Persepsi Masyarakat Nelayan Tentang Pentingnya Pendidikan Formal di Kabupaten Cirebon

Penelitian ini membahas tentang persepsi masyarakat nelayan terhadap pendidikan formal Desa Gebang Kulon Kabupaten Cirebon. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui persepsi masyarakat nelayan terhadap pendidikan formal di Kabupaten Cirebon. Penelitian ini menggunakan metode kualitatif dengan pendekatan deskriptif. Teknik pengumpulan data meliputi wawancara, observasi dan dokumentasi.Dari hasil penelitian dapat disimpulkan bahwa persepsi masyarakat nelayan desa Gebang Kulon terhadap pentingnya pendidikan formal itu sangat baik dan mendukung. Tujuanya untuk kesejahteraan masyarakat nelayan di masa depan. Pendidikan merupakan elemen penting bagi masyarakat nelayan. Dari pengetahuan, keterampilan, wawasan, bisa merubah pola pikir menjadi cerdas dan lebih baik. Selayaknya semua masyarakat mendapat kesempatan untuk menikmati pendidikan, baik dalam pendidikan yang diberikan oleh keluarga, maupun lembaga pendidikan formal yang mengajarkan berbagai macam ilmu pengetahuan. Keinginan orang tua yaitu menyekolahkan anak-anaknya sampai ke perguruan tinggi, karena pada dasarnya masyarakat nelayan mengerti akan pendidikan, dan semua orang tua mempunyai cita-cita untuk menyekolahkan anak-anaknya yang tertinggi

Investigation of Organic Solvents’ Effects on Kenaf (Hibiscus cannabinus L.) Biomass Conversion in Subcritical Water

Kenaf biomass was hydrolyzed under subcritical water conditions in the presence of various organic solvents. The solvents tested were tetrahydrofuran (THF), acetone, xylene (mixed isomers) and methanol. The organic compounds released into hydrolysates, total organic contents, water-soluble total phenols, and the molecular weight distributions of the polysaccharides in the hydrolysates, solid residues leftover after hydrolysis and gaseous products formed during the solubilization process were determined. The results showed that organic solvents significantly enhanced the dissolution of kenaf biomass (methanol \u3c (omp)xylene ≤ acetone ~ tetrahydrofuran). The hydrolysis percentage was found to be between 75-82% depending on the type of the solvent. Hydrolysis yield and total organic carbons released into hydrolysates highly differed when the solubilization process was performed under carbon dioxide pressure and this effect considerably varied based on the type of solvent used in hydrolysis process. The main gas product formed during hydrolysis process was carbon dioxide with ~80% composition. Morphological measurements of the solid biomass residues left after hydrolysis showed substantial degradations with increasing number of pores on the biomass surfaces

Extreme event risk assessment for offshore systems design and operation in harsh environments

Operations of the offshore systems in harsh environments require better understanding, precise assessment, and effective management of risks. The harsh environmental conditions, such as strong ocean currents, extreme wave conditions, complex subsurface geology, frigid temperatures, and icebergs, exert extreme load on the offshore systems. Environmental factors are interconnected, and when they occur at a higher rate or in extreme conditions, they are likely to cause a catastrophic event. Such scenarios are prone to occur in the current changing conditions of climate. Assessment of extreme loads that may cause a rare event situation is critical to define risk scenarios. This study focuses on the assessment of these extreme event risk scenarios. By integrating extreme load and its likelihood of occurring, this research investigates the current state of knowledge in extreme event risk analysis. The extreme load consideration task considers three dominating aspects: stationary and non-stationary conditions; univariate and multivariate analysis; and dependence of the variables. This study also focuses on the flexible risk-based design methodology that integrates the traditional Extreme Value Theory (EVT) with climate change. The key environmental parameters considered in this study are iceberg speed, wind speed, and wave height. The developed methodologies use the above parameters from the Atlantic Continental Shelf, specifically the Flemish Pass basin, Grand Bank, and the Jeanne d’Arc basin. Due to limited data for certain environmental phenomena, such as large iceberg data in the Flemish Pass basin, the iceberg load assessment problem is treated as a rare event scenario. Traditional methods, including Peak Over Threshold (POT) based Generalized Pareto Distribution (GPD) and Block Maxima (BM) based Generalized Extreme Value (GEV), were found to be inadequate to capture the present-day extreme characteristics in the rare event cases. As an alternative, this study proposes and validates the use of POT-based Heavy Right Tail Distribution (HRTD) for iceberg load analysis at the Flemish Pass basin. The research also observes that Maximum Likelihood Estimator (MLE) provides a biased estimate for model parameter estimation in rare event scenarios, whereas the Hill, SmooHill, and Bayesian approaches offer better estimates. The methodology is extended to multivariate settings to capture extreme dependencies using extreme value copula function for investigating rare event risk profiles. The proposed low-resolution risk profile methodology offers a more efficient and cost-effective alternative to computationally expensive numerical models in the offshore domain. Climate change is observed to have an impact on the correlation between various environmental factors, including wind speed and wave height. Because of climate change, 100-year events are becoming more frequent. Consequently, the study adopts a 1000-year time frame to adjust for the increasing frequency of 100-year events under the influence of climate change, enabling predictions beyond standard lifetimes. The conditional return level function is utilized to construct rare events return level predictions under climate change threats. Finally, a non-stationary process is considered to generate a dynamic risk profile. Outcomes of this research provide a clear understanding of how climate change affects the Newfoundland offshore region. By incorporating predicted extreme loads and their likelihood of occurring, the traditional EVT-based methodologies are combined with adaptable risk-based design methodologies. The proposed dynamic, flexible, and small-scale (0.10×0.10 latitude/longitude grid) risk assessment methodology aids in offshore design decision-making for safer design and operation

Climate Generator (Stochastic Climate Representation: 120 ka to present year)

I present a computationally efficient stochastic climate model for large spatiotemporal scales (example, for the context of glacial cycle modelling). In analogy with a Weather Generator (WG), the model can be thought of as a Climate Generator (CG). The CG produces a synthetic climatology conditioned on various inputs. Inputs for the CG include the monthly mean sea surface temperature field from a simplified Energy Balance Model (EBM), surface elevation, surface ice, carbon dioxide, methane, orbital forcing, latitude and longitude. The CG outputs mean monthly surface temperature and precipitation using Bayesian Artificial Neural Networks (BANN) for non-linear regression. The CG is trained against the results of GCMs (FAMOUS and CCSM) over the last deglacial (22 ka to present). For validation, CG predictions are compared directly against the 120 ka to 22.05 ka interval of FAMOUS results that were not used for CG training. The stochastic noise is added to each prediction by generating the random normal distribution with mean from the ensemble networks for a single guess and Standard deviation computed from 10th and 90th percentile of the BANN predictive distribution for each time step. For the CG trained against FAMOUS, I show the predictive errors (relative to FAMOUS) are comparable to the difference between FAMOUS and the CCSM

Relationship Between a Levels of Aspartate Aminotransferase (Ast), Alanine Aminotransferase (Alt), Sedimentation Rate of Blood (Led) and Interleukin (Il)-6 in Patients with Tuberculosis (Tb) and Latent After 2 Months Treatment of Tuberculosis (Tb)

The aims to determine the relationship between aspartate aminotransferase (AST), alanine aminotransferase (ALT) Blood Sedimentation Rate (LED) and Interleukin (IL)-6 levels. The methods used are Laboratory Observation, Enzymatic Thermo Scientific Indiko, Ves Matic Easy, Enzyme Linked Immunosorbent Assay (ELISA). The samples in this study were tuberculosis and latent after 2 months of treatment, the samples used were 30 samples, statistic tests were normality tests with Shapiro Wilk and Independent sample tests. The results of the research that has been done, it can be concluded that aspartate aminotransferase (AST) levels, blood sedimentation rate (LED) levels, interleukin (IL)-6 levels in tuberculosis patients and latent after 2 months of treatment obtained significant results. At alanine aminotransferase (ALT) levels in tuberculosis patients and normal latent is not significant. There is a relationship with the results of aspartate aminotransferase (AST) examination, blood sedimentation rate (LED), interleukin (IL)-6 in tuberculosis (TB) patients and latent after 2 months of tuberculosis (TB) treatment

ANALISIS KUALITAS AIR TANAH BERDASARKAN JENIS KANDUNGAN KIMIA FISIK AIR PADA AKUIFER BEBAS CEKUNGAN AIR TANAH (CAT) PALU DI KABUPATEN SIGI PROVINSI SULAWESI TENGAH

Cekungan Air Tanah (CAT) Palu merupakan salah satu Cekungan Air Tanah (CAT) yang yang meliputi kota Palu dan kabupaten Sigi, Sulawesi Tengah. Cekungan Air Tanah (CAT) Palu memiliki luas sebesar 313 km2 dan merupakan Cekungan Air Tanah yang digunakan oleh masayarakat untuk keperluan sehari-hari. Cekungan Air Tanah Palu tersusun atas endapan permukaan dan batuan sedimen sehingga dapat menjadi akuifer yang baik dalam menyimpan dan meloloskan air tanah. Penelitian ini dilakukan dengan tujuan untuk mengetahui kondisi geologi dan hidrogeologi Cekungan Air Tanah (CAT) Palu, serta mengetahui kualitas air tanahnya. Metode yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini yaitu pemetaan geologi permukaan dan analisis laboratorium. Pemetaan permukaan dilakukan untuk mengetahui kondisi geologi daerah penelitian, sedangkan analisis laboratorium untuk mengetahui kandungan kimia air tanah. Berdasarkan hasil penelitan dan pembahasan daerah penelitian terdiri atas empat (4) satuan geomorfologi berupa dataran yang terangkat (D6), pegunungan tersayat kuat berlereng curam (S4), perbukitan tersayat kuat berlereng curam (S3), dan danau (F2). Daerah penelitian tersusun atas satuan batupasir karbonatan dan endapan permukaan. Air tanah pada daerah penelitian terbagi atas tiga (3) jenis yaitu Magnesium Bicarbonate, Mixed, dan Sodium Chloride. Air tanah pada daerah penelitian secara umum dapat dikonsumsi, kecuali air pada mata air panas yang memiliki pH yang cukup tinggi

Effects of First and Third Trimester MPV Ratios on Prediction of Preeclampsia

Giriş: Preeklampsi, obstetrik alanındaki gelişmelere rağmen halen maternal ve fetal morbidite ve mortalitenin önde gelen sebeplerindendir. Bu nedenle hastalık oluşmadan tanı konulabilmesi;mortalite ve morbiditeyi azaltacaktır Amaç: Preeklampside 1. ve 3. trimester MPV(median platellit volum) oranlarının hastalığı öngörebilme üzerine etkilerini araştırmak Yöntem ve gereç; Ocak 2010 ile nisan 2010 tarihleri arasında T.C. Sağlık Bakanlığı Zeynep Kamil Kadın ve Çocuk Hastalıkları Eğitim ve Araştırma Hastanesi Kadın Hastalıkları ve Doğum Kliniğinde ACOG 2002 kriterlerine göre ağır preeklampsi tanısı konulan 69 hafif preeklampsi, 72 ağır preeklampsi, 52 normal gebenin rutin biyokimya, tam kan sayımı, idrarda protein ve Doppler akım sonuçları değerlendirildi. Bu hastaların 8 ila 12 haftalar arasında olan tam kan sayımlarına ulaşıldı Bulgular: Hafif preeklampsi ve ağır preeklampsi ile normal gebeler arasında 1. trimester MPV oranları arasında, hastalığın derecesi ile pozitif korelasyon mevcut idi. MPV değeri 8,3 fl üzerinde olduğunda ağır preeklampsi gelişme riski 1,73 kat artmakta idi. 3. trimesterde MPV 9,6 fl olduğunda ağır preeklampsi gelişme riski 2,37 kat artmakta idi ve bu durum hastalığın şiddeti ile korelasyon göstermektedir. 1. trimesterde MPVnin 8,3 fl üzerinde olduğu gebelerde preeklampsi gelişme riskinin arttığı söylenebilir. 3. trimester için bu değer 9,6 fl dir. Sonuçlar: MPV Hastalığı öngörebilmedeki güvenirliği düşük olmasına rağmen üst sınıra yakın değerlerde artmış riskten söz edilebilir. Diğer parametreler göz önüne alındığında özellikle umblikal arter Doppler indeksleri ile kombine edilmesinin klinisyene takip ettikleri hastanın preeklampsi olabileceğine dair fikir verebilir.Aim: To investigate the prognostic value of the levels of mean platelet volumes (MPV) in preeclampsia Material and methods: MPV values obtained 1st and 3rd trimesters in preeclamptic and severe preeclamptic woman diagnosed according to the ACOG (2002) criteria were compared with the same parameters of healthy pregnant subjects Results: 69 preeclamptic, 72 severe preeclamptic and 52 healthy pregnant women were investigated. It was calculated that, if the 1st trimester MPV values were greater than 8,3 fl, the risk for developing severe preeclampsia was 1.73. Additionally, if the 3rd trimester MPV values were greater than 9, 6 fl, the risk for developing severe preeclampsia was 2.37. Conclusion: Increased MPV values may be helpful in predicting severe pereclampsia

Antimicrobial resistance among migrants in Europe: a systematic review and meta-analysis

BACKGROUND: Rates of antimicrobial resistance (AMR) are rising globally and there is concern that increased migration is contributing to the burden of antibiotic resistance in Europe. However, the effect of migration on the burden of AMR in Europe has not yet been comprehensively examined. Therefore, we did a systematic review and meta-analysis to identify and synthesise data for AMR carriage or infection in migrants to Europe to examine differences in patterns of AMR across migrant groups and in different settings. METHODS: For this systematic review and meta-analysis, we searched MEDLINE, Embase, PubMed, and Scopus with no language restrictions from Jan 1, 2000, to Jan 18, 2017, for primary data from observational studies reporting antibacterial resistance in common bacterial pathogens among migrants to 21 European Union-15 and European Economic Area countries. To be eligible for inclusion, studies had to report data on carriage or infection with laboratory-confirmed antibiotic-resistant organisms in migrant populations. We extracted data from eligible studies and assessed quality using piloted, standardised forms. We did not examine drug resistance in tuberculosis and excluded articles solely reporting on this parameter. We also excluded articles in which migrant status was determined by ethnicity, country of birth of participants' parents, or was not defined, and articles in which data were not disaggregated by migrant status. Outcomes were carriage of or infection with antibiotic-resistant organisms. We used random-effects models to calculate the pooled prevalence of each outcome. The study protocol is registered with PROSPERO, number CRD42016043681. FINDINGS: We identified 2274 articles, of which 23 observational studies reporting on antibiotic resistance in 2319 migrants were included. The pooled prevalence of any AMR carriage or AMR infection in migrants was 25·4% (95% CI 19·1-31·8; I2 =98%), including meticillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (7·8%, 4·8-10·7; I2 =92%) and antibiotic-resistant Gram-negative bacteria (27·2%, 17·6-36·8; I2 =94%). The pooled prevalence of any AMR carriage or infection was higher in refugees and asylum seekers (33·0%, 18·3-47·6; I2 =98%) than in other migrant groups (6·6%, 1·8-11·3; I2 =92%). The pooled prevalence of antibiotic-resistant organisms was slightly higher in high-migrant community settings (33·1%, 11·1-55·1; I2 =96%) than in migrants in hospitals (24·3%, 16·1-32·6; I2 =98%). We did not find evidence of high rates of transmission of AMR from migrant to host populations. INTERPRETATION: Migrants are exposed to conditions favouring the emergence of drug resistance during transit and in host countries in Europe. Increased antibiotic resistance among refugees and asylum seekers and in high-migrant community settings (such as refugee camps and detention facilities) highlights the need for improved living conditions, access to health care, and initiatives to facilitate detection of and appropriate high-quality treatment for antibiotic-resistant infections during transit and in host countries. Protocols for the prevention and control of infection and for antibiotic surveillance need to be integrated in all aspects of health care, which should be accessible for all migrant groups, and should target determinants of AMR before, during, and after migration. FUNDING: UK National Institute for Health Research Imperial Biomedical Research Centre, Imperial College Healthcare Charity, the Wellcome Trust, and UK National Institute for Health Research Health Protection Research Unit in Healthcare-associated Infections and Antimictobial Resistance at Imperial College London

Methods for conducting international Delphi surveys to optimise global participation in core outcome set development: a case study in gastric cancer informed by a comprehensive literature review

Copyright © 2021, The Author(s) Open Access. This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/. The Creative Commons Public Domain Dedication waiver (http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/) applies to the data made available in this article, unless otherwise stated in a credit line to the data.Background: Core outcome sets (COS) should be relevant to key stakeholders and widely applicable and usable. Ideally, they are developed for international use to allow optimal data synthesis from trials. Electronic Delphi surveys are commonly used to facilitate global participation; however, this has limitations. It is common for these surveys to be conducted in a single language potentially excluding those not fluent in that tongue. The aim of this study is to summarise current approaches for optimising international participation in Delphi studies and make recommendations for future practice. Methods: A comprehensive literature review of current approaches to translating Delphi surveys for COS development was undertaken. A standardised methodology adapted from international guidance derived from 12 major sets of translation guidelines in the field of outcome reporting was developed. As a case study, this was applied to a COS project for surgical trials in gastric cancer to translate a Delphi survey into 7 target languages from regions active in gastric cancer research. Results: Three hundred thirty-two abstracts were screened and four studies addressing COS development in rheumatoid and osteoarthritis, vascular malformations and polypharmacy were eligible for inclusion. There was wide variation in methodological approaches to translation, including the number of forward translations, the inclusion of back translation, the employment of cognitive debriefing and how discrepancies and disagreements were handled. Important considerations were identified during the development of the gastric cancer survey including establishing translation groups, timelines, understanding financial implications, strategies to maximise recruitment and regulatory approvals. The methodological approach to translating the Delphi surveys was easily reproducible by local collaborators and resulted in an additional 637 participants to the 315 recruited to complete the source language survey. Ninety-nine per cent of patients and 97% of healthcare professionals from non-English-speaking regions used translated surveys. Conclusion: Consideration of the issues described will improve planning by other COS developers and can be used to widen international participation from both patients and healthcare professionals.This study is funded by the National Institute for Health Research (NIHR) Doctoral Research Fellowship Grant (DRF-2015-08-023). JMB is partially funded by the NIHR Bristol Biomedical Research Centre and the MRC ConDUCT-II Hub for Trials Methodology Research. PRW was funded by the MRC North West Hub for Trials Methodology Research (Grant ref: MR/K025635/01).info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersio