Checklist of the spiders (Arachnida, Araneae) of the Table Mountain National Park, South Africa

The Table Mountain National Park (TMNP) is an iconic protected area in South Africa, renowned for the high levels of plant and animal species richness and endemism. An annotated species list of spiders presently known from the TMNP is provided. The checklist was compiled from data collected from the South African National Survey of Arachnida (SANSA) database. A total of 261 species from 50 families and 167 genera are presently protected in the park. The most species-rich families are the Salticidae (31 spp.), Thomisidae (26 spp.) and Araneidae (20 spp.), while 13 families are represented by singletons. The global distribution, endemicity and International Union for the Conservation of Nature (IUCN) Red List status of each species is provided. Conservation implications: Seventy-seven per cent of the species have a wide distribution range and are of Least Concern (200 spp.), while 31 species are Data Deficient, four species were not evaluated, and 26 species of special concern are identified. Of these, 13 spp. are Rare, three each are Critically Rare and Endangered, six are Vulnerable and one is near threatened. The TMNP protects approximately 11.4% of the total South African spider fauna and it is the type locality for 31 species. Although the TMNP and Cape Peninsula more broadly is a hotspot of endemic species for various plant and animal taxa: a proportionally small proportion of the spider species are of significant conservation concern

Diversity of non-acarine arachnids of the Ophathe Game Reserve, South Africa : testing a rapid sampling protocol

As part of the second phase of the South African National Survey of Arachnida (SANSA), field surveys were conducted in many degree-square grids throughout the country using a standardised rapid sampling protocol. This study reports on the arachnid diversity of the Ophathe Game Reserve (OGR) in northern KwaZulu-Natal, as found during a preliminary survey in June 2007 (mid winter) and a SANSA field survey in October 2008 (mid spring) in four representative habitats. The SANSA survey included seven sampling methods: pitfalls, beating, sweep-netting, litter sifting, hand collecting, night collecting and Winkler traps. A total of 282 species in six arachnid orders were collected during the two surveys, of which spiders were the most species-rich order (268 species in 47 families). The SANSA survey yielded 966 adult arachnids, representing six orders and 197 species, with a further 67 species represented only by immatures. Although adult arachnid abundance (n) differed considerably between the four habitats (range: 156–321), adult species richness (Sobs) was less variable (range: 65–85). These survey results are comparable with several longer-term surveys in the Savanna biome, and indicate that the SANSA sampling protocol can yield an impressive diversity of arachnids during a relatively short period of sampling, with a high level of coverage (> 0.8 for sites and most sampling methods) and moderate levels of sample completion for adults (> 0.55 for all sites), despite logistical and temporal challenges. Additional repetitions of the SANSA sampling protocol in other seasons will likely increase biodiversity knowledge of arachnids in OGR considerably. CONSERVATION IMPLICATIONS : The implementation of rapid sampling protocols in an atlas project is essential to generate a large volume of species-level data. The SANSA protocol is an efficient means for rapidly generating arachnid data, and in future will allow for an assessment of diversity patterns in degree-square grids across South Africa.http://www.koedoe.co.zaam201

Revision of the spider genus Mystaria Simon, 1895 (Araneae : Thomisidae) and the description of a new genus from the Afrotropical region

The spider genera Mystaria Simon, 1895 and Paramystaria Lessert, 1919 are revised (Mystarini: Thomisidae). About 400 individuals were studied. The approach followed was classical taxonomy using illustrated sexual dimorphic copulatory characters and described morphological characters, photographed or measured. Paramystaria is considered a junior synonym of Mystaria, based on similarity to the type M. rufolimbata Simon, 1895 but with the exclusion of M. unicolor Simon, 1895, a species last studied in 1895. Mystaria unicolor is re-described and placed in a new genus, Leroya gen. n., together with L. silva sp. n. (♂♀, DRC) which is recognised as the type species. Mystaria now contains 13 well-defined species, four of which are in new generic combinations. Four males are described for the first time, and eight new species. Re-described species include M. flavoguttata Lawrence, 1952, M. lata Lawrence, 1927, M. rufolimbata and M. variabilis Lessert, 1919. Subspecies elevated to species level include M. occidentalis Millot, 1942 and new species descriptions include M. budongo sp. n. (♂, Rwanda, DRC, Uganda), M. irmatrix sp. n. (♀♂, Mozambique, South Africa) M. lindaicapensis sp. n. (♀♂, South Africa), M. mnyama sp. n. (♀♂, South Africa), M. oreadae sp. n. (♀, Rwanda, DRC), M. savannensis sp. n. (♀♂, Botswana, South Africa, Zambia, Zimbabwe), M. soleil sp. n. (♀♂, Uganda, Kenya) and M. stakesbyi sp. n. (♀♂, Ghana, DRC, Kenya, Rwanda, Tanzania, Uganda). The insufficiently known taxa Paramystaria decorata Lessert, 1919 and P. variabilis delesserti Caporiacco, 1949 are also transferred to Mystaria. Keys are provided to species and related tribal genera, with geographic distributions of species recorded. Revisions of more genera are needed, in particular of those genera related to Mystarini, before phylogenetic relationships can be considered.South African National Research Foundation (NRF) and the South African National Survey of Arachnida (SANSA).Frank Honiball.http://www.mapress.com/zootaxahb201

A revision of the crab spider genus Heriaeus Simon, 1875 (Araneae : Thomisidae) in the Afrotropical Region

The genus Heriaeus Simon, 1875 is revised in the Afrotropical Region. Ten new species are described: H. allenjonesi (♂♀ South Africa), H. antoni (♂♀ Yemen), H. copricola (♂♀ South Africa), H. foordi (♂♀ South Africa), H. madagascar (♂ Madagascar), H. muizenberg (♂ South Africa), H. peterwebbi (♂♀ South Africa), H. sossusvlei (♀ Namibia), H. xanderi (♂♀ South Africa) and H. zanii (♂♀ South Africa and Tanzania). Heriaeus fimbriatus Lawrence, 1942 is redescribed and recognized as the male of H. crassispinus Lawrence, 1942, and synonymized here. Two other previously known Afrotropical species are redescribed: H. transvaalicus Simon, 1895 (including the first male description) and H. latifrons Lessert, 1919.The National Research Foundation of South Africahttp://africaninvertebrates.orgam2014ab201

Notes on the biology of the wasp, Chalybion spinolae (Hymenoptera: Sphecidae), an obligatory predator of Latrodectus (Araneae : Theridiidae) spiders in South Africa

Some aspects of the biology of the wasp Chalybion spinolae are documented. This includes behaviour relating to life cycles, nesting, mating, oviposition and prey interaction of this wasp. The physical appearance of the wasps and their prey are described and some measurements are given. The prey of C. spinolae are two species of spiders, Latrodectus indistinctus and Latrodectus geometricus (Araneae: Theridiidae). The observations spanned a period of 5 years, and involved approximately 200 wasp nests. This study serves to provide more observational information about the biology of the wasp and its predatory behaviour.http://www.tandfonline.com/loi/tnah20hb2017Zoology and Entomolog

Medically important spider bites in southern Africa

Few spider bites are of medical significance in southern Africa. Unfortunately, unexplained lesions are often erroneously attributed to spider bites, sometimes with grave consequences for the patient.1,2 Correct diagnoses facilitate timeous and appropriate treatment. Medically important spiders in southern Africa have either neurotoxic or cytotoxic venom. Here we provide a broad description of the most important neurotoxic and cytotoxic spiders in southern Africa, the clinical profiles of their bites, and the recommended treatment. We touch on clinical variation of bites and misdiagnoses.https://journals.co.za/journal/mp.sagpam2022Zoology and Entomolog

Aspects of the ecology and behaviour of the Seychelles theraphosid Nesiergus insulanus (Arachnida : Araneae : Theraphosidae)

Aspects of the ecology and life history of the little known theraphosid Nesiergus insulanus are determined on Frégate Island in the Seychelles archipelago. The general behaviour of this species is revealed to be comparable to that of other theraphosids, with field and captive observations establishing that they are a generalist and opportunistic species. The defensive behaviour of the species is determined to be based primarily on the avoidance of conflict situations, with overt aggressive behaviour seldom displayed. Although the opportunistic existence that this species has developed is probably obligatory due to their sedentary lifestyle and limited availability of resources, this behaviour nonetheless allows the species to occupy diverse habitats and exploit niches unavailable to more specialized species.http://africaninvertebrates.org2016-12-30am201

Spiders (Arachnida: Araneae) of the vegetation layer of the Mkambati Nature Reserve, Eastern Cape, South Africa

The Pondoland region of the Eastern Cape province, South Africa is very poorly studied with regard to invertebrate diversity, particularly in the case of arachnids. Accordingly, and in view of proposed infrastructural and mining developments in this ecologically sensitive area of high plant endemism, baseline data are provided on spiders (Araneae) of the vegetation layer (i.e. excluding the ground-dwelling fauna) of the Mkambati Nature Reserve (MNR). Spiders were collected at 26 sites (six forest and 20 grassland sites) in the MNR over an eight-day period, using sweep sampling and active searching of flowers in grassland and tree beating in forests, as part of a broader biodiversity survey. Additional specimens were collected with Malaise and pan traps. A total of 1275 specimens were sampled, representing 132 species (6.6% of the total number recorded in South Africa) in 103 genera and 29 families. Theridiidae and Araneidae were the most diverse spider families in the reserve, represented by 22 species each (16.7% of the total), followed by Thomisidae with 19 species (14.4%) and Salticidae with 18 species (13.6%). Grassland and forest had distinct spider faunas, with only 24.2% of species being recorded from both biomes. The average number of species sampled per site in grassland and forest was 26 species for both habitats, although values for the two biomes are not directly comparable because different sampling methods were used. All 132 species are new records for the reserve, of which 20 were new records for the Eastern Cape and at least eight spider species may be new to science. The spider diversity captured despite temporal and methodological limits indicates that many additional species are likely to occur in the reserve. CONSERVATION IMPLICATIONS: If the MNR is not adequately conserved at least five new species, which may be confined to the area, would be at high risk of extinction and 15 other species endemic to the Pondoland and KwaZulu-Natal region would have their risk of extinction increased.The Earthwatch Institute, Eastern Cape Nature Conservation and the National Research Foundation through a grant to M.H.http://www.koedoe.co.zaab201