Identifying attack surfaces in the evolving space industry using reference architectures

The space environment is currently undergoing a substantial change and many new entrants to the market are deploying devices, satellites and systems in space; this evolution has been termed as NewSpace. The change is complicated by technological developments such as deploying machine learning based autonomous space systems and the Internet of Space Things (IoST). In the IoST, space systems will rely on satellite-to-x communication and interactions with wider aspects of the ground segment to a greater degree than existing systems. Such developments will inevitably lead to a change in the cyber security threat landscape of space systems. Inevitably, there will be a greater number of attack vectors for adversaries to exploit, and previously infeasible threats can be realised, and thus require mitigation. In this paper, we present a reference architecture (RA) that can be used to abstractly model in situ applications of this new space landscape. The RA specifies high-level system components and their interactions. By instantiating the RA for two scenarios we demonstrate how to analyse the attack surface using attack trees

Limited scope for group coordination in stylistic variations of kolam art

In large, complex societies, assorting with others with similar social norms or behaviors can facilitate successful coordination and cooperation. The ability to recognize others with shared norms or behaviors is thus assumed to be under selection. As a medium of communication, human art might reflect fitness-relevant information on shared norms and behaviors of other individuals thus facilitating successful coordination and cooperation.Distinctive styles or patterns of artistic design could signify migration history, different groups with a shared interaction history due to spatial proximity, as well as individual-level expertise and preferences. In addition, cultural boundaries may be even more pronounced in a highly diverse and socially stratified society. In the current study, we focus on a large corpus of an artistic tradition called kolam that is produced by women from Tamil Nadu in South India (N = 3,139 kolam drawings from 192 women) to test whether stylistic variations in art can be mapped onto caste boundaries, migration and neighborhoods. Since the kolam art system with its sequential drawing decisions can be described by a Markov process, we characterize variation in styles of art due to different facets of an artist's identity and the group affiliations, via hierarchical Bayesian statistical models.Our results reveal that stylistic variations in kolam art only weakly map onto caste boundaries, neighborhoods, and regional origin. In fact, stylistic variations or patterns in art are dominated by artist-level variation and artist expertise. Our results illustrate that although art can be a medium of communication, it is not necessarily marked by group affiliation. Rather, artistic behaviour in this context seems to be primarily a behavioral domain within which individuals carve out a unique niche for themselves to differentiate themselves from others. Our findings inform discussions on the evolutionary role of art for group coordination by encouraging researchers to use systematic methods to measure the mapping between specific objects or styles onto groups

Estimating the reproducibility of social learning research published between 1955 and 2018

Reproducibility is integral to science, but difficult to achieve. Previous research has quantified low rates of data availability and results reproducibility across the biological and behavioural sciences. Here, we surveyed 560 empirical publications, published between 1955 and 2018 in the social learning literature, a research topic that spans animal behaviour, behavioural ecology, cultural evolution and evolutionary psychology. Data were recoverable online or through direct data requests for 30% of this sample. Data recovery declines exponentially with time since publication, halving every 6 years, and up to every 9 years for human experimental data. When data for a publication can be recovered, we estimate a high probability of subsequent data usability (87%), analytical clarity (97%) and agreement of published results with reproduced findings (96%). This corresponds to an overall rate of recovering data and reproducing results of 23%, largely driven by the unavailability or incompleteness of data. We thus outline clear measures to improve the reproducibility of research on the ecology and evolution of social behaviour

The Classification of Obsessive–Compulsive and Related Disorders in the ICD-11

Background To present the rationale for the new Obsessive–Compulsive and Related Disorders (OCRD) grouping in the Mental and Behavioural Disorders chapter of the Eleventh Revision of the World Health Organization’s International Classification of Diseases and Related Health Problems (ICD-11), including the conceptualization and essential features of disorders in this grouping. Methods Review of the recommendations of the ICD-11 Working Group on the Classification for OCRD. These sought to maximize clinical utility, global applicability, and scientific validity. Results The rationale for the grouping is based on common clinical features of included disorders including repetitive unwanted thoughts and associated behaviours, and is supported by emerging evidence from imaging, neurochemical, and genetic studies. The proposed grouping includes obsessive–compulsive disorder, body dysmorphic disorder, hypochondriasis, olfactory reference disorder, and hoarding disorder. Body-focused repetitive behaviour disorders, including trichotillomania and excoriation disorder are also included. Tourette disorder, a neurological disorder in ICD-11, and personality disorder with anankastic features, a personality disorder in ICD-11, are recommended for cross-referencing. Limitations Alternative nosological conceptualizations have been described in the literature and have some merit and empirical basis. Further work is needed to determine whether the proposed ICD-11 OCRD grouping and diagnostic guidelines are mostly likely to achieve the goals of maximizing clinical utility and global applicability. Conclusion It is anticipated that creation of an OCRD grouping will contribute to accurate identification and appropriate treatment of affected patients as well as research efforts aimed at improving our understanding of the prevalence, assessment, and management of its constituent disorders

Valproic acid (VPA) in patients with refractory advanced cancer: a dose escalating phase I clinical trial

Altered histone deacetylase (HDAC) activity has been identified in several types of cancer. This study was designed to determine the safety and maximum tolerated dose (MTD) of valproic acid (VPA) as an HDAC inhibitor in cancer patients. Twenty-six pre-treated patients with progressing solid tumours were enrolled in dose-escalating three-patient cohorts, starting at a dose of VPA 30 mg kg−1 day−1. VPA was administered as an 1-h infusion daily for 5 consecutive days in a 21-day cycle. Neurocognitive impairment dominated the toxicity profile, with grade 3 or 4 neurological side effects occurring in 8 out of 26 patients. No grade 3 or 4 haematological toxicity was observed. The MTD of infusional VPA was 60 mg kg−1 day−1. Biomonitoring of peripheral blood lymphocytes demonstrated the induction of histone hyperacetylation in the majority of patients and downmodulation of HDAC2. Pharmacokinetic studies showed increased mean and maximum serum VPA concentrations >120 and >250 mg l−1, respectively, in the 90 and 120 mg kg−1 cohorts, correlating well with the incidence of dose-limiting toxicity (DLT). Neurotoxicity was the main DLT of infusional VPA, doses up to 60 mg kg−1 day−1 for 5 consecutive days are well tolerated and show detectable biological activity. Further investigations are warranted to evaluate the effectivity of VPA alone and in combination with other cytotoxic drugs

Inflammatory Markers and Aortic Aneurysms: Exploring the Role of Hs-CRP and MHR in Ascending Aortic Aneurysm Development

Diyar Köprülü,1 Mohamed Omar Hassan,2 Hüsnü Atmaca,3 Sezgin Albayrak,1 Esra Işcanlı4 1Department of Cardiology, Ordu State Hospital, Ordu, Turkey; 2Department of Cardiology, Mogadishu Somali Turkish Training and Research Hospital, Mogadishu, Somalia; 3Department of Cardiology, Samsun Gazi State Hospital, Samsun, Turkey; 4Department of Radiology, Ankara Bilkent Sehir Hospital, Ankara, TurkeyCorrespondence: Diyar Köprülü, Email [email protected]: Aortic aneurysms, particularly those affecting the ascending aorta, pose significant health risks due to their potential to cause life-threatening complications such as rupture and dissection. While the etiology of ascending aortic aneurysms has traditionally been associated with non-inflammatory processes, emerging evidence suggests a potential role of inflammation in their development.Methods: This study investigates the relationship between inflammatory markers and ascending aortic aneurysms, focusing on high-sensitivity C-reactive protein (hs-CRP) and the monocyte-to-HDL ratio (MHR). A total of 135 patients with ascending aortic aneurysms and 40 control subjects underwent comprehensive evaluations, including echocardiography, computed tomography imaging, and serum biomarker measurements.Results: The results indicate significantly elevated levels of hs-CRP and MHR in patients with ascending aortic aneurysms compared to the control group, suggesting a potential inflammatory component in the pathogenesis of these aneurysms. However, the precise mechanisms underlying this association remain to be elucidated.Conclusion: Despite limitations such as the cross-sectional study design and relatively small sample size, this study provides valuable insights into the potential involvement of inflammation in ascending aortic aneurysms. Further research, including longitudinal studies and histopathological analysis of aortic tissue, is warranted to confirm these findings and explore the utility of inflammatory markers as diagnostic and prognostic indicators in this patient population.Keywords: ascending aortic aneurysm, inflammation, hs-CRP, monocyte-to-HDL rati

Electronic structure of β-Si3N4 crystals with substitutional icosagen group impurities

The β-Si3N4 crystals are widely used in industrial and electronics areas. Therefore, β-Si3N4 has drawn the attention of researchers for many years. In this study, effects of icosagen group impurity atoms in the IIIA group on the electronic properties of the β-Si3N4 crystal were analyzed by using the density functional theory. As a result of these analyses, it was determined that the electronic properties of the crystal change significantly. Basic electronic characteristics for pure β-Si3N4 crystal and icosagen group impurity β-Si3N4 crystals, such as band structures, densities of states, binding energies, and formation energies were investigated. We identified that the band gap of the β-Si3N4 crystal was affected significantly by the impurity, and this change was varying linearly in line with the formation energy for the impurity cases. As a result of calculations, the Al-impurity was found to be the lowest-energy impurity state