Lipolysis inhibition by proteose-peptone : an interfaciale study.

Peer reviewe

LA STEAM EXPLOSION : PRINCIPE ET ACTION SUR LES MATERIAUX LIGNOCELLULOSIQUES

La steam explosion est un procédé thermomécanochimique qui va permettre la déstructuration de la matière lignocellulosique par l’action combinée de la chaleur issue de la vapeur, des hydrolyses induites par la formation d’acides organiques et du cisaillement résultant de la chute brutale de pression. Le procédé est composé de deux phases distinctes. D’une part, le vapocraquage qui consiste à faire pénétrer par diffusion, puis à condenser, la vapeur sous haute pression à l’intérieur de la structure du matériau. L’eau condensée à température élevée va initier l’hydrolyse des groupements acétyles contenus dans les xylanes et induire la formation d’acides organiques. Selon la sévérité des conditions (pression, température), les acides vont catalyser l’hydrolyse des fractions hémicellulosiques, induire des modifications dans la structure des lignines et modifier le degré de cristallinité de la fraction cellulosique. D’autre part, la décompression explosive. Cette phase est provoquée par une chute brutale de pression qui va entraîner la revaporisation d’une partie de l’eau condensée. L’expension brutale de la vapeur va induire des forces de cisaillement qui vont modifier les propriétés physiques (granulométrie, surface spécifique, rétention d’eau…) du matériau.LIGNOFUE

Carbohydrate-Based Surfactants: Structure-Activity Relationships

The aim of the present contribution is: (1) to review CBS in terms of structural classification based on their molecular size (mono-, oligo-, polymeric surfactants), geometry (standard, bipolar or bolaform, and gemini surfactants), and the nature of the polar headgroup (charged or not, cyclic or not), the apolar tail (number and length of alkyl chain), and the linker (amide, ester, ...) and/or the spacer; (2) to present systematically results on structure- activity relationships of uronic acid derivatives (UADs), a particular class of carbohydrate-based surfactants. These concern the impact of each structural entity including the polar headgroup (stereochemistry), apolar tail (chain length, number, and unsaturation), and linkage/spacer, on the performance of UADs to change surface properties, and possibly, to form and stabilize colloidal systems

Mechanism of lipolysis in milk : a modelistic approach using in Langmuir film balance.

Peer reviewe

Use of 13C-NMR in structural elucidation of polysaccharides: case of locust bean gum

Locust bean gum (LBG) galactomannans are polysaccharides consisting of a β-(1→4) D-mannopyranosyl backbone substituted to varying degrees in α-(1→6) with single D-galactopyranosyl residues. This basic structure is the same for all galactomannans (Fig. 2). However, when locust bean gum is extracted at different temperatures, the generated fractions exhibit different properties in aqueous solution (viscosity, viscoelasticity, gel formation, thermohydrolysis resistance, etc.). This means that there are differences within the fine structure of the polymers (although the basic structure is the same). Analysis of [13C]-NMR spectra of galactomannans, in combination with other techniques, can provide capital information about fine structural elucidation of the polymers. The method specifies the distribution of lateral galactosyls along the main chain of mannans. Two fractions extracted from locust bean gum at 25 and 80 °C (respectively GM25 and GM80) were comparatively studied by [13C]-NMR. Mannosyls/Galactosyls (M/G) ratios can be determined by considering the intensities of C-1 mannose and galactose signals in [13C]-NMR spectra. This method provides results relatively close to those obtained by GC-MS analysis. Spectra also showed that resonance from C4 of D-mannose residues were split, in evident dependence upon the nearest-neighbor probabilities (“diad frequencies”) of D-galactosyl groups along the mannan chains (Fig. 2). Diad frequencies were obtained by integrating C4(Man) peak areas. F11, F21/F12 and F22 gave respectively the di-, mono- or non-substituted mannose pairs proportions. High percentages of F11 and F22 therefore indicate a more non-homogeneous distribution of lateral galactosyls along the polysaccharide backbone as observed for GM80. The percentages of total lateral substituents obtained by C4(Man) peak analysis [F11 + (F21 or F12)/2] were fairly well correlated with M/G ratios. Splitting of the C-6 substituted D-mannose resonance provides, therefore the basis for determining the next-nearest-neighbor probabilities (triad frequencies) (Fig. 2). However, the spectrum is often not sufficiently resolved to accurately quantify and interpret the results

Impact d'un fractionnement soustractif sur la relation structure-fonction de la gomme de caroube

Le choix d'une température de fractionnement de la gomme de caroube va conditionner les caractéristiques des fractions obtenues et par conséquent les potentialité d'applications de ces dernières