The Russo-Chechen Conflict: Multilevel and Multimodal Transformation

The Russo-Chechen conflict started in the early 1800s and continues today. It is one of the most intractable and long-lasting ethnopolitical conflicts in the world and is replete with violence and atrocities that have escalated and deescalated from time to time. In this paper several peace and conflict studies (PACS) theories are used to assess the conflict and link formal and informal peacemaking strategies to the Russo-Chechen conflict. It is argued that informal multilevel and multimodal diplomacy on different levels is necessary for transformation of this conflict

STUCK BETWEEN WAR AND EUROPE: SYRIAN REFUGEES IN TURKEY

The disasters of the Syrian civil war that started in 2011 as a result of the Arab Spring have not been limited to Syria alone; rather they have affected many other countries both in the region and beyond. One of those most impacted in the region is Turkey, an immediate neighbor of Syria, which hosts over three million refugees from the latter. In addition to harming the civilians of the country, the civil war in Syria has caused numerous political, economic, and social problems for other states. It has ruined the everyday lives of the majority of Syria’s citizens, including a substantial number of children, who are innocent victims of this human tragedy. The war has exposed the incompetence and seeming helplessness of the international and regional organizations such as the United Nations and the Organization of the Islamic Cooperation, which claims to be the voice of all the Muslims in the world, to aid in the peace process. The ambitions of the regional and remote states on the ground in Syria attempting to meet their own national interests at the expense of civilian casualties and the greed of the illegal organizations attempting to establish and maintain their own power have also been revealed. This paper will discuss the impact of the war in Syria on its displaced civilians, especially focusing on children, who have sought refuge in Turkey. It will explore political, economic, social, and security effects the war in Syria has had in Turkey, the region, and the World highlighting critical discussion of the policies the Turkish government has implemented to address the refugee crisis. The data used to put this paper together were collected primarily through interviewing, observation, and news from everyday regional media

Stuck between war and Europe: Syrian refugees in Turkey

The disasters of the Syrian civil war that started in 2011 as a result of the Arab Spring have not been limited to Syria alone; rather they have affected many other countries both in the region and beyond. One of those most impacted in the region is Turkey, an immediate neighbor of Syria, which hosts over three million refugees from the latter. In addition to harming the civilians of the country, the civil war in Syria has caused numerous political, economic, and social problems for other states. It has ruined the everyday lives of the majority of Syria’s citizens, including a substantial number of children, who are innocent victims of this human tragedy. The war has exposed the incompetence and seeming helplessness of the international and regional organizations such as the United Nations and the Organization of the Islamic Cooperation, which claims to be the voice of all the Muslims in the world, to aid in the peace process. The ambitions of the regional and remote states on the ground in Syria attempting to meet their own national interests at the expense of civilian casualties and the greed of the illegal organizations attempting to establish and maintain their own power have also been revealed. This paper will discuss the impact of the war in Syria on its displaced civilians, especially focusing on children, who have sought refuge in Turkey. It will explore political, economic, social, and security effects the war in Syria has had in Turkey, the region, and the World highlighting critical discussion of the policies the Turkish government has implemented to address the refugee crisis. The data used to put this paper together were collected primarily through interviewing, observation, and news from everyday regional media

Peace Education and Conflict Resolution: a Critical Review

This article critically discusses peace education and its role in conflict resolution. Peaceeducation is a powerful tool for social and personal change. The basic assumption about peaceeducation is that the more people study and learn, the more capable they are to address issues andproblems peacefully on different levels. The need for peace education exists in every aspect ofour social lives. Also, it calls for a new awareness of how people think and tell their stories,which involve a highly developed sense of self and other. It deals with the movement fromviolence to nonviolence, which is tightly related to the process of learning and awareness. Ispeace education, then, for everybody regardless of age, gender, social status, race, religion andethnicity? This article is a critical analysis of peace education and the role it plays or may play inconflict resolution

A multidimensional approach to conflict analysis: the Russo-Chechen conflict

This paper describes the ethnopolitical conflict between Russia and Chechnya, and explores thecauses of the war and violence between these two nations that started in the early 1800s andcontinues today. The accurate analysis of conflict is important for a number of reasons, butabove all, because without its accurate diagnosis, suggestions for successful resolution wouldpractically be impossible. The Russo-Chechen conflict is one of the most long-lastingethnopolitical conflicts in the world. Its over two hundred years of history is replete withviolence and atrocities that escalated and deescalated this conflict from time to time. Many booksand articles are written about this conflict to explain its origins and causes relating to one ormore of the factors of nationalism, religion, interests, and geopolitics. This paper, however,employs a multidimensional approach to its analysis by employing a number of theories ofconflict and violence without specifying priority to any causal factors as it is impossible to weighthe causative factors to identify the hierarchical interrelationship among them. This paper arguesthat a multidimensional and multilevel approach to conflict analysis is needed to understand rootcauses of complex conflict correctly that is important for making effective policies of conflictresolution

The Russo-Chechen Conflict: Multilevel and Multimodal Transformation

The Russo-Chechen conflict started in the early 1800s and continues today. It is one of the mostintractable and long-lasting ethnopolitical conflicts in the world and is replete with violence andatrocities that have escalated and deescalated from time to time. In this paper several peace andconflict studies (PACS) theories are used to assess the conflict and link formal and informalpeacemaking strategies to the Russo-Chechen conflict. It is argued that informal multilevel andmultimodal diplomacy on different levels is necessary for transformation of this conflict

Turkey’s “Zero Problems with the Neighbors” Policy: Was It Realistic?

With the advancement of power in 2002, the Justice and Development Party (AKP) has introduced revolutionary policies in Turkey in various realms, including foreign affairs. The new trend in the foreign policy focused on not having problems with neighbors. This could be possible or nearly possible theoretically but eliminating century-long and deep-rooted conflicts with some of the neighbors would not be easy in practice. The new idealistic/moralistic approach necessitated new ways of policy formulation based on mutual gains and unthinkable concessionson the part of Turkey. Ankara’s new approach had given a special importance to building bridges of trust with the neighbors, which also seemed attractive to the political leaders of the neighboring states. This idealistic/moralistic approach was vulnerable to the dynamic political and economic developments in the region and the world in general. The policy did not have a power of sustainability due to the various old, new, and emerging problems around Turkey and hence, the government had to give it up gradually and take a new course of foreign policy based on realistic approaches to defend its national interest

The Chechen wars, media, and democracy in Russia

Media, like religion, may create, escalate, or deescalate conflict. In the age of technology, partiesto protracted conflicts often use the media for their propaganda purposes. In many cases, despitepolitically created discourses, individual media members struggle to reveal the truth of theviolent confrontation that causes human casualties. This paper discusses Moscow’s tough mediapolicy during the Chechen wars, especially from 1999 to 2009 during the Second Chechen War,and argues that Kremlin’s severe media policy in the course of the height of this violent conflictnegatively affected the values of democracy in Russia. Nonetheless, Russia’s new media policyhad affected different media means differently depending on their missions and commitment. Toproduce this paper, data were collected through interviewing twenty-two Chechen nationals,including media experts, and randomly analyzing the contents of the Russian media and Chechenwebsites available online

Numerical modeling of gas turbine cooled blades

In contrast to methods that do not take into account multiconnectivity in a broad sense of this term, we develop mathematical models and highly effective combination (BIEM and FDM) numerical methods of calculation of stationary and quasi‐stationary temperature field of a profile part of a blade with convective cooling (from the point of view of realization on PC). The theoretical substantiation of these methods is proved by appropriate theorems. For it, converging quadrature processes have been developed and the estimations of errors in the terms of A. Ziqmound continuity modules have been received. First Published Online: 14 Oct 201

Energy Dependence of the Nernst-Ettingshausen Effect Induced By Pulsed Laser Light in Bismuth Films

The behavior with the irradiation energy and with the magnetic field of the thermomagnetic response induced by laser pulses in 5.5-μm Bi films at room temperature is reported in this paper. The Nernst-Ettingshausen coefficient at an applied magnetic field of 1 T is estimated: QNE≃1.0×10-5 V/T K. A good agreement is found when these results are compared with those reported earlier in polycrystalline bulk samples obtained by a conventional method. This supports the reliability of the pulsed laser technique in the measurement of weak transport effects and indicates that the optically pumped carriers hardly influence the transport properties of bismuth