Poverty in Malawi, 1998

"This paper presents the poverty analysis of the 1997 98 Malawi Integrated Household Survey. The analysis developed basic needs poverty lines, using consumption-based measures of welfare to classify households and individuals as poor and nonpoor. Because consumption data were not of uniform quality across sample households, the analysis made adjustments to derive a more accurate assessment of the incidence of poverty across the country. The analysis provides poverty and inequality estimates for Malawi's population. About 65 percent were unable to meet their basic needs, and poverty was deep and pervasive. The distribution of household welfare was loosely examined within the context of the Malawi Poverty Reduction Strategy to guide government action in helping poor households improve their own well-being." Authors' AbstractPoverty ,poverty analysis ,

Agricultural change and rural class formation in Iringa district, Tanzania

This thesis is a study of rural development policy in Tanzania with special reference to Iringa District. Its principal aim is to assess the ujamaa (rural socialism) programme. However, an historical approach is adopted and the thesis devotes considerable attention to the development of agricultural production, particularly maize and tobacco, in Iringa District. Based upon fieldwork conducted during the author's stay in Tanzania in 1976/77, the thesis draws on a variety of unpublished documentary sources and the testimony of informants.The early chapters discuss pre-colonial Tanganyika, the incorporation of the territory into the international capitalist system, and the role of the colonial state in the rural areas. Infrastructures and forms of exploitation are examined in the context of colonial capital accumulation, and it is suggested that colonial policy underwent significant shifts between the 1930s and the post-war period.The thesis argues that the post-Independence government made a disastrous mistake in generalising an experience with co-operatives which had already shown its negative side in the 1950s. Moreover, the ujamaa policy, originally intended as a policy for self-initiative by peasants, was transformed into a state policy for the compulsory resettlement of the rural population in nucleated villages. As a consequence of this bureaucratic approach towards rural development, agriculture was disrupted, production dropped, the will to work of the producers decreased and mismanagement intensified these problems. In short, the technocratic approach towards agriculture has failed to release the productive forces and change the social relations of production in rural Tanzania

Educating the Army's Jedi

This dissertation examines the decisions taken during the development of the concept for the School of Advanced Military Studies and its subsequent refinement in the first ten years of its history. The other line of inquiry in the dissertation is the development, introduction and refinement of the concept of operational art and the operational level of war into U.S. Army doctrine, primarily in the 1982, 1986 and 1993 versions of Field Manual 100-5, Operations

To Choose Informational and Financial Political Access or Not? The Influence of Access Political Strategies on Subsidiary Performance of Emerging Market Multinationals

Doing business in sub-Saharan Africa is characterized by high levels of political uncertainty. More so for MNEs internationalizing across borders in the region, institutional environments are perceived as relatively different from developed economies and may be strongly argued as weak. However, research to interrogate corporate political activities within this politically uncertain context is limited. This paper uses the dynamic capability perspective to examine the role of access political activities on the subsidiary performance of South African MNEs in sub-Saharan Africa. The study argues that contrary to the literature on access political activities, within a context of weak formal institutions and high political risk, political capabilities like information and financial political strategies negatively influence the subsidiary performance of MNEs; and host-country political risk levels moderate the relationship. We find support from a survey of senior executives of South African MNEs in cross-border businesses across sub-Saharan Africa

Integrating Universal Healthcare in Early Childhood Education for Sustainable Community Development (IHSD)

The early years of life are crucial to establishing a sound foundation for cognitive social emotional and physical development for the rest of children s lives Universal health coverage and nurturing care framework policies ensure holistic child care however many children in Siaya County seem to lack holistically child care in their education as we spend our energies on treatment rather than prevention services which are more cost effective The major question this study sought to respond to was How do preschools integrate universal health care services in early childhood education This is an action research design utilizing both quantitative and qualitative tools of data collection and is informed by humanizing child development theory as proposed by Eugene M De Robertis 2008 The participants for this project included 1400 preschool teachers Instruments of data collection included questionnaires for pre-school teachers interview schedule for teachers and document analysis of curriculum teacher preparation materials and health care records Quantitative data was analyzed using descriptive statistics while qualitative data utilized thematic analysis approac

Atheism and the Apotheosis of Agency

This paper suggests that biological factors ought to be considered in attempting to explain distributions of theism and atheism across populations. In advancing our argument, we consider two recent efforts to explain atheism. The first, entered by William S. Bainbridge, is in the tradition of sociological theorizing. The second, proffered by Justin L. Barrett, is an example of theorizing within the framework of the recently developed cognitive science of religion. While these two approaches are different in important respects, they both opt for environmental explanations of atheism. We give reasons for regarding purely environmental explanations as unsatisfactory both with regard to atheism and with regard to some (but not all) expressions of religiosity. We offer, moreover, a suggested modification of Barrett's approach that introduces a hypothesized heritable biological argument so that it accounts for more of what we know about atheism

PROTEUS two-dimensional Navier-Stokes computer code, version 1.0. Volume 2: User's guide

A new computer code was developed to solve the two-dimensional or axisymmetric, Reynolds averaged, unsteady compressible Navier-Stokes equations in strong conservation law form. The thin-layer or Euler equations may also be solved. Turbulence is modeled using an algebraic eddy viscosity model. The objective was to develop a code for aerospace applications that is easy to use and easy to modify. Code readability, modularity, and documentation were emphasized. The equations are written in nonorthogonal body-fitted coordinates, and solved by marching in time using a fully-coupled alternating direction-implicit procedure with generalized first- or second-order time differencing. All terms are linearized using second-order Taylor series. The boundary conditions are treated implicitly, and may be steady, unsteady, or spatially periodic. Simple Cartesian or polar grids may be generated internally by the program. More complex geometries require an externally generated computational coordinate system. The documentation is divided into three volumes. Volume 2 is the User's Guide, and describes the program's general features, the input and output, the procedure for setting up initial conditions, the computer resource requirements, the diagnostic messages that may be generated, the job control language used to run the program, and several test cases

PROTEUS two-dimensional Navier-Stokes computer code, version 1.0. Volume 1: Analysis description

A new computer code was developed to solve the two-dimensional or axisymmetric, Reynolds averaged, unsteady compressible Navier-Stokes equations in strong conservation law form. The thin-layer or Euler equations may also be solved. Turbulence is modeled using an algebraic eddy viscosity model. The objective was to develop a code for aerospace applications that is easy to use and easy to modify. Code readability, modularity, and documentation were emphasized. The equations are written in nonorthogonal body-fitted coordinates, and solved by marching in time using a fully-coupled alternating direction-implicit procedure with generalized first- or second-order time differencing. All terms are linearized using second-order Taylor series. The boundary conditions are treated implicitly, and may be steady, unsteady, or spatially periodic. Simple Cartesian or polar grids may be generated internally by the program. More complex geometries require an externally generated computational coordinate system. The documentation is divided into three volumes. Volume 1 is the Analysis Description, and describes in detail the governing equations, the turbulence model, the linearization of the equations and boundary conditions, the time and space differencing formulas, the ADI solution procedure, and the artificial viscosity models

PROTEUS two-dimensional Navier-Stokes computer code, version 1.0. Volume 3: Programmer's reference

A new computer code was developed to solve the 2-D or axisymmetric, Reynolds-averaged, unsteady compressible Navier-Stokes equations in strong conservation law form. The thin-layer or Euler equations may also be solved. Turbulence is modeled using an algebraic eddy viscosity model. The objective was to develop a code for aerospace applications that is easy to use and easy to modify. Code readability, modularity, and documentation were emphasized. The equations are written in nonorthogonal body-fitted coordinates, and solved by marching in time using a fully-coupled alternating-direction-implicit procedure with generalized first- or second-order time differencing. All terms are linearized using second-order Taylor series. The boundary conditions are treated implicitly, and may be steady, unsteady, or spatially periodic. Simple Cartesian or polar grids may be generated internally by the program. More complex geometries require an externally generated computational coordinate system. The documentation is divided into three volumes. Volume 3 is the Programmer's Reference, and describes the program structure, the FORTRAN variables stored in common blocks, and the details of each subprogram