COMPARISON OF CERVICAL BIOPSY USING PUNCH BIOPSY FORCEPS VERSUS LOOP ELECTRODE

Context: The biopsy of cervix can be obtained by various methods with availability of newer modalities like loop electrode. Objectives: To compare the histo-pathological parameters and clinical outcome of cervical biopsy obtained using punch biopsy forceps versus loop electrode. Methods: Women attending OPD were screened for cervical pathology, and colposcopy was done for those who screened positive. Patients who required cervical biopsy after colposcopy were allocated into 2 group; one undergoing LEEP biopsy and other half biopsied with Punch forceps. During procedure patients were evaluated for the intra-op pain and bleeding and their severity. The histo- pathological diagnosis was carried out and the sample was studied for its size, adequacy, and presence of any thermal or crush artefacts. Result: The two methods of biopsy were comparable in intra-op parameters, except for the increased requirement for additional haemostasis in LEEP biopsy. There was no case of bleeding from biopsy site at the follow-up visit. LEEP biopsy was  associated with continued vaginal discharge more often than punch biopsy. An adequate sample for histopathological diagnosis was obtained in 91.25% of all cases.  The comparative findings were reflective of comparable efficacy of both methods in providing an acceptable tissue sample for diagnosis. Conclusion: After analysing and comparing the aforementioned parameters, we opined that neither method can be deemed clearly superior to the other as a cervical biopsy procedure. Keywords: Punch biopsy forceps; Loop electrode; Cervical biopsy

Bartholin’s gland cyst presenting as anterior vaginal wall cyst: an unusual presentation

The Bartholin’s cyst can occur due to duct obstruction as a result of non-infectious occlusion of the ostium or from infection and edema compressing the duct. In this paper we are reporting a patient who presented to our hospital with something coming out through vagina. Her gynecological examination revealed, a 5*5 cm cystic, mobile, nontender mass arising completely from anterior vaginal wall with normal overlying vaginal mucosa. Intraoperatively, this cyst got ruptured, draining thick chocolate coloured material. Cyst wall was excised completely and sent for histopathology. To our surprise, histopathology reported this as Bartholin duct cyst. Literature search does not report any such case of Bartholin gland cyst

COMPARISON OF CERVICAL BIOPSY USING PUNCH BIOPSY FORCEPS VERSUS LOOP ELECTRODE

Context: The biopsy of cervix can be obtained by various methods with availability of newer modalities like loop electrode. Objectives: To compare the histo-pathological parameters and clinical outcome of cervical biopsy obtained using punch biopsy forceps versus loop electrode. Methods: Women attending OPD were screened for cervical pathology, and colposcopy was done for those who screened positive. Patients who required cervical biopsy after colposcopy were allocated into 2 group; one undergoing LEEP biopsy and other half biopsied with Punch forceps. During procedure patients were evaluated for the intra-op pain and bleeding and their severity. The histo- pathological diagnosis was carried out and the sample was studied for its size, adequacy, and presence of any thermal or crush artefacts. Result: The two methods of biopsy were comparable in intra-op parameters, except for the increased requirement for additional haemostasis in LEEP biopsy. There was no case of bleeding from biopsy site at the follow-up visit. LEEP biopsy was  associated with continued vaginal discharge more often than punch biopsy. An adequate sample for histopathological diagnosis was obtained in 91.25% of all cases.  The comparative findings were reflective of comparable efficacy of both methods in providing an acceptable tissue sample for diagnosis. Conclusion: After analysing and comparing the aforementioned parameters, we opined that neither method can be deemed clearly superior to the other as a cervical biopsy procedure. Keywords: Punch biopsy forceps; Loop electrode; Cervical biopsy

Prelabour rupture of membranes at term prospective study of expectant management versus induction of labour

Background: Premature rupture of membranes (PROM) complicates 5-10 % of pregnancies. Approximately 60-70 % of term PROM cases are followed by the onset of labor within 24 hours. Diagnosis and proper management is very important. In spite of many studies available in the literature, the clinical management is surprisingly controversial.Methods: Study conducted was prospective randomised controlled trial. Total 150 women were selected fulfilling the inclusion criteria, randomly allotted to the 3 groups. In group A, patients were observed for 24 hours. If labor didn’t supervene in 24 hours since admission, induction of labor was done depending on the bishop’s score. In the group B, labour was induced by vaginal misoprostol 25 micrograms given 4 hourly for 4 doses and in group C, labor was induced by instillation of 0.5mg PGE2 gel in the posterior fornix. The women were observed for onset and progress of labour. Failure of induction was considered if patient was not in established labour within 24 hours of instillation of first dose of cerviprime/misoprostol. Labour was monitored and managed as per hospital protocol. The analysis verified the following variables: duration of latent phase and active phase of labour, mode of delivery (spontaneous/vaccum/forceps/LSCS), third stage complications (PPH/fever/retained placenta), neonatal outcome.Results: Thirty percent women had onset of spontaneous labor during expectant management in group A. The durations of latent phase and active phase of labour were lower in group B and C than group A (9 and 10.4 versus 15 hours; p<0.001) and (4 and 6 versus10 hours; p<0.001), respectively. Immediate induction in group B and C resulted in significantly lower rate of caesarean section (17% and 19% versus 28.5%, P= 0.049) and operative vaginal delivery (5% and 3% versus 13%, P=0.007). Only a few maternal-neonatal infections occurred and no significant difference was noted (2.7% and 3% versus 3.5%, P= 0.71).Conclusions: Immediate induction with prostaglandin shortens the delivery interval and lowers the caesarean section rate as compared to expectant management; however the neonatal outcome is similar in the three groups

Pituitary Tumours

The chapter focuses on understanding the latest classification of the pituitary adenomas in light of immuno-histological and molecular signatures as envisaged in the latest WHO classification guidelines. It further looks into evaluating and analysing the symptoms of the adenoma locally and at distant organs. Imaging and hormonal analysis has been discussed in detail for both functional, non-functional and pituitary apoplexy. Further, the therapeutic options- medical, surgical and their outcomes have been highlighted

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Ministry of Agriculture and Farmer's Welfare, GOIPhosphine is considered as an effective substitute to methyl bromide (MB), an ozone depleting fumigant which was phased out honouring ‘Montreal Protocol’. Limited field studies are available on phosphine toxicity against storage insects of pulses under different climatic conditions in India. In the present study phosphine efficacy was investigated against laboratory cultured and field populations of Callosobruchus maculatus by organising field fumigation trials of 5 MT pulse stacks, each in triplicate, under varied climatic conditions. The trials were conducted at three locations, Jaipur for Cicer arietinum (chickpea), Cuttack for Vigna radiata (green gram) and Mumbai for Lathyrus aphaca (yellow pea) using conventional 56% Aluminium phosphide (AlP) tablets (2 tab/MT and 3 tab/MT) application; and gas derived from on-site phosphine generator with 77.5% granular (1.0 g and 1.5 g phosphine/m3) formulations for two exposure periods (7 and 10-days) for each dosage including untreated control. Phosphine gas concentration was monitored daily until the exposure periods using gas monitoring equipment. No emergence of adults was observed until 60 days after treatment indicating 100% insect mortality of both populations (laboratory and field) for both exposure periods using all dosages. The minimum effective phosphine gas concentration for controlling C. maculatus was observed as 300–500 ppm for 7-days exposure using 1.5 g phosphine/m3 depending on climatic conditions. A significant variation was observed in gas concentration monitored during fumigation of pulses at different locations. Average concentration-time (Ct) product for green gram was higher than that of chickpea and yellowpea. The loss of gas concentration was found to be significantly low in yellowpea treated with phosphine at moderately hot and humid climate.DA

Indigenous magical tonic to build resistance in vegetables against insect pests and diseases

67-70Vegetables are the major constituents ofIndian diet as majority of the Indians are vegetarian. India is the second largest producer of vegetables after China, producing about 75 million tonnes. The existing area under vegetable cultivation in India is around 4.5 million ha. However, there are several factors that limit the productivity of the vegetables, mainly the insect pests and diseases. Traditional knowledge should essentially be a component of integrated pest management to reduce the dependence on chemical pesticides and ecological deterioration. The insect pests inflict crop losses to the tune of 40% in vegetable production. Menace of pests on vegetables is not a hidden phenomenon and the use of more and more insecticides has not solved the purpose. Traditional practices of biological pest control have recently been the subject of increasing scientific interest as ageold location specific farming practices in general and pest management in particular are followed in different regions for managing crop pests. These practices are environmentally sound, nature friendly and economically feasible. One of the interesting indigenous knowledge has been explored from Akoli Tehshil of Ahmadnagar district in Maharashtra by conducting a survey to explore traditional practice in plant protection under one of the institute's research projects. This indigenous knowledge is locally known as magical tonic which is prepared from homely available materials like pure ghee, neem leaves extract, cow urine, butter milk/chhach, jaggery and bajra flour. A formulation is obtained after fermentation of these ingredients. The formulation acts as plant tonic, which builds up resistance to withstand pests and diseases in vegetables, particularly brinjal, beans, and tomatoes. The growth and development of fruits also get enhanced. Plants with severe wilt got rejuvenated after its application and attained strength and vigour. It helps in reducing the application of chemical inputs. Thus, farmers get economical gains besides keeping the environment safe from the hazardous impact of synthetic pesticides

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Not AvailableAcetylcholinesterase (AChE) inhibition has been demonstrated to be useful as a biomarker for exposure to organophosphorus (OP) insecticides in many environments. The objective of this study was to investigate the response of housefly (Musca domestica) head AChE (HF-AChE) exposed to five OPs as individual compounds and their binary mixtures under in vitro conditions. To examine the effects of oxidation on OP potency in the HF-AChE system, bromine water was used as an oxidisng agent. With oxidation, the sensitivity of HF-AChE to chlorpyrifos (CPF), malathion (MLT) and triazophos (TRZ) increased significantly. Monocrotophos (MCP) and profenofos (PRF) did not exhibit any significant differences in toxicity under oxidised and un-oxidised conditions. The toxicological interaction of five organophosphorus pesticides was evaluated using the concentration addition model, the combination index-isobologram equation and the toxic unit approach. All three models provided similar predictions for the ten binary combinations of OPs under oxidised and un-oxidised conditions. In the present study, the antagonistic effects of the binary combination of OPs (CPF+PRF, CPF+MLT, MCP+MLT, PRF+MLT, MLT+TRZ and PRF+TRZ) were observed under oxidised conditions. This may be due to dispositional and/or receptor antagonism. Most of the binary combinations assayed under un-oxidised conditions exhibited synergistic responses. Triazophos showed very strong synergism in binary combinations with CPF, MCP and PRF un-oxidised conditions. In contrast, under oxidised conditions, only CPF+TRZ exhibited synergism. The results obtained indicate differential toxicity of binary combinations of OPs under oxidised and un-oxidised conditions. This information could be a valuable tool in understanding the mechanisms of OPs interactions and the interpretation of future in vivo studies with mixtures of OP insecticidesNot Availabl

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Methyl bromide (MBr) fumigant has been phased out globally honouring ‘Montreal Protocol’. However, MBr is still used in India in various commodities for controlling pests as well as international trade requirements. Reports on phosphine fumigant efficacy under different ecological zones in India are scanty. In the present study fumigation trials were conducted in warehouses on 5 Metric-Tons of wheat stacks per replication of a treatment for testing phosphine efficacy against laboratory cultured and warehouse resident population of Tribolium castaneum (Herbst), Sitophilus oryzae (Lin), and Rhyzopertha dominica (Fab). The trials were organized in triplicate including untreated control at FCI warehouses at two locations, Pithoragarh in Uttrakhand and New Delhi, with varying climates. The conventional 56% Aluminium phosphide (AlP) tablet at 2 and 3 tablet/MT, and gas derived from on-site phosphine generator using 77.5% granular formulation at 1.0 and 1.5 g phosphine/m3 was tested at these warehouses against test insects for 7 and 10-days exposure periods for each dosage. Phosphine concentration was monitored every 24 h till end of the exposure periods using gas monitors. No emergence of insects was observed until 60 days after treatment in both the exposure periods using all dosages of phosphine indicating mortality of all life stages of laboratory cultured insects and resident population at both the locations. Phosphine at 1.5 g/m3 was observed as an effective alternative to methyl bromide fumigant for controlling S. oryzae, R. dominica and T castaneum at 250–27 °C and humidity 38–45% with an exposure period of 7-days, with a terminal phosphine concentration of 500–600 ppm. Locational effect was observed for gas loss and phosphine gas concentration. During fumigation, phosphine gas loss was observed to be inversely related with grain moisture and directly related with Ct values.DA

Bartholin's gland cyst presenting as anterior vaginal wall cyst: an unusual presentation

The Bartholin’s cyst can occur due to duct obstruction as a result of non-infectious occlusion of the ostium or from infection and edema compressing the duct. In this paper we are reporting a patient who presented to our hospital with something coming out through vagina. Her gynecological examination revealed, a 5*5 cm cystic, mobile, nontender mass arising completely from anterior vaginal wall with normal overlying vaginal mucosa. Intraoperatively, this cyst got ruptured, draining thick chocolate coloured material. Cyst wall was excised completely and sent for histopathology. To our surprise, histopathology reported this as Bartholin duct cyst. Literature search does not report any such case of Bartholin gland cyst