entrevistados evaluar el prestigio de un conjunto de ocupaciones con un score entre 1 y 9, correspondiendo 1 a las que consideraban de menor prestigio y 9 las de máximo prestigio. A continuación, se presenta su validación, y una aplicación.[Abstract] In the framework of the Survey on Social Mobility and Educational Trajectories (EMOTE 2010 - 2012), a survey on occupational prestige was carried out, applying a specific set of questions on this topic. It was applied to a representative sub-sample of the survey, which amounted to 427 cases of both sexes, over 18 years of age, from the cities of Montevideo, Maldonado and Salto (Uruguay). The interest in the work was multiple, but it started from trying to establish if the interviewees could provide an opinion indicative of the prestige of the occupations and social inequality. The sample evaluated a set of 90 occupations that represented the majority of the occupations present in the 2006 Extended National Household Survey (ENAH). Respondents were required to assess the prestige of a set of occupations with a score between 1 and 9, corresponding 1 to those considered less prestigious and 9 those of maximum prestige. Below is its validation, and an application

Working Paper 4 from Thematic Research 1 to 11

Production of INCASI Project H2020-MSCA-RISE-2015 GA 69100

Working Paper 2 from Thematic Research 1 to 11: Work Package 2 Deliverable D5

Production of INCASI Project H2020-MSCA-RISE-2015 GA 69100

Working Paper 3 from Thematic Research 1 to 11 : Work Package 3 Deliverable D8

Production of INCASI Project H2020-MSCA-RISE-2015 GA 69100

Web site creation and updating report : Work Package 1 Deliverable D2

Production of INCASI Project H2020-MSCA-RISE-2015 GA 69100

Working Paper 1 from Thematic Research 1 to 11 : Work Package 1 Deliverable D3

Production of INCASI Project H2020-MSCA-RISE-2015 GA 69100

Clivajes y linajes en la movilidad social: una aproximación al desarrollo de una tradición teórica exigente

Studies of social mobility are among the most demanding, ambitious and controversial in sociology, because they generally attack very sensitive problems from a theoretical, methodological and public point of view. Mobility studies are studies of sociology, because they challenge the "quality" of society as a whole to generate opportunities or to establish inequalities for its members. The concepts of lineage and cleavage applied to the mobility studies allow to reflect the empirical results, but also the dominant theoretical sequences. This way of examining research on inheritance and social mobility leads to the analysis of the changes and conceptual inertia that have proliferated in this area, mainly in the North Atlantic countries. It is important how the analysis of social change itself generates its continuities and ruptures. Therefore the present will be a theoretical article, which reviews and reorders concepts, tasks and challenges for sociological research in social mobility. There is no doubt that there are other ways to do this, as shown by Erikson and Goldthorpe (1993), Ganzeboom and Treiman (1996), Hout and Di Prete (2004), and Breen and Luijkx (2004). But our preference for identifying continuity or abandonment, problems, ideas and methods, with notions of lineage and cleavage, allow us to equidistance, and the recovery of a certain dialogue, which is a sine qua non, to illustrate and convinceEl trabajo busca reordenar y caracterizar el trabajo teórico y metodológico en las investigaciones sobre movilidad social a nivel internacional. El objetivo es establecer un diálogo entre las diferentes posiciones, y hacer explícitos algunos supuestos principales. Los conceptos de linaje y clivaje brindan utilidad necesaria para señalar rupturas y continuidades teóricas. La reflexión final destaca las nuevas condiciones en las que debería de rearmarse el debate e intercambio sobre el tema, dados los importantes cambios socio-económicos a nivel internacional