A Problemática da tradução no curso de Línguas e Secretariado do ISCAP

Polissema: Revista de Letras do ISCAP 2001/N.º 1 - TraduçãoO curso de Línguas e Secretariado que abarca, na primeira etapa da Licenciatura, as duas vertentes, divide-se em dois ramos, na segunda; neste prolongamento temos, por um lado, a tradução especializada para a área das línguas e, por outro, o secretariado de gestão na área do secretariado. Logicamente, a opção entre estas duas hipóteses é feita pelos próprios alunos, mas de acordo com as aptidões e capacidades demonstradas durante a primeira etapa do curso. No nosso caso, como somos professoras de Língua Materna e estrangeira (francês), debruçar-nosemos sobre a problemática do ensino das línguas e, logo, da tradução em termos gerais para, de seguida, abordarmos a tradução especializada

Meta-analysis quantifying the potential of dietary additives and rumen modifiers for methane mitigation in ruminant production systems

Increasingly countries are seeking to reduce emission of greenhouse gases from the agricultural industries, and livestock production in particular, as part of their climate change management. While many reviews update progress in mitigation research, a quantitative assessment of the efficacy and performance-consequences of nutritional strategies to mitigate enteric methane (CH4) emissions from ruminants has been lacking. A meta-analysis was conducted based on 108 refereed papers from recent animal studies (2000-2020) to report effects on CH4 production, CH4 yield and CH4 emission intensity from 8 dietary interventions. The interventions (oils, microalgae, nitrate, ionophores, protozoal control, phytochemicals, essential oils and 3-nitrooxypropanol). Of these, macroalgae and 3-nitrooxypropanol showed greatest efficacy in reducing CH4 yield (g CH4/kg of dry matter intake) at the doses trialled. The confidence intervals derived for the mitigation efficacies could be applied to estimate the potential to reduce national livestock emissions through the implementation of these dietary interventions

Clean and efficient energies for Europe : socio-economic impact of energy research

Report of the independent expert panelLaunched in 1994, the Fourth Framework Programme (FP4) covering research and demonstration aimed to improve the security of energy supply and to reduce the impact of the production and use of energy on the environment, in particular CO2 and the other greenhouse gases. Other important EU objectives were also addressed including strengthening the technological basis of the energy industry (e.g. employment and export potential), improving European social and economic cohesion and contributing to co-operation with third countries. It also supported research on overall energy RTD strategy in the inter-disciplinary area of energy-environment-economy. Six years after the Programme’s launch, at a stage when most of the projects have been completed, and the Sixth Framework Programme is being planned, it was considered appropriate to assess not only the scientific and technical quality of the completed projects, but also their impact on society, the economy and the environment. The present analysis was organised to allow quick feedback for the preparation of the new Framework Programme. This was achieved by convening a panel of ten experts from different Member States. Using questionnaires, project final reports and direct contacts where necessary, the Panel investigated the expected overall impact by examining the scientific and technical results as well as the social and economic impact of a sample of about 90 already finished Non-Nuclear Energy projects, most of them three years ago (time necessary to expect some concrete results), representing in total a e84 million investment by the Commission. The contribution to Community policies, particularly emphasised in the present Framework Programme, as well as the Programmes’s addition to European Added Value were both explored. The results of this impact assessment of about one-fifth of the projects funded under the Non-Nuclear Energy Programme of the Fourth Framework Programme for the period 1994-1998 (better known as JOULE), were analysed and critically reviewed and are presented in this report. Among the main conclusions of the report, it is worth noting that the vast majority of the examined projects have developed new technical advances. Furthermore, the commercial leverage of funded research projects is positive and its major non-commercial impact is on the improvement of the environment and particularly on CO2 emissions. The social and economic impact remains, in general, limited, but could be improved through better understanding and application of the European Added Value principles. The Fifth Framework Programme made a further step towards refocusing European energy research and aiming to provide effective responses to the major challenges facing European society. It is important to fully exploit the experience and the results from the research undertaken under the FP4 since the knowledge generated relates directly to the objectives of the next Energy Research Programme. It also provides the groundwork for launching effective and innovative approaches to implementing the “European Research Area”. Based on the present pilot exercise, the remaining projects of the Non-Nuclear Energy Programme of the FP4 will be assessed to provide a full picture of the impact of the Programme. Finally, the present pilot exercise should help to provide a methodological base for other research programmes to develop quick-response, feedback to decision-makers to allow for the development of better informed research policies and actions. It should also help to bring more quickly the results and socio-economic implications of European research to European citizens, companies and institutions

Safety of Tubal Occlusion by Minilaparotomy Provided by Trained Clinical Officers Versus Assistant Medical Officers in Tanzania: A Randomized, Controlled, Noninferiority Trial.

BACKGROUND: Tubal occlusion by minilaparotomy is a safe, highly effective, and permanent way to limit childbearing. We aimed to establish whether the safety of the procedure provided by trained clinical officers (COs) was not inferior to the safety when provided by trained assistant medical officers (AMOs), as measured by major adverse event (AE) rates. METHODS: In this randomized, controlled, open-label noninferiority trial, we enrolled participants at 7 health facilities in Arusha region, Tanzania, as well as during outreach activities conducted in Arusha and neighboring regions. Consenting, eligible participants were randomly allocated by a research assistant at each site to minilaparotomy performed by a trained CO or by a trained AMO, in a 1:1 ratio. We asked participants to return at 3, 7, and 42 days postsurgery. The primary outcome was the rate of major AEs following minilaparotomy performed by COs versus AMOs, during the procedure and through 42 days follow-up. The noninferiority margin was 2%. The trial is registered with ClinicalTrials.gov, Identifier NCT02944149. RESULTS: We randomly allocated 1,970 participants between December 2016 and June 2017, 984 to the CO group and 986 to the AMO group. Most (87%) minilaparotomies were conducted during outreach services. In the intent-to-treat analysis, 0 of 978 participants had a major AE in the CO group compared with 1 (0.1%) of 984 in the AMO group (risk difference: -0.1% [95% confidence interval: -0.3% to 0.1%]), meeting the criteria for noninferiority. We saw no evidence of differences in measures of procedure performance, participant satisfaction, or provider self-efficacy between the groups. CONCLUSIONS: Tubal occlusion by minilaparotomy performed by trained COs is safe, effective, and acceptable to women, and the procedure can be safely and effectively provided in outreach settings. Our results provide evidence to support policy change in resource-limited settings to allow task shifting of minilaparotomy to properly trained and supported COs, increasing access to female sterilization and helping to meet the rising demand for the procedure among women wanting to avoid pregnancy. They also suggest high demand for these services in Tanzania, given the large number of women recruited in a relatively short time period

Projeto re-historiando vidas: estágio em psicologia jurídica e seus desafios no sistema prisional / Project re-historian lives: internship in legal psychology and its challenges in the prison system

Este artigo relata a realização do Projeto Re-Historiando vidas, na área da Psicologia Jurídica. O projeto foi desenvolvido ao longo de seis encontros no Presídio Nilton Gonçalves, no município de Vitória da Conquista, e teve como objetivo promover por meio do encontro com o grupo a reflexão a ressignificação das narrativas de vida dos internos do Módulo da Laborativa. Como estratégia metodológica foi utilizada uma adaptação da dinâmica da Árvore da Vida abrangendo temas que abordassem a vida como uma combinação das experiências passadas, das vivências do presente e dos objetivos e sonhos para o futuro. De modo geral, o projeto foi avaliada como satisfatório e relevante naquele espaço, uma vez que promovia a reflexão sobre os mais diversos temas, a interação grupal, auxiliava no descolamento dos sujeitos dos seus “problemas”, trabalhava com a construção de projetos de vida com os internos, repensando as possibilidades, as dificuldades e os desejos dos participantes do grupo e contribuiu para a ressignificação das histórias de vida dos internos.    Palavras-chave: Psicologia jurídica; sistema prisional; ressignificação

Access to reproductive health and HIV services among young mothers in Tanzania

This report presents findings from a Population Council study that examined the experiences of young mothers in Tanzania with accessing reproductive health and HIV services during pregnancy, delivery/pregnancy termination, and the postpartum period. The overall objective of the study was to generate evidence on access to reproductive health and HIV services among young mothers aged 12–19 years in Tanzania in order to inform programming and actions to better meet their needs. It specifically examined their experiences with accessing reproductive health (safe motherhood and contraception) and HIV (testing and counseling, PMTCT, antiretroviral therapy, and early infant diagnosis) services as well as provider attitudes and practices toward the provision of these services to young mothers. The report concludes with implications of the findings, including the need for reaching young women with appropriate information before they start engaging in risky sexual behavior; and identifies individual-, household-, and facility-level factors that influence the use of services and pregnancy outcomes

Emergence of cytotoxic resistance in cancer cell populations: single-cell mechanisms and population-level consequences

International audienceWe formulate an individual-based model and a population model of phenotypic evolution, under cytotoxic drugs, in a cancer cell population structured by the expression levels of survival-potential and proliferation-potential. We apply these models to a recently studied experimental system. Our results suggest that mechanisms based on fundamental laws of biology can reversibly push an actively-proliferating, and drug-sensitive, cell population to transition into a weakly-proliferative and drug-tolerant state, which will eventually facilitate the emergence of more potent, proliferating and drug-tolerant cells

Six nations: a clinical scenario comparison of systems for prisoners with psychosis in Australia, Bolivia and four European nations

This paper compares across six nations the mental health systems available to prisoners with the highest acuity of psychosis and risk combined with the lowest level of insight into the need for treatment. Variations were observed within and between nations. Findings highlight the likely impact of factors such as mental health legislation and the prison mental health workforce on a nation's ability to deliver timely and effective treatment close to home for prisoners who lack capacity to consent to treatment for their severe mental illness. The potential benefits of addressing the resulting inequalities are noted

Reviewing progress: 7 Year Trends in Characteristics of Adults and Children Enrolled at HIV Care and Treatment Clinics in the United Republic of Tanzania.

To evaluate the on-going scale-up of HIV programs, we assessed trends in patient characteristics at enrolment and ART initiation over 7 years of implementation. Data were from Optimal Models, a prospective open cohort study of HIV-infected (HIV+) adults (>=15 years) and children (<15 years) enrolled from January 2005 to December 2011 at 44 HIV clinics in 3 regions of mainland Tanzania (Kagera, Kigoma, Pwani) and Zanzibar. Comparative statistics for trends in characteristics of patients enrolled in 2005--2007, 2008--2009 and 2010--2011 were examined. Overall 62,801 HIV+ patients were enrolled: 58,102(92.5%) adults, (66.5% female); 4,699(7.5%) children.Among adults, pregnant women enrolment increased: 6.8%, 2005--2007; 12.1%, 2008--2009; 17.2%, 2010--2011; as did entry into care from prevention of mother-to-child HIV transmission (PMTCT) programs: 6.6%, 2005--2007; 9.5%, 2008--2009; 12.6%, 2010--2011. WHO stage IV at enrolment declined: 27.1%, 2005--2007; 20.2%, 2008--2009; 11.1% 2010--2011. Of the 42.5% and 29.5% with CD4+ data at enrolment and ART initiation respectively, median CD4+ count increased: 210cells/muL, 2005--2007; 262cells/muL, 2008--2009; 266cells/muL 2010--2011; but median CD4+ at ART initiation did not change (148cells/muL overall). Stavudine initiation declined: 84.9%, 2005--2007; 43.1%, 2008--2009; 19.7%, 2010--2011.Among children, median age (years) at enrolment decreased from 6.1(IQR:2.7-10.0) in 2005--2007 to 4.8(IQR:1.9-8.6) in 2008--2009, and 4.1(IQR:1.5-8.1) in 2010--2011 and children <24 months increased from 18.5% to 26.1% and 31.5% respectively. Entry from PMTCT was 7.0%, 2005--2007; 10.7%, 2008--2009; 15.0%, 2010--2011. WHO stage IV at enrolment declined from 22.9%, 2005--2007, to 18.3%, 2008--2009 to 13.9%, 2010--2011. Proportion initiating stavudine was 39.8% 2005--2007; 39.5%, 2008--2009; 26.1%, 2010--2011. Median age at ART initiation also declined significantly. Over time, the proportion of pregnant women and of adults and children enrolled from PMTCT programs increased. There was a decline in adults and children with advanced HIV disease at enrolment and initiation of stavudine. Pediatric age at enrolment and ART initiation declined. Results suggest HIV program maturation from an emergency response