TRY plant trait database – enhanced coverage and open access

Plant traits—the morphological, anatomical, physiological, biochemical and phenological characteristics of plants—determine how plants respond to environmental factors, affect other trophic levels, and influence ecosystem properties and their benefits and detriments to people. Plant trait data thus represent the basis for a vast area of research spanning from evolutionary biology, community and functional ecology, to biodiversity conservation, ecosystem and landscape management, restoration, biogeography and earth system modelling. Since its foundation in 2007, the TRY database of plant traits has grown continuously. It now provides unprecedented data coverage under an open access data policy and is the main plant trait database used by the research community worldwide. Increasingly, the TRY database also supports new frontiers of trait‐based plant research, including the identification of data gaps and the subsequent mobilization or measurement of new data. To support this development, in this article we evaluate the extent of the trait data compiled in TRY and analyse emerging patterns of data coverage and representativeness. Best species coverage is achieved for categorical traits—almost complete coverage for ‘plant growth form’. However, most traits relevant for ecology and vegetation modelling are characterized by continuous intraspecific variation and trait–environmental relationships. These traits have to be measured on individual plants in their respective environment. Despite unprecedented data coverage, we observe a humbling lack of completeness and representativeness of these continuous traits in many aspects. We, therefore, conclude that reducing data gaps and biases in the TRY database remains a key challenge and requires a coordinated approach to data mobilization and trait measurements. This can only be achieved in collaboration with other initiatives

Awakening and Subversion in The Handmaid’s Tale

本篇論文探討瑪格麗特．艾特伍之《使女的故事》中，女性壓迫、覺醒和透過寫作女性建構主體之間的關係。並藉由幾位理論家如露西．伊瑞葛來提出的女性身體的理論，和伊蓮．·西克蘇主張之陰性書寫理論，探討《使女的故事》中，女性在父權壓迫之下，成為社會的犧牲者，且探究奧芙弗雷德如何透過講述故事顛覆父權，以及分析女性寫作在奧芙弗雷德的覺醒和建構女性主體中的關係。 本文主要分為三個章節以及導論和結語。導論扼要介紹研究動機，本文主要論點以及本篇論文的架構。第一章討論女性在父權霸權、宗教控制、視覺及性剝削之下所受到的壓迫。首先，根據幾位理論家的觀點，分析女性長期受到壓迫而導致男尊女卑，以及為了鞏固父權，女性在父權社會中失去主體性且成為男性的附屬品。第二章著眼於奧芙弗雷德的覺醒，是藉由建構女性房間為領域及回憶過去。第三章則著重奧芙弗雷德的講述故事為女性書寫以及瑪格麗特．艾特伍創作幾節取名為「夜」的動機，和女性寫作作為顛覆父權的女性力量。結語為本文的最後一部分，總結了本文的研究要點說明文中所提及的研究問題，以及釐清《使女的故事》中女性壓迫、覺醒和透過寫作女性建構主體間的關係。This thesis examines the relation among women’s oppression, awakening and the reconstruction of female independence in Margaret Atwood’s The Handmaid’s Tale. Through Luce Irigaray’s reinterpretation of female bodies as space, Helene Cixous’s theory of feminine writing, and several theorists’s theories, such as Karen Stein, Glenn Deer and so on, I attempt to discuss women as victims of the patriarchal hegemony as well as female subversion because of subordinate women under surveillance, and Offred’s storytelling as her construction of female independence. I divide the thesis into three chapters together with an introduction and a conclusion. The introduction states my research intention, the essential argument, and the formation of this thesis. Chapter One mainly discusses women’s oppression under the patriarchal hegemony, religious control, visual and sexual exploitation, and victims of male hierarchy in the novel. First, I examine the oppression of women which leads to women’s inferiority to men acceding to Karen Stein’s, Heidi Slettedahl Macpherson’s, Glenn Deer’s, Pilar Somacarrera’s, and T. Johnson’s interpretations. Therefore, women lose their sovereignty and become men’s subordinates, which is to consolidate patriarchy in a male-dominated system in the novel. Chapter Two focuses on Offred’s awakening to her subjectivity by claiming her room and recollecting her past. Chapter Three concentrates on Offred’s tape recording as writing and speaking for women, seven parts of “Night” which Atwood creates for women, and female writing as subversion. The conclusion consolidates all the views to solve the research questions and to investigate the relation among women’s oppression, awakening and the reconstruction of Offred’s female independence.Acknowledgements...........i 摘要.............................. ii Abstract..................... iii Table of Contents......... iv Introduction.................... 1 Chapter One The Oppression of Women............... 15 I. Patriarchal Hegemony, Religious Control, Visual and Sexual Exploitation...... 15 II. Victims of Male Hierarchy.............................................. 30 Chapter Two Claiming a Room and Recollecting the Past....................... 43 I. Her Own Room: Her Own Territory....................................43 II. Building Her Subjectivity by Recollecting the Past...................55 III. Moira’s Independence and Female Subjectivity......................68 Chapter Three Offred’s Tapes and Female Writing.....................75 I. Tape Recording.......................75 II. Margaret Atwood’s “Night”....................89 III. Writing Female Bodies..................................102 Conclusion........................113 Bibliograph...............................12

A conceptual model of geomorphically-driven riparian forest dynamics along the middle Sacramento River, California

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The role of abandoned channels as refugia for sustaining pioneer riparian forest ecosystems

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The critical role of abandoned channels as refugia for sustaining pioneer riparian forest ecosystems

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The role of abandoned channels as refugia for sustaining pioneer riparian forest ecosystems

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