Comorbid conditions responsible for the higher complications and poorer outcome in cardiac and vascular surgery: Time to reconsider hyperhomocysteinemia and its repercussions

Background: Plasma homocysteine is a perceived risk factor for the cardiovascular diseases. Many studies confirmed its remarkably high level with severity of the disease. There are no studies to correlate plasma homocysteine level and outcome of surgery in patients suffering from cardiovascular diseases. Objective: The purpose of our clinical study is to analyze the correlation of plasma Homocysteine levels in patients undergoing coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG) and various peripheral vascular surgeries regarding various patient variables such as age, sex, and also the severity of disease and outcome of surgery. Materials and Methods: The plasma homocysteine levels of 200 patients undergoing CABG and various vascular surgeries, between January 2016 and January 2018 were analyzed. This was a prospective study, data about patient variables obtained from questionnaires handed out to the patients during the preoperative period. All peripheral arterial diseases patients were symptomatic and belong to Rutherford stage 3, 4, 5, and 6. The severity of disease was evaluated based on coronary angiogram (CAG), who was undergoing CABG and computed tomography (CT) angiograms for patients presenting with peripheral vascular disease (PVD) and peroperative findings. A total of 178 CAG and 100 CT peripheral angiograms assessed. Homocysteine levels were determined by CLIA method and levels of >13 mmol/L taken as hyperhomocysteinemia. All patients had surgical vascular intervention in the form of CABG, peripheral vascular bypass, and thromboembolectomy. The results and complications evaluated postoperatively. Result: Higher homocysteine levels associated with a higher number of triple vessel coronary disease and symptomatic PVD. They had greater severity of the disease. It is also associated with poorer target vessels with an increased morbidity and postoperative fatality. Conclusion: Homocysteine level is one of the independent risk factors for severity of CAD. It can have predictive value in CABG, peripheral vascular surgery, and poor postoperative outcome

Drug Repurposing for COVID-19 from FDA Approved and Experiment Stage Drugs by in Silico Methods with SARS CoV-2 Spike Protein

E-pharmacophore based virtual screening of DrugBank database is carried out to identify candidate drugs for repurposing. The dug molecules were screened based on the pharmacophore generated and filtered through the 6000 drug molecule to obtain better 2000 of them. This filtered drug molecules further screened via structure based approach, involving molecular docking at different precisions. From the large database seven drug lead molecules were selected as hits and their binding energy with the spike protein were calculated. Cladribine, Clofarabine, Fludarabine from approved category and 7-methyl-guanosine-5\u27-triphosphate-5\u27-guanosine, Adenosine-2\u27-5\u27-Diphosphate, 8-Bromo-Adenosine-5\u27-Monophosphate, Alpha-Methylene Adenosine Monophosphate in the experimental category were found to be potent inhibitors of SARS CoV-2 spike protein to repurpose as drugs for COVID-19