7 research outputs found

    Evaluation and treatment of resistant hypertension

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    Hypertension is a major cause and contributor to stroke, heart and kidney disease. Despite the development of an arsenal of medication to treat hypertension over the past half-century, adequate treatment continues to be a major problem in the United States. The Third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES-III) shows that only 29% of hypertensive patients reach a blood pressure less than 140/90 mm Hg. Resistant hypertension is defined as a blood pressure greater than 140/90 mm Hg despite a rational combination of three or more blood pressure medications including a diuretic. The prevalence of true resistant hypertension in hypertension clinics is only about 11-13%. Higher prevalence rates are evident in populations with evidence of end-organ disease such as cardiac or renal disease where lower blood pressure targets have now been established. Ascertaining the possible cause(s) for resistant hypertension is a challenge to all clinicians, but critical in eventual determination of a therapeutic solution. The following review will hopefully help guide clinicians in their discernment of causes and potential treatments for resistant hypertension. The diagnosis and treatment of the more common secondary causes will be described and treatment options for patients with resistant hypertension are discussed. Newer options, some still under clinical investigation, will be described and their future utility will be discussed. (Cardiol J 2007; 14: 329-339

    Diagnostyka i leczenie nadci艣nienia opornego

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    Nadci艣nienie t臋tnicze jest jedn膮 z g艂贸wnych przyczyn udar贸w m贸zgu, chor贸b serca i nerek. Mimo 偶e w ci膮gu ostatniego p贸艂wiecza opracowano wiele lek贸w hipotensyjnych, odpowiednie leczenie nadci艣nienia pozostaje du偶ym problemem. W badaniu NHANES III wykazano, 偶e tylko u 29% pacjent贸w z nadci艣nieniem t臋tniczym w Stanach Zjednoczonych uzyskuje si臋 ci艣nienie mniejsze ni偶 140/90 mm Hg. Nadci艣nienie oporne definiuje si臋 jako ci艣nienie utrzymuj膮ce si臋 na poziomie powy偶ej 140/90 mm Hg pomimo stosowania racjonalnego po艂膮czenia 3 lub wi臋cej lek贸w hipotensyjnych, w tym diuretyku. Cz臋sto艣膰 wyst臋powania rzeczywistego nadci艣nienia opornego w specjalistycznych o艣rodkach leczenia nadci艣nienia t臋tniczego wynosi jedynie oko艂o 11-13%. Wi臋ksz膮 cz臋sto艣膰 wyst臋powania stwierdza si臋 w populacjach os贸b z powik艂aniami narz膮dowymi, takimi jak choroby serca lub nerek, u kt贸rych przyj臋to obecnie ni偶sze docelowe warto艣ci ci艣nienia. Okre艣lenie mo偶liwej przyczyny (lub przyczyn) nadci艣nienia opornego jest wyzwaniem dla wszystkich klinicyst贸w, ale ma zasadnicze znaczenie w ostatecznym wyborze rozwi膮zania terapeutycznego. Celem niniejszej pracy jest u艂atwienie klinicystom wykrywania przyczyn i okre艣lania potencjalnych sposob贸w terapii nadci艣nienia opornego. Przedstawiono diagnostyk臋 i leczenie cz臋stszych postaci wt贸rnego nadci艣nienia, a tak偶e mo偶liwo艣ci terapii nadci艣nienia opornego. Uwzgl臋dniono r贸wnie偶 nowsze metody, z kt贸rych cz臋艣膰 jest wci膮偶 w fazie bada艅 klinicznych i om贸wiono ich przydatno艣膰 w przysz艂o艣ci. (Folia Cardiologica Excerpta 2007; 2: 511-523

    Evaluation and treatment of resistant hypertension

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    Hypertension is a major cause and contributor to stroke, heart and kidney disease. Despite the development of an arsenal of medication to treat hypertension over the past half-century, adequate treatment continues to be a major problem in the United States. The Third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES-III) shows that only 29% of hypertensive patients reach a blood pressure less than 140/90 mm Hg. Resistant hypertension is defined as a blood pressure greater than 140/90 mm Hg despite a rational combination of three or more blood pressure medications including a diuretic. The prevalence of true resistant hypertension in hypertension clinics is only about 11-13%. Higher prevalence rates are evident in populations with evidence of end-organ disease such as cardiac or renal disease where lower blood pressure targets have now been established. Ascertaining the possible cause(s) for resistant hypertension is a challenge to all clinicians, but critical in eventual determination of a therapeutic solution. The following review will hopefully help guide clinicians in their discernment of causes and potential treatments for resistant hypertension. The diagnosis and treatment of the more common secondary causes will be described and treatment options for patients with resistant hypertension are discussed. Newer options, some still under clinical investigation, will be described and their future utility will be discussed. (Cardiol J 2007; 14: 329-339)

    Compounds of Amino Acids and Neutral Salts

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    Reactions of Amino Acids with Acids

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