Production of Cephalosporin C from Acremonium chrysogenum, and its Antimicrobial Activity against Some Pathogenic Bacteria

The Production of cephalosporin C by Acremoniumchrysogenumin flask contain fermentation medium, after that its extraction, purification and estimation was performedby Spectrophotometric Method.The antimicrobial activities of both the crude and purified cephalosporin C were performed against the test organisms by Agar Well Diffusion Method.Agar well diffusion method and the inhibition zones were recorded and evaluated the effectiveness of the antibiotic against gram positive bacteria (Staphylococcus aereusand Bacillus subtilis) and no effectiveness against gram negative bacteria (Pseudomonas aeruginosaand Proteus mirabilis).The Production of cephalosporin C by Acremoniumchrysogenumin flask contain fermentation medium, after that its extraction, purification and estimation was performedby Spectrophotometric Method.The antimicrobial activities of both the crude and purified cephalosporin C were performed against the test organisms by Agar Well Diffusion Method.Agar well diffusion method and the inhibition zones were recorded and evaluated the effectiveness of the antibiotic against gram positive bacteria (Staphylococcus aereusand Bacillus subtilis) and no effectiveness against gram negative bacteria (Pseudomonas aeruginosaand Proteus mirabilis)

Improving the diagnosis of dermatophytes in gaza strip by using Nested PCR

Dermatophytes are a very related to keratinophilic fungi thatcan invade keratinized humans and animal tissues such as skin, hair and nails causing dermatophytosis. They are the important cause of superficial fungal infection.Conventional identification methods like potassium hydroxide (KOH) microscopy and fungal culture lacks the ability to make an early and specific diagnosis. In this study it is taken into consideration to evaluate nested polymerase chain reaction (NPCR) using primers targeting dermatophyte specific sequence of chitin synthase 1 (CHS1) gene and compared with conventional method by potassium hydroxide (KOH) microscopy test that carried out in Rimal clinic in Gaza city.A total of ninety nine patients were clinically suspected with dermatophytosis including 16 skin specimens 16 nail specimens and 67hair specimens. For each specimen KOH, PCR and NPCR tests were carried out.The output results of NPCR sequencing was compared with the wild-type gene which was obtained from the National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI). The comparison indicated that the product of NPCR is CHS1 gene. Additionally, it was considered to compare the results of NPCR with KOH for dermatophytes which showed that 41.4% are positive indication based on KOH while 18.18% only was positive indication according to NPCR.After carrying out the statistical analysis using SPSS for both tests, it was found that 30% of the total samples should be included for treatment based on KOH test, although this percent of the sample doesn’t need to undergo treatment according to NPCR test. It is also shown that 6% of the samples are excluded for treatment in KOH method, in spite of the NPCR indicated that this percent must be included in the treatment. The prominent controversy between the test results (KOH and NPCR) was found particularly in the nails diagnosis. The study results approved that the NPCR test should be considered in dermatophytes test in Gaza Strip medical laboratories along with KOH test particularly in nails. Moreover, to improve the quality of test results, it was recommended to conduct training session for lab technicians to develop their capacity in the diagnosis of dermatophytes by KOH testDermatophytes are a very related to keratinophilic fungi thatcan invade keratinized humans and animal tissues such as skin, hair and nails causing dermatophytosis. They are the important cause of superficial fungal infection.Conventional identification methods like potassium hydroxide (KOH) microscopy and fungal culture lacks the ability to make an early and specific diagnosis. In this study it is taken into consideration to evaluate nested polymerase chain reaction (NPCR) using primers targeting dermatophyte specific sequence of chitin synthase 1 (CHS1) gene and compared with conventional method by potassium hydroxide (KOH) microscopy test that carried out in Rimal clinic in Gaza city.A total of ninety nine patients were clinically suspected with dermatophytosis including 16 skin specimens 16 nail specimens and 67hair specimens. For each specimen KOH, PCR and NPCR tests were carried out.The output results of NPCR sequencing was compared with the wild-type gene which was obtained from the National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI). The comparison indicated that the product of NPCR is CHS1 gene. Additionally, it was considered to compare the results of NPCR with KOH for dermatophytes which showed that 41.4% are positive indication based on KOH while 18.18% only was positive indication according to NPCR.After carrying out the statistical analysis using SPSS for both tests, it was found that 30% of the total samples should be included for treatment based on KOH test, although this percent of the sample doesn’t need to undergo treatment according to NPCR test. It is also shown that 6% of the samples are excluded for treatment in KOH method, in spite of the NPCR indicated that this percent must be included in the treatment. The prominent controversy between the test results (KOH and NPCR) was found particularly in the nails diagnosis. The study results approved that the NPCR test should be considered in dermatophytes test in Gaza Strip medical laboratories along with KOH test particularly in nails. Moreover, to improve the quality of test results, it was recommended to conduct training session for lab technicians to develop their capacity in the diagnosis of dermatophytes by KOH tes

Biohydrogen Production by Modified Anaerobic Fluidized Bed Reactor (AFBR) Using Mixed Bacterial Cultures in Thermophilic Condition

Anaerobic fluidized bed reactor (AFBR) with slight modifications was investigated to increase biohydrogen production at high temperature. The modifications include a decrease in the total liquid volume to 3.3 L, in addition to an external work in the form of high temperatures, high dilution rates and high rates of de-gassed effluent recycling. These modifications were applied to overcome the thermodynamic constrains preventing the simultaneous achievement of high hydrogen yield (HY) and hydrogen productivity (HP) in an (AFBR). Bacterial granulation successfully induced under a high temperature of 65oC. The bacterial granules consisted of a multispecies bacterial consortium comprised of thermophilic clostridial and enterobacter species. Hydrogen production rate (HPR) of 7.57 L H2/L/h and hydrogen yield of 5.82 mol H2/ mol glucose were achieved at a hydraulic retention time (HRT) of 1 h and effluent recycle rate of 3.6 L/ min, with V/F er equal to 0.9

The Palestinian Terrestrial Vertebrate Fauna Preserved at the Biology Exhibitions of the Universities of the Gaza Strip

The Gaza Strip (365 km2 ) of Palestine (27,000 km2 ) is home to a wealth of terrestrial vertebrate fauna. Some of these faunistic species find their ways to preservation at the local universities. Hence, the current study comes to document the Palestinian terrestrial vertebrate fauna acquired by the biology exhibitions (BEs) of Al-Azhar University, Islamic University of Gaza and Al-Aqsa University that are located at the Gaza City of the Gaza Strip. The amphibians, reptiles, birds and mammals preserved at BEs of the universities in question were surveyed and scientifically classified during a three-month period extending from January to March, 2012. The study showed that all BEs of local universities are underdeveloped, lacking attention and suffer from specimen scarcity and good preservation. The BE at Al-Azhar University is the best in the arrangement and preservation of bird specimens. A total number of 200 specimens belonging to 54 terrestrial vertebrate fauna species, 39 families and 17 orders was recorded at BEs. Reptiles constituted 40.7% of the total species recorded, followed by birds (38.9%), mammals (14.8%) and amphibians (5.6%). The Islamic University of Gaza was considered the best in terms of the number of preserved species (39.8%), followed by Al-Azhar University (36.3%) and Al-Aqsa University (23.9%). The Common Toad (Bufo viridis) was the most preserved among the amphibian species recorded. Squamata was the biggest reptilian order, comprising 20 species (8 lizards and 12 snakes), with the Syrian Black Snake (Coluber jugularis asianus) was the commonest. The Palestine Viper (Vipera palaestinae) is endemic to Palestine and most venomous and dangerous to human health. The Great White Pelican (Pelecanus onocrotalus) was the largest Palestinian bird preserved at BE of Al-Azhar University. The Egyptian Mongoose (Herpestes ichneumon) and the Common Badger (Meles meles) were the biggest mammalian specimens preserved, while the Palestine Mole-rat (Spalax leucodon ehrenbergi) was the only Palestine endemic species encountered among the preserved mammals. Finally, the improvement of BEs of local universities and the construction of a Central Museum of Natural History is highly recommended in order to change the Palestinians’ attitudes toward a sustainable ecological conservation in the Gaza Strip

إنتاج إنزيم السافيلوكينيز من بكتيريا الستافيلوكينيز أوريس معزولة محليا

Staphylokinase (SAK) is abacterial kinase produced by certain strains of Staphylococcus spp. It is a 14.5 kDa, consisting of 136 amino acids single polypeptidechain protein, which activates plasminogen to form plasmin and digest fibrin clots. SAK is a promising thrombolytic agent for the treatment of myocardial infarction. The present research was carried out to produce SAK from locally isolated lysogenic Staphylococcus aureus. The main focus of this work was to isolate and characterize lysogenic S. aureus from various environmental samples involving non-pathogenic Staphylococcus spp., while the earlier isolation was done using pathogenic samples.Staphylokinase (SAK) is abacterial kinase produced by certain strains of Staphylococcus spp. It is a 14.5 kDa, consisting of 136 amino acids single polypeptidechain protein, which activates plasminogen to form plasmin and digest fibrin clots. SAK is a promising thrombolytic agent for the treatment of myocardial infarction. The present research was carried out to produce SAK from locally isolated lysogenic Staphylococcus aureus. The main focus of this work was to isolate and characterize lysogenic S. aureus from various environmental samples involving non-pathogenic Staphylococcus spp., while the earlier isolation was done using pathogenic samples

التأثير المضاد للميكروبات لبعض المستخلصات النباتية و تفاعلاتها مع غير المضادات الحيوية

The aim of the study was to assess the synergistic effect of some medicinal plant with non-antibiotic drugs against Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus and Pseudomonas aeruginosa. We used loperamid HCl, paracetamol and vitamin C as non-antibiotic drugs. The synergistic effect between plant extrcts and Non-antibiotic drugs was assessed using disk diffusion method. The results of this study showed that ethanolic extracts used against E. coli, S. aureus and P. aeruginosa showed antimicrobial and synergistic effect with most antibiotics better than methanolic and aquatic extracts. Water extracts were showed synergistic effect with the Paracetamol and Loperamide HCl better than methanolic and ethanolic extracts against E. coli and S.aureus. Ethanolic extracts showed synergistic effect with the Paracetamol and Loperamide Hcl better than methanolic and aquatic extracts against P. aeruginosa. Thereby, the results of this study were encouraging, despite the need for clinical studies to determine the real effectiveness and potential toxic effects in vivo. These results were revealed the importance of plant extracts when associated with antibiotic and Non-antibiotic drugs in control of bacteria.The aim of the study was to assess the synergistic effect of some medicinal plant with non-antibiotic drugs against Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus and Pseudomonas aeruginosa. We used loperamid HCl, paracetamol and vitamin C as non-antibiotic drugs. The synergistic effect between plant extrcts and Non-antibiotic drugs was assessed using disk diffusion method. The results of this study showed that ethanolic extracts used against E. coli, S. aureus and P. aeruginosa showed antimicrobial and synergistic effect with most antibiotics better than methanolic and aquatic extracts. Water extracts were showed synergistic effect with the Paracetamol and Loperamide HCl better than methanolic and ethanolic extracts against E. coli and S.aureus. Ethanolic extracts showed synergistic effect with the Paracetamol and Loperamide Hcl better than methanolic and aquatic extracts against P. aeruginosa. Thereby, the results of this study were encouraging, despite the need for clinical studies to determine the real effectiveness and potential toxic effects in vivo. These results were revealed the importance of plant extracts when associated with antibiotic and Non-antibiotic drugs in control of bacteria

Bioethanol Production by Immobilized Saccharomyces cerevisiae using Different Lignocellulosic Materials

Ethanol from biomass is an attractive and sustainable energy source for transportation fuel to substitute gasoline. Second generation ethanol production utilizes cheaper and non-food feed stocks like lignocelluloses or municipal solid waste. This, could make ethanol more competitive to fossil fuels. The aim of the present study is the production of low cost ethanol using the agro wastes like tomato waste and wheat straw and make a comparison between the efficiency of free and immobilized yeast cells in calcium alginate beads with microwave-assisted acidic pretreatment of the lignocellulosic materials. We have investigated the efficiency of immobilization technique for bioethanol production using Saccharomyces cerevisiae isolate which isolated from yogurt. This isolate was identified according to morphological and biochemical characterization tests. Microwave-assisted acidic pretreatment was performed for both wheat straw and tomato waste and show high improvement (45%) in glucose sugar amount compared with conventional mode of heating of dilute 7% HCl or 5% H2SO4 hydrolysis. Calcium alginate was used as immobilization matrix for S. cerevisiae. The best calcium alginate concentration was 3% and 4 % for reference and isolated yeast respectively. The immobilization technique gave higher ethanol yield compared with free system for tomato waste but lower yield with wheat straw. The maximum amount of ethanol (641mg/g) produced  by free cells  when used pretreated straw with microwave-assisted 5%H2SO4 hydrolysis and (543.5 mg/g) for tomato waste using immobilized cells with microwave-assisted 7%HCl hydrolysis

The antibacterial and synergistic effects of some Palestinian plant extracts on Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus

The antimicrobial activity and synergistic effect of some local plant extracts were evaluated against Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus. Seven crude extracts from five plants obtained through four different extraction methods were screened and tested against E. coli and S. aureus. Extracts from Cakile maritima (roots and shoots), Cakile maritima (seeds), Mesembryanthemum crystallinum (whole plant), Atriplex halimus (leaves), Withania somnifera (leaves), Marrubium vulgare (stem and leaves) were tested. There was no antibacterial activity in any plant extracts against E. coli except for C. maritima (seeds) when extracted by ethanol with an inhibition zone= 13 mm. However, antibacterial potentials were observed against S. aureus when treated with extracts of W. somnifera (leaves) with an inhibition zone= 25 mm, M. vulgare (stems) with an inhibition zone= 15 mm and M. vulgare (leaves) with an inhibition

Baker’s Yeast Production From Cactus Opuntia Cladodes Extract: Optimization of PH and Temperature

Aim: This study aims to evaluate the using of Cactus opuntia cladodes (COC) extract medium for growth of Saccharomyces cerevisiae (Baker’s Yeast, BY), and to optimize pH and temperature values of the growth. Methodology: The study design was a comparative study. The control media were both potatoes dextrose (PD) agar (PDA) and broth (PDB). The Opuntia plant aged 1-2 years was obtained from a farm located in the border of Jabalia Refugee Camp. The crude COC extract was diluted to 50% before using as experimental medium for BY. The preactivated BY sample was diluted to 10-7 before use. Experiments were carried out on both surface and submerged cultures. SPSS system was used to analyze the obtained data. Results: The results showed that the BY can grow well and proliferate in COC extract (50% dilution) where the average specific growth rate (µ) was about 0.17 h-. Similar to the growth of

Production of Bioethanol from Olive Solid Waste "JEFT"

Olive solid residue (JEFT) is the solid waste generated during olive oil production process in three-phase olive mills. It consists of the remaining pulp of olive processing after the extraction of oil, as well as the cracked seeds of the olive fruits. As a lignocellulosic material, the hemicellulose, cellulose and lignin are the main components of olive stone. The present study standardized production of ethanol from olive solid wastes using Saccharomyces cerevisiae isolates. S. cerevisiae isolated from yogurt, grape and sugarcane. These isolates were identified according to morphological and biochemical characterization tests. The alcohol tolerance test indicated that S. cerevisiae tolerated up to 10% of ethanol in the medium. Optimization of culture conditions such as pH and temperature of yeast isolates was did. 10g JEFT subjected to hydrolysis to sugar by different concentrations of diluted sulfuric and hydrochloric acids. Among acid treatment, the maximum amount of reducing sugar was 312 mg/dl obtained by 5% HCl. Using combined microwave-acid treatment with 5% HCl followed by incubation at 90°C in shaker water path for 3 hours resulted in higher amount of reducing sugars reached up to 389 mg/dl. pH 4.5 and 30°C temperature for 72 hours were the optimum fermentation conditions. The maximum observed amount of ethanol production by using JEFT hydrolysate was (9.3 g/l). When compared with hydrolysis with conventional heating by dilute 5% HCl, the microwave assisted 5% HCl process improved the yield of ethanol by 33.3%