99 research outputs found
This paper uses aggregate-level data, as well as case-studies, to trace the evolution of some key structural features of the Indian economy, relating both to the agricultural and the informal industrial sector. These aggregate trends are used to infer: (a) the dominant relations of production under which the vast majority of the Indian working people labour, and (b) the predominant ways in which the surplus labour of the direct producers is appropriated by the dominant classes. This summary account is meant to inform and link up with on-going attempts at radically restructuring Indian society. JEL Categories: B24, B51
relations of production, modes of surplus extraction, India
Relations of Production and Modes of Surplus Extraction in India
This paper uses aggregate-level data, as well as case-studies, to trace out the evolution of some key structural features of the Indian economy, relating both to the agricultural and the informal industrial sector. These aggregate trends are used to infer: (a) the dominant relations of production under which the vast majority of the Indian working people labour, and (b) the predominant ways in which the surplus labour of the direct producers is appropriated by the dominant classes. This summary account is meant to inform and link up with on-going attempts at radically restructuring Indian society. JEL Categories: B24, B51relations of production, forms of surplus extraction, mode of production, India
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Non-Food Expenditures and Consumption Inequality in India
This paper contributes to the ongoing debate about economic inequality in India during the post-reform period. We analyze consumption inequality through the hitherto neglected lens of nonfood expenditure. Using household level consumption expenditure data from the quinquennial “thick” rounds of the NSS, we show that inequality within food and non-food groups has declined, even as overall expenditure inequality has increased over time. We suggest that the rise in overall expenditure inequality is due to the increased weight in the household budget of non-food spending, which tends to be more unequal than food spending. We also show that inequality is very different across broad non-food items. Durables, education, healthcare, and consumer services show the most rapid increases in real expenditure, and also display the highest levels of inequality. Finally, we offer some possible mechanisms for this phenomenon and suggest policy measures to deal with this form of inequality
Long-run performance of the organised manufacturing sector in India : an analysis of sub-periods and industry-level trends
The Indian manufacturing sector has not increased its
share in output or employment along expected lines.
The aggregate trends in this sector at the 3-digit level of
the National Industrial Classification from 1983 to 2017
are investigated here. Using data from the Annual
Survey of Industries obtained from the EPWRFITS, it
identifies three sub-periods within the overall period:
1988–96, 1996–2006, and 2006–17. A shift-share
decomposition is used to show that most of the
decline in the labour to capital ratio can be explained
by within-industry changes. Finally, industries are
analysed with respect to their capacity to deliver job
and wage growth
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Relations of Production and Modes of Surplus Extraction in India
This paper uses aggregate-level data, as well as case-studies, to trace out the evolution of some key structural features of the Indian economy, relating both to the agricultural and the informal industrial sector. These aggregate trends are used to infer: (a) the dominant relations of production under which the vast majority of the Indian working people labour, and (b) the predominant ways in which the surplus labour of the direct producers is appropriated by the dominant classes. This summary account is meant to inform and link up with on-going attempts at radically restructuring Indian society
State of working India 2019
To contribute to the critical matter of India creating just and sustainable employment, the University has set up the Centre for Sustainable Employment (CSE), which conducts and supports research in areas of work, labour, and employment. The University is attempting to provide empirically grounded, analytical reflections on the state of work and workers in India, as well as to evaluate and propose policies that aim to create sustainable jobs. To this end the University also gives grants to create new knowledge in the above areas. It also hosts a working paper series to which contributions are invited from researchers, policy-makers, civil society actors, and journalists. The University’s CSE website is an important part of this agenda. In addition to research papers and policy briefs, it hosts government reports, as well as data and statistics on the Indian labour market
Reviving employment and livelihoods in India : covid-19 and after
This Report essentially takes stock of the employment conditions prevailing in the Indian
economy prior to the pandemic and then goes on to delineate the impact of Covid-19 on lives
and livelihood. It also charts a possible policy path forward to address both short-term and
long-term challenges of livelihood and employment. The focus is primarily on the non-farm
economy while analysis and policy recommendations are at the national level
State of working India 2018
India is one of the world’s fastest growing economies. To
be a stable and prosperous democracy, this growth must
be accompanied by the creation of meaningful, secure and
remunerative employment. Realising this goal requires a
grounded and comprehensive overview of the state of labour
markets, employment generation, demographic challenges and
the nature of growth
Determinants and Impact of Subcontracting: Evidence from India\u27s Informal Manufacturing Sector
There are two divergent perspectives on the impact of subcontracting on firms in the informal
sector. According to the benign view, formal sector firms prefer linkages with relatively modern firms in the informal sector, and subcontracting enables capital accumulation and technological
improvement in the latter. According to the exploitation view, formal sector firms extract surplus from stagnant, asset-poor informal sector firms that use cheap family labour in home-based production. However, direct, firm-level evidence on the determinants and impact of subcontracting is thus far lacking in the literature. We apply a modified Heckman selection model to Indian National Sample Survey data on informal manufacturing enterprises (2005-06). We find that home-based, relatively asset-poor, and female-owned firms are more likely to be in a subcontracting relationship. Further, we perform selectivity-corrected Oaxaca-Blinder Decomposition and calculate treatment effects to show that subcontracting benefits smaller firms, firms in industrially backward states and rural firms; it is harmful for larger firms, firms in industrially advanced states, and urban firms. Our results suggest that the effects of subcontracting are more complex than those predicted by the divergent perspectives. Policy-makers need to engage with this complexity
Microenterprises in India : a multidimensional analysis
Microenterprises have been the engines of job growth in the majority of dynamic economies. India is home to thousands of microenterprise clusters as well as millions of distributed entrepreneurs who can become job creators. Fostering of such mass-entrepreneurship is key to addressing India’s employment challenge.
Case studies of clusters in general, and of women entrepreneurs in particular, show that if key factors such as collective action, infrastructure, credit, and market linkages are in place, returns to entrepreneurship are vastly improved. Inspirational stories are also emerging in the use of fourth industrial revolution technologies to improve access to markets and enter global value chains in a way that awards greater agency to women entrepreneurs
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