Sources of Stress among Nurses at Tertiary Hospitals

Every human face stress at every level of life as with the passage of life, type of stress has changed. As humane enter into the professional life he/she faces different types of stress. Stress is a crucial factor influencing employees’ job satisfaction and organizational commitment, which are key turnover predictors. Occupational stress occurs when there is an imbalance between the demands of the work place and a worker’s ability to cope(Tuna & Baykal, 2014) . Stress is defined as “adaptive response to a situation that is perceived as challenging or threatening to a person’s to well-being” It has become global problem for working individuals in North America, Europe, and Asia (Ngotngamwong, 2018).A study reported that there is need of special attention by government to enrich the quality of healthcare segments as it is the primary source to provide aid and hope to the patients and relative of them. Health care significant is also clear from the point of view that it provides help to sustain human capital (Fatima et al., 2017) .quantative descriptive cross sectional design will be used in this study .In this study ,target population will be the registered nurses working at Jinnah hospital Lahore. The samples were selected from Jinnah hospital Lahore. Data will be collected through convenient sampling technique .the data were analyzed using software. Statistical package for social science (spss version 21). Overall the mian finding is that all health professionals and hospitals consultants ,general practitioners and senior health service managers(Weinberg and creed,2000).Its indicated that work stress was not influenced by the educational level the gender ,the marital status ,the language of the employee. This result goes along with the importance of treating difficulties outside the workplace in order to decrease the prevalence of anxiety and stress. Keywords: work stress; sources of stress; stress outcomes

COMPARISON OF SUSTAINED PRESSURE VS ISCHEMIC COMPRESSION ON TRIGGER POINTS IN CHRONIC MYOFACIAL PAIN MANAGEMENT

ABSTRACT OBJECTIVE: To determine the effect of different trigger points approaches in improving chronic myofascial pain. METHODS: This randomized controlled trial was conducted in Railway General Hospital, Rawalpindi, Pakistan from July-December 2016. Patients were randomly divided into two treatment groups through lottery method, in which 37 male participants who full filled the inclusion criteria (persistent pain >6 months, gradual onset of pain and impaired level of activity) were randomly allocated to sustained pressure (Group A) and ischemic compression (Group B) treated groups. Both groups received eight treatments sessions. They were evaluated at baseline and after 8th visit through Numeric Pain Rating Scale (NPRS) and Chronic Pain Acceptance Questionnaire (CPAQ). RESULTS: Within the group-A the pre and post-treatment mean for NPRS were 5.05±1.17 and 2.63±0.955 (p <0.001). Pre and post-treatment CPAQ activity engagement values were 32.00±2.42 and 41.74±2.53 (p <0.001). Pre and post-treatment CPAQ pain willingness values were 29.42±3.04 and 32.63±2.91 (p <0.001). Pre and post-treatment CPAQ sum was 61.42±3.67 and 73.84±3.64 (p 0.05). Pre and post treatment values for CPAQ sum were 64.61±2.42 and 75.72±1.12 (p<0.001). CONCLUSION: Improvement in pain relief was observed in both groups but there was no significant improvement in pain relief between ischemic compression and sustained pressure groups

Nanoparticles in Drug Delivery: From History to Therapeutic Applications

Current research into the role of engineered nanoparticles in drug delivery systems (DDSs) for medical purposes has developed numerous fascinating nanocarriers. This paper reviews the various conventionally used and current used carriage system to deliver drugs. Due to numerous drawbacks of conventional DDSs, nanocarriers have gained immense interest. Nanocarriers like polymeric nanoparticles, mesoporous nanoparticles, nanomaterials, carbon nanotubes, dendrimers, liposomes, metallic nanoparticles, nanomedicine, and engineered nanomaterials are used as carriage systems for targeted delivery at specific sites of affected areas in the body. Nanomedicine has rapidly grown to treat certain diseases like brain cancer, lung cancer, breast cancer, cardiovascular diseases, and many others. These nanomedicines can improve drug bioavailability and drug absorption time, reduce release time, eliminate drug aggregation, and enhance drug solubility in the blood. Nanomedicine has introduced a new era for drug carriage by refining the therapeutic directories of the energetic pharmaceutical elements engineered within nanoparticles. In this context, the vital information on engineered nanoparticles was reviewed and conferred towards the role in drug carriage systems to treat many ailments. All these nanocarriers were tested in vitro and in vivo. In the coming years, nanomedicines can improve human health more effectively by adding more advanced techniques into the drug delivery system