Facework in a pair-programming session

Improved communication is part of the agile solution to the problems we have in developing software. It has been shown that some development practices restricted feedback within teams because empirical studies suggest that a significant portion of the software maintainer's time is required to understand the functionality of the software to be maintained. Muller and Padberg demonstrated that when developers work together as tightly knit pairs this changes as their productivity and feelgood increase. In this paper we report on observations of developers programming as a pair. We see that the management of face is an important factor in attempts to reciver the meaning of code

Eyewitness Reports: The Inquirer\u27s Live Coverage of the American Civil War

Civil War journalism A new style of coverage The title of Eyewitness Reports, a new coffee table-style book on the Civil War coverage of the Philadelphia Inquirer, is tinged with a bit of irony. Given the logistical difficulties inherent in being a reporter in the 1...

The Price of Liberty: African Americans and the Making of Liberia

In the Heart of Darkness The foundation of a republic The story of Liberiaùthe world\u27s second black-ruled Republicùis both fascinating and complicated. Founded largely through the efforts of the American Colonization Society (ACS) as a refuge for both free African Americans and ...

For Love & Liberty: The Untold Civil War Story of Major Sullivan Ballou & His Famous Love Letter

A Short Life A Long Book Sullivan Ballou, the subject of For Love & Liberty, was an up-and-coming lawyer and politician in Rhode Island when the Civil War broke out. After some hesitation, he volunteered for service in the 2nd Rhode Island Infantry, where he was commission...

Advanced materials for block copolymer lithography

textThe multi-billion dollar per year lithography industry relies on the fusion of chemistry, materials science, and engineering to produce technological innovations that enable continual improvements in the speed and storage density of microelectronic devices. A critical prerequisite to improving the computers of today relies on the ability to economically and controllably form thin film structures with dimensions on the order of tens of nanometers. One class of materials that potentially meets these requirements is block copolymers since they can self-assemble into structures with characteristic dimensions circa three to hundreds of nanometers. The different aspects of the block copolymer lithographic process are the subject of this dissertation. A variety of interrelated material requirements virtually necessitate the synthesis of block copolymers specifically designed for lithographic applications. Key properties for the ideal block copolymer include etch resistance to facilitate thin film processing, a large interaction parameter to enable the formation of high resolution structures, and thin film orientation control. The unifying theme for the materials synthesized herein is the presence of silicon in one block, which imparts oxygen etch resistance to just that domain. A collection of silicon-containing block copolymers was synthesized and characterized, many of which readily form features on approximately the length scale required for next-generation microelectronic devices. The most important thin film processing step biases the orientation of block copolymer domains perpendicular to the substrate by control of interfacial interactions. Both solvent and thermal annealing techniques were extensively studied to achieve orientation control. Ultimately, a dual top and bottom surface functionalization strategy was developed that utilizes a new class of "top coats" and cross-linkable substrate surface treatments. Perpendicular block copolymer features can now be produced quickly with a process amenable to existing manufacturing technology, which was previously impossible. The development of etching recipes and pattern transfer processes confirmed the through-film nature of the features and the efficacy of both the block copolymer design and the top coat process.Chemistr

Ultraviolet Light Emitting Diode Optical Power Characterization

Obtaining a cost effective way to produce safe drinking water is not only a priority of almost every residential community in the United States, but the Department of Defense has a specific interest cutting edge technology in this domain for disinfecting water in a foreign nation during a war campaign. The development of ultraviolet (UV) Light Emitting Diode (LED) technology is a potentially important step towards being able to conduct this kind of disinfection with fewer resources. The traditional UV source in use for disinfection today is the mercury lamp. This UV source requires high amounts of voltage, requires significant periods of time for warming up, and is not typically lightweight enough or versatile enough to be useful in a deployed setting. This project is intended to characterize the optical power for various short wavelength UV LEDs. This optical power is important in determining how much current is needed to deactivate bacteria and other pathogens or to optimize hydroxyl radical production to oxidize compounds in water. The results from this study indicate there is a linear relationship between optical power and current for air measurements. The data collected in this research were applied to characterize the performance of LEDs for the two tandem projects and building a model to optimize the design and performance of UV LED based reactors. Additionally, this research attempted to measure UV LED emission in water. Issues associated with these measurements are discussed

Social Stratification and Political Behavior: An Emphasis upon Structural Dynamics

The interrelationship of social stratification factors (Social stratification is the relative position of ranks, and their distribution found within a society.) and political institutions is a frequent problem of interest to social scientists. In studies of the relationship between political behavior and social stratification, there are numerous analyses of location or rank. in the stratification system and their effects on political behavior. There also are studies on the relationship between social mobility, status crystallization, (Social mobility for the purposes of this study concerns the comparative social rank between a father and his son.) and political behavior. The interaction between mobility, crystallization, and politics has been alluded to throughout the literature, but there appear to be few systematic propositions or theories about this area. We can examine this problem in the works of learned men of many disciplines. Status crystallization is an individual\u27s consistency in rank for several status dimensions, specifically occupation, education, ethnicity, religion, and income

Social Stratification and Political Behavior: An Emphasis upon Structural Dynamics

The interrelationship of social stratification factors (Social stratification is the relative position of ranks, and their distribution found within a society.) and political institutions is a frequent problem of interest to social scientists. In studies of the relationship between political behavior and social stratification, there are numerous analyses of location or rank. in the stratification system and their effects on political behavior. There also are studies on the relationship between social mobility, status crystallization, (Social mobility for the purposes of this study concerns the comparative social rank between a father and his son.) and political behavior. The interaction between mobility, crystallization, and politics has been alluded to throughout the literature, but there appear to be few systematic propositions or theories about this area. We can examine this problem in the works of learned men of many disciplines. Status crystallization is an individual\u27s consistency in rank for several status dimensions, specifically occupation, education, ethnicity, religion, and income

A platform for discovering and sharing confidential ballistic crime data.

Criminal investigations generate large volumes of complex data that detectives have to analyse and understand. This data tends to be "siloed" within individual jurisdictions and re-using it in other investigations can be difficult. Investigations into trans-national crimes are hampered by the problem of discovering relevant data held by agencies in other countries and of sharing those data. Gun-crimes are one major type of incident that showcases this: guns are easily moved across borders and used in multiple crimes but finding that a weapon was used elsewhere in Europe is difficult. In this paper we report on the Odyssey Project, an EU-funded initiative to mine, manipulate and share data about weapons and crimes. The project demonstrates the automatic combining of data from disparate repositories for cross-correlation and automated analysis. The data arrive from different cultural/domains with multiple reference models using real-time data feeds and historical databases