Review of theory of human resources development training (learning) participation

Studies on training (learning) participation in human resources development program in the organizations are very sparse despites its importance in human resources development activities.This article tends to focus attention on identifying the factors influencing the training participation in human resources development intervention.This topic is very important in human resources development research because of the increasing concerns on e-learning drop-out rate, HRD measurement and evaluation. A comprehensive review of literature is presented to identify research gap in participation and completion of HRD – related intervention program. A conceptual framework of HRD training participation is proposed to describe the pattern, factors, structure and the interrelationship between the variables.Finally, the usefulness and applicability of the theory is discussed. In addition, the implication for future research will be discussed in detail

Atomic-Level Microstructure of Efficient Formamidinium-Based Perovskite Solar Cells Stabilized by 5-Ammonium Valeric Acid Iodide Revealed by Multinuclear and Two-Dimensional Solid-State NMR

Chemical doping of inorganic–organic hybrid perovskites is an effective way of improving the performance and operational stability of perovskite solar cells (PSCs). Here we use 5-ammonium valeric acid iodide (AVAI) to chemically stabilize the structure of α-FAPbI3. Using solid-state MAS NMR, we demonstrate the atomic-level interaction between the molecular modulator and the perovskite lattice and propose a structural model of the stabilized three-dimensional structure, further aided by density functional theory (DFT) calculations. We find that one-step deposition of the perovskite in the presence of AVAI produces highly crystalline films with large, micrometer-sized grains and enhanced charge-carrier lifetimes, as probed by transient absorption spectroscopy. As a result, we achieve greatly enhanced solar cell performance for the optimized AVA-based devices with a maximum power conversion efficiency (PCE) of 18.94%. The devices retain 90% of the initial efficiency after 300 h under continuous white light illumination and maximum-power point-tracking measurement