Joint Extension of States of Subsystems for a CAR System

The problem of existence and uniqueness of a state of a joint system with given restrictions to subsystems is studied for a Fermion system, where a novel feature is non-commutativity between algebras of subsystems. For an arbitrary (finite or infinite) number of given subsystems, a product state extension is shown to exist if and only if all states of subsystems except at most one are even (with respect to the Fermion number). If the states of all subsystems are pure, then the same condition is shown to be necessary and sufficient for the existence of any joint extension. If the condition holds, the unique product state extension is the only joint extension. For a pair of subsystems, with one of the given subsystem states pure, a necessary and sufficient condition for the existence of a joint extension and the form of all joint extensions (unique for almost all cases) are given. For a pair of subsystems with non-pure subsystem states, some classes of examples of joint extensions are given where non-uniqueness of joint extensions prevails.Comment: A few typos are corrected. 19 pages, no figure. Commun.Math.Phys.237, 105-122 (2003

Tomato Production with Cover Crops in Greenhouse

One of the ways to reduce chemical fertilizer application is the use of cover crops, which improve soil properties and supply nutrition to subsequent crops. Hairy vetch (Vicia villosa R.; HV) is one of the processing legume cover crops. A similar yield of fresh marketable tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.) was obtained in the soil with HV mulch and incorporation even if the reduction of chemical N fertilizer input compared with the conventional production with 240 kg-N/ha fertilizer in the greenhouse from 2006 to 2012. Using 15N-labeling method, HV residue incorporated into soil was decomposed rapidly for about 1 month and N released from HV residue was absorbed into the tomato plant. Nitrogen was absorbed by tomato through out production period. The rate of N uptake derived from HV to total N uptake in tomato plants (%Ndfhv) in the small amount N fertilizer was higher than that with high amount of N fertilizer application. It ranged from 24.8% in 240 kg-N/ha to 37.1% in no N fertilizer. The nitrogen use efficiency (NUE) from HV-derived N by tomato plant reached about 50% during the tomato production with HV incorporation. Other 50% of HV-derived N remained in the soil and 4% of were absorbed by tomato in the next year’s production. HV has the possibility of alternative material for basal N fertilizer to ensure the tomato growth of early period after transplanting, and continuous supply of N is necessary to late stage of tomato. The combined system of incorporation of HV cultivated at the seeding density of 20–50 kg/ha before tomato planting and the slow released N fertilizer was established for the reduction N fertilizer application and obtaining conventional tomato yield in plastic house

Dynamics of Colloidal Particles in Soft Matters

We developed numerical methods for studying the dynamics of colloidal particles suspended in complex fluids. It is essential to employ a coarse-grained model for studying slow dynamics of these systems. Our methods are based on the "fluid particle dynamics (FPD)" method, which we have developed to deal with hydrodynamic interactions in colloidal systems in an efficient manner. We regard a solid particle as an undeformable fluid one. It has a viscosity much higher than the solvent, which smoothly changes to the solvent viscosity at the interface. This methods allows us to avoid troublesome boundary conditions to be satisfied on the surfaces of mobile particles. Since we express the spatial distribution of colloids as a continuum field, we can easily introduce the order parameter describing a complex solvent, e.g., ion distribution for charged colloids, director field for nematic liquid crystal, and concentration for phase-separating binary fluid. Then we solve coupled dynamic equations of three relevant parameters, i.e., particle positions, flow field, and the order parameter. We demonstrate a few examples of such simulations

Control of the phase separation pattern in a mixture of an isotropic liquid and liquid crystal

この論文は国立情報学研究所の電子図書館事業により電子化されました。研究会報告等方液体・液晶混合系では,相分離と等方・ネマティック転移という2種類の秩序化が競合しながら進行する.この系のスピノーダル分解は,相分離初期においてどちらの秩序化が支配的かによって,等方スピノーダル(ISD)とネマティックスピノーダル(NSD)に分類することができる.我々は,この混合系の外場下における相分離ダイナミクスに関する数値シミュレーションを行った.その結果,NSDの方がISDに比べ相分離パターンに対する外場の影響が大きいことが分かった.このようにして制御された異方的相分離パターンは初期の外場の影響を効率よく記憶することができ,この特徴はPDLCなどの光学デバイスの開発に有用であると考えている

Numerical study on the dynamics of colloidal particles immersed in nematic liquid crystal(Soft Matter as Structured Materials)

この論文は国立情報学研究所の電子図書館事業により電子化されました。近年,ネマティック液晶中にコロイド粒子が分散した系において,粒子が数珠状に配列するなど興味深い現象が発見され,多くの研究者達によって活発な研究がなされてきた.しかしながら,粒子に働く力は粒子表面のアンカリング効果によって変形を受けた液晶弾性場に起因するものであるため,本質的に多体効果であり,多粒子系において正しく求めることは難しい.また,液晶の特徴である流動性を取り入れて理論的・数値的研究を行うことも極めて困難である.我々は,コロイド分散系を扱うべく開発した流体粒子ダイナミクス法の分散媒に液晶配向場に関する秩序変数を与えたモデルを考案し,この系の数値シミュレーションを行った.Figure 1は,多数の粒子を含む液晶.コロイド混合系を温度クエンチし等方相からネマティック相へ転移させた後の時間発展の様子である.液晶配向場は粒子表面に対し垂直にアンカリングする.転移後,液晶場は多くの配向欠陥を形成するが,それは液晶の弾性エネルギーを減らすよう時間とともに減少し,それに従い粒子は複雑な配向欠陥を伴いながら凝集していく

Three-dimensional numerical simulations of viscoelastic phase separation: Morphological characteristics

ABSTRACT: We have studied the characteristic features of viscoelastic phase separation in three dimensions by using numerical simulations, focusing on the morphological development. The Langevintype equations of a two-fluid model, which includes both bulk and shear viscoelastic stresses, are solved numerically. The origin of phase inversion is discussed on the basis of a simple consideration on the symmetry of the "effective" phase diagram, and the importance of the bulk stress on this phenomenon is addressed. The roles of bulk and shear stresses are clarified by comparing simulation results for cases with and without each stress. We analyzed the temporal change in the structure factor and found that the structure factors cannot be scaled, and thus, the dynamical scaling law does not hold at all for viscoelastic phase separation. We also studied the geometrical characteristics such as the mean and Gaussian curvatures and the Euler characteristic of the interface, to characterize the topological features of viscoelastic phase separation. The results also unambiguously indicated the absence of the selfsimilarity, which is the central concept of the late-stage pattern evolution in conventional phase separation. The topological change accompanied by phase inversion was successfully characterized by the curvature of domain interface and the Euler charactristic. Our study indicated the advantage of the real-space analysis over the q (wavenumber)-space one in the topological characterization

Cover Crop Residue Management for Effective Use of Mineralized Nitrogen in Greenhouse Tomato Production

Adequate residue management may enhance the benefits of cover crops on greenhouse tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.) productivity, soil N pool, N cycling, and environmental quality. Regardless of management, cover crops may maintain or increase soil N storage at 10 cm depth compared with bare fallow. Cover crops may also enhance microbial biomass N, as a result, soil N availability may increase with cover crops, except rye (Secale cereale L.), more so with hairy vetch (Vicia villosa R.; HV) incorporation than HV mulch and the biculture of HV and rye. Residual inorganic N at surface soil may increase with cover crops, more so with HV and rye monocultures than the biculture. Tomato yield may increase more with the biculture than either HV incorporation or HV mulch because of an efficient residue-N use by tomatoes. The biculture may change the N release pattern from both cover crops: rye of the biculture may release more N than the monoculture, while HV may release a similar or more N in the late than in the early period of tomato growth. With adequate seeding HV/rye ratio (2/1), biculture may maintain or increase soil N storage, increase N cycling and tomato yield, and improve environmental quality

Tissue localization of C1q in HBs antigen positive liver disease patients by direct immunofluorescent technique

Tissue localization of a subcomponent of the first component of complement (CLq) was examined in one postmortem case of HBs antigen (HBs Ag) positive hepatocellular carcinoma and in six cases of chronic hepatitis from liver biopsy specimens. The direct immunofluorescent method was used after fixation with 2% para-formaldehyde in concentrated ammonium sulfate. CLq localization was found in collagen fibers and the cytoplasm of fibroblasts in the connective tissues of specimens examined. The localization was particularly marked in the region of the fundal glands of the gastric wall. Apart from collagen fibers, other sites of localization included the surface membrane of lymphocytes, especially those cells of the mesenteric lymph nodes. In HBs Ag positive specimens, immune deposit-like substances appeared localized intra-hepatically and in the renal glomeruli. Since C3 and C4 were identified concomitantly, it indicates that these substances were indeed immune diposits. Despite the finding that C3 and C4 were identified together in the hepatic cell cytoplasm, C1q itself was not demonstrated in all hepatic cell cytoplasms.</p