Shipowners\u27 Limitation of Liability in International seafaring Disasters

Adherence to the principle of strict limitation of liability in any area of the law has been out of vogue since the time of Winterbottom v. Wright. This is true whether it be in the area of products liability, master-servant relations, or international air travel. The trend is to remove all limitation on recoveries available under our law for death or injury. An exception is the limitation of liability in maritime disasters. Here, in this watery domain, the narrowness that formerly dominated the field of products liability continues to exist. Some critics condemn such strict limitation as an anachronism in our modern society, while others continue to cling to its principles steadfastly. For example, it is argued that the American airline industry, which is held to a higher standard of liability than that of the Warsaw Convention, cannot be compared to the shipping industry. That [the airline industry enjoys an ever increasing volume of business and commensurate profit while the shipping industry is on a descending plane, existing on marginal profits, is but one expression of this opinion made by John F. Gerity, Chairman of the Association of Average Adjusters of the United States. Although this paper deals with some of the more technical points of this complex admiralty controversy, it should also be of interest to all those -remotely concerned with international law, or the concepts of equity and jurisprudence. This is because of the maze of international regulation in the area and the self-contradiction that exists in American law on the subject - principally, where damages are highest, the degree of fault more culpable, and the injured party\u27s need for recovery greater, the liability is least or non-existent

Denial-of-Service Attack Detection via Differential Analysis of Generalized Entropy Progressions

Denial-of-Service (DoS) attacks are one of the most common and consequential cyber attacks in computer networks. While existing research offers a plethora of detection methods, the issue of achieving both scalability and high detection accuracy remains open. In this work, we address this problem by developing a differential method based on generalized entropy progression. In this method, we continuously fit the line of best fit to the entropy progression and check if the derivative, that is, the slope of this line is less than the negative of the dynamically computed standard deviation of the derivatives. As a result, we omit the usage of the thresholds and the results with five real-world network traffic datasets confirm that our method outperforms threshold-based DoS attack detection by two orders of magnitude on average. Our method achieves false positive rates that are up to 7% where the arithmetic mean is 3% with Tsallis entropy and only 5% sampling of the total network flow. Moreover, since the main computation cost of our method is the entropy computation, which is linear in the volume of the unit-time network flow and it uses integer only operations and a small fraction of the total flow, it is therefore lightweight and scalable

advligorts: The Advanced LIGO Real-Time Digital Control and Data Acquisition System

The Advanced LIGO detectors are sophisticated opto-mechanical devices. At the core of their operation is feedback control. The Advanced LIGO project developed a custom digital control and data acquisition system to handle the unique needs of this new breed of astronomical detector. The advligorts is the software component of this system. This highly modular and extensible system has enabled the unprecedented performance of the LIGO instruments, and has been a vital component in the direct detection of gravitational waves