Virtual machines In Education

Abstract To provide education and particularly providing practical educational experiences to the students in the field of computing and information technology related courses including practical experience in the field of Networking, System Administration, and Operating Systems needs a lot of resources for the institution. Because this level of technical education can’t be provided only theoretically, students also need hands-on practical experience, and providing practical experience faces a lot of problems such as lack of funding and physical space, risks and threats to the network environment when we attempt to provide real, physical laboratory for experiments. This problem can be solved by developing a virtual environment for delivering students practical education. In this report we will look into different technologies used for virtualization today and do a comparative study. We will also explore some of the institutions, which are using virtual machines based environment to provide students practical experience in the field of computing and information Technology. And see how peoples are getting benefits from using virtual machines. We present how networks of virtual machines can be beneficiary for computing and information technology student and institutions by providing necessary environment in virtual network

Performance Measurement of Web Services Linux Virtual Server

With the rapid expansion in the use of internet services such as web browsing, mails, audio and video files downloading, servers' needs to manage with greater strain resources and actions. Demand for total number of clients supported by the servers has increased significantly. With a continues increase in total number of users and as a result escalating work load makes businesses uncertain about their actions with the passage of time. In addition rapid response and 24 hours availability becoming mandatory necessities for many big critical businesses applications as a result, the necessity of providing support for extremely expandable, sustainable and available services is becoming crucial. Linux Virtual Server is the best solution for providing businesses such critical services. Linux Virtual Server is an open source tool, used to establish expandable, sustainable and highly available server using a number of real servers and a front end Director. Linux Virtual Server has the ability to balance Load of a number of network services amongst several real servers using different scheduling algorithms and packet forwarding methods which suits bests for services and hardware limitations. In this project a web services Linux Virtual Server will be established using NAT (Network Address Translation) packet forwarding method and using three different scheduling algorithms, Round Robin, Weighted Round Robin and least Connection. With each scheduling algorithm number of test setup will be conducted by varying number of real servers used in the Linux Virtual Server Cluster, varying HTTP traffic through using different size of data files downloaded from the real servers and also varying number of request send per second

Managing by Objectives (MBO) and Government Agencies: A Critical Review

The objective of this study is to examine the impact of Management by Objectives (MBO) on employee’s performance, encouragement and motivation, self-confidence and contentment in public sector organizations, when they introduced MBO approach within an organization. We achieved our objective after review numerous and extensive literature and found that MBO improved the performance, efficiency, effectiveness and employees’ confidence in the public sector organizations. The employees who participate in management by objectives program (MBO) know what exactly management is expecting from them. They better know about the organizational goals, their morale, performance, and job satisfaction are high. They are also more confident than those employees who don’t participate in MBO program. Management by Objectives was recommended as a method to enhance administration efficiency for over sixty- years. Drucker (1954) was first introduced this term to setting organizational objective with the systematic way that would support to boost the organization satisfaction and employee’s performance within the organization. The quantitative study is not possible because of limited time. A large number of private sector organizations have already introduced MBO to improve the management and employee’s performance. This study gives support to introduce MBO in the public sector agencies. In summary, the impact of MBO system depends strongly on the design and implementation of its features. If it based on the standard, good practice and principle, then MBO can increase the performance effectively and efficiently in public sector firms. Keywords: Public sector agencies, Management by Objectives (MOB), Management by Results (MBR), employee’s effectiveness and efficiency, organizational objectives, employee morale and confidence, and management

Is Managing by Objectives Could Be Introduced in Government Agency? Why or Why Not? A Critical Review

The objective of this study is to examine the impact of Management by Objectives (MBO) on employee’s performance, encouragement and motivation, self-confidence and contentment in public sector organizations, when they introduced MBO approach within an organization. We achieved our objective after review numerous and extensive literature and found that MBO improved the performance, efficiency, effectiveness and employees’ confidence in the public sector organizations. The employees who participate in management by objectives program (MBO) know what exactly management is expecting from them. They better know about the organizational goals, their morale, performance, and job satisfaction are high. They are also more confident than those employees who don’t participate in MBO program. Management by Objectives was recommended as a method to enhance administration efficiency for over sixty- years. Drucker (1954) was first introduced this term to setting organizational objective with the systematic way that would support to boost the organization satisfaction and employee’s performance within the organization. The quantitative study is not possible because of limited time. A large number of private sector organizations have already introduced MBO to improve the management and employee’s performance. This study gives support to introduce MBO in the public sector agencies. In summary, the impact of MBO system depends strongly on the design and implementation of its features. If it based on the standard, good practice and principle, then MBO can increase the performance effectively and efficiently in public sector firms. Keywords: Public sector agencies, Management by Objectives (MOB), Management by Results (MBR), employee’s effectiveness and efficiency, organizational objectives, employee morale and confidence, and management

Function of sports and co-curricular activities on academic achievement in secondary schools students in ex-Fata Pakistan

The study was designed to estimate the function of sports and co-curricular activities (CCA) on academic achievement among secondary schools students innewly merged districts in khyber Pakhtunkhwa Province ex Federally Administrative Tribal Areas (FATA). A sample size of 200 subjects was chosen from 10 high schools in the Frontier Region Kohat (FR Kohat). A questionnaire of five points likert scale after in quest of due authorization from heads of institutions was used to reach to the in facet of the recognizable truth. Arithmetical technique Mean, Percentage and Standard Deviation were run to inspect the collected records. The pollster analyze the link of sports and co-curricular contribution and its optimistic role to enhance educational performances of secondary schools students as to increase grade point average GPA. Sports and Co-curricular activities have optimistic outcome on students’ management. Those student who chip in in co-curricular activities show good performance. When learners execute these activities fruitfully and appropriately they are awarded for their first-class concert and manners and thus they take conceit on their achievement. Due to these achievement, they haul off additional, they gain improved self-confidence, poise and self-honor. Finally it was concluded that involvement in sports and co-curricular activities have an imperative result on students accomplishment score and other related activities. They achieve higher GPAs higher score in colleges admittance trial, better turnout, squat failure tariff and good physical condition performance. Furthermore schools are faced budget problems. Most of heads of institutions are not interested in sports and co-curricular activities. Most of teachers and parents consider these activities as wastage of time. Facilities are not available for students. Stuents play on their own risk because proper security are not available for partakers. Students need proper nutrition but unfortunately balance diet not available for them

UTJECAJ SVJETSKIH FINANCIJSKIH KRIZA NA SVJETSKU FINANCIJSKU STABILNOST TE POTREBA ZA ALTERNATIVNIM FINANCIJSKIM SUSTAVOM

The main objective of this paper is to highlight the importance of the financial stability of the global fi nancial system particularly after the recent global financial crisis of 2008-09. The major causes of different financial crises possess the same pattern of greed among investors, inefficiency of government regulators, central banks and other stakeholders. They have miserably failed to fix the structural problems such as control of excessive debt lending, enforcement of eff ective regulations, prohibition of speculative business activities and unethical business practices in the global financial system. Islamic financial system, whose size of global assets crossed the mark of US$ 2.1 trillion by the end of 2015, which is relatively very small as compared to the conventional financial system, is rapidly growing as an alternative system. It prohibits unethical economic activities such as speculative derivative trading, uncontrolled excessive debt lending and promotes an interest-free financial system based on profit, loss and risk sharing principles. This paper concludes that global financial stability could only be achieved if proper corrective actions were taken. It also shows that the Islamic financial system was less affected by the recent global financial crisis compared to the conventional financial system because it imposes strict rules and prohibits investments in toxic assets.Glavni cilj ovog rada je naglasiti važnost financijske stabilnosti svjetskog financijskog sustava, naročito nakon nedavne svjetske financijske krize 2008.-2009. Glavni razlozi raznih financijskih kriza uvijek su imali iste značajke pohlepe investitora, neučinkovitosti propisa, središnjih banaka i ostalih dionika. Potpuno je neuspješno bilo rješavanje strukturnih problema, poput kontrole prevelikog zaduživanja, provedbe učinkovitih propisa, zabrane spekulativnih poslovnih aktivnosti i neetičkih poslovnih praksi u svjetskom financijskom sustavu. Islamski financijski sustav čija je svjetska imovina prešla brojku od 2.1 bilijuna američkih dolara krajem 2015. godine, što je relativno malo u usporedbi s konvencionalnim financijskim sustavom, ubrzano raste kao alternativni sustav. On zabranjuje neetične gospodarske aktivnosti poput spekulativnog trgovanja izvedenicama, nekontrolirano prekomjerno zaduživanje te promiče beskamatni financijski sustav koji se temelji na načelima profita, gubitka i podijeljenog rizika. U radu se zaključuje da se svjetska financijska stabilnost može postići samo ako se poduzmu prave korektivne aktivnosti. U radu se pokazuje kako je islamski financijski sustav manje pogođen nedavnom svjetskom financijskom krizom od konvencionalnog financijskog sustava, jer nameće stroga pravila i zabranjuje ulaganje u toksičnu imovinu

Pakistan: Withholdingisation of the Economic System—A Source of Revenue, Civil Strife, or Dutch Disease+?

The paper takes an incisive shot at the systemic inadequacies that have tiptoed into the economic order of the state over time via the apparently innocuous mechanism of withholding taxes. Withholding tax—a legitimate instrument of preponing the state revenues on clearly identifiable chunks of incomes—has historically been resorted to by most states, and to that extent it should be normal with Pakistan, too. However, what has happened in Pakistan is that the tool of withholding taxation has been used as a source of revenues way too large in scale, size, scope and intensity. In addition to the pulling forward of tax collection on clearly demarcated chunks of incomes, a large number of transactions have also been roped into its nexus and then charged to tax by presumptivising gross receipts as income—a withholdingisation of the sorts not only of the tax system but of the entire economic system as a weighty portion of ubiquitous withholding taxes gets stuck into the pricing structure of the final goods and services produced in the economy rendering them price-incompetitive in the international market. This overwhelming withholdingisation of the economic system, it is argued, has been brought about by a numb state continually operating under, using a Freudian framework, the “pleasure principle” instead of the “reality principle” with political governments complacently choosing to continue harvesting quick bucks into the exchequer, pushing the extractive system into a total disarray, the society into burgeoning civil strife, and the economy to the Dutch Disease effect. JEL Classification: H1 Keywords: Withholdingisation; Withholding Taxes, Pakistan Tax System; Federal Board of Revenue; Civil Strife; Dutch Disease Effect; Cost of Collection; Tax Refor

Pakistan: State Autonomy, Extraction, and Elite Capture—A Theoretical Configuration

―When groups are adequately stated, everything is stated!‖1 Management of actions and interest groups has historically been sovereign‘s existentialist imperative. The paper revitalizes philosophical state autonomy debate and then narrows down its focus to capture extractive antics of as erratic a state as Pakistan. A typology of factions – captioned as Elites – operative in extractive realm of Pakistan is developed to round them in theory, identify their properties, and lay bare mechanics of intra-elite and elite-non-elite transactions. The paper seminally develops the rational actor dilemma confronting Pakistani elites and identifies the modes through which the dilemma plausibly resolves itself. The transactional engagement between Pakistan‘s internal and external rational actors is dissected to theorize that Pakistan essentially is an equilibrium consensus subsistence state thereby opening up vast vistas for future research. The paper concludes with the glum finding that Pakistan in its current essence and manifestation is fundamentally a captive state – beholden to elites of Pakistan. JEL Classification: H1 Keywords: State Autonomy; Elite Capture; Pakistan‘s Tax System; Pakistani Elites; Elites‘ Rational Actor Dilemma; Equilibrium Consensus Subsistence State; Captive Stat

Pro-poor intervention strategies in irrigated agriculture in Asia: poverty in irrigated agriculture: issues and options: Pakistan

Irrigated farming / Poverty / Irrigation management / Irrigation systems / Water policy / Water rights / Water law / Irrigation scheduling / Organizations / Social aspects / Households / Economic aspects / Expenditure / Irrigation programs / Performance evaluation / Water delivery / Equity / Models / Crop production / Productivity / Wheat / Pakistan