Doeltreffende risicocommunicatie: een inventariserend onderzoek

This study investigated the effectiveness and future orientation of the way in which the Dutch government communicates risks to the general public. Research questions focused on the extent that the communication aims were reached and fulfilled the information needs of the general public. It was further investigated to what extent the communication aims corresponded to relevant governmental policy documents and to what extent the development and execution of risk communication processes were adequate and efficient, and complied with the scientific knowledge on risk communication. The study had a mixed-methods design and consisted of a literature review, three empirical investigations among citizens (a survey, a secondary analysis of panel studies related to the corona crisis, and a content analyses of the reactions on social media to press conferences announcing behavioural guidelines) and a set of in-depth interviews with national and regional governmental risk communication professionals. Results showed that a large proportion of the public considers itself well-informed regarding risks in the local environment, but less well-informed with respect to adequate actions that they can take themselves to reduce these risks. Participants indicated to have recently taken a number actions that were easy to implement to reduce risks, such as those posed by the corona virus. Citizens seem to have a need for information that is personally relevant. The information provided by the government regarding the risks mentioned in the “Regionaal Risicoprofiel” was considered to be clear and well-articulated. Citizens further indicated that, in the spring of 2020, the government explained their motivations behind the corona related advices, rules and regulations well. The interviews with the professionals made clear that the addressed risk communication topics conformed to regional and national policy documents (the “Regionale Risicoprofielen” and the “Nationale Veilig¬heid Stra¬tegie”). The addressed risks were however not restricted to the topics mentioned in those policy documents. The risk communication professionals collaborated with many other relevant communicators. The way their risk communication is designed, partly corresponds to scientific advice to enhance effectiveness. The risk communication activities mentioned by the professionals do correspond, however, with the criteria for a future orientated risk communication practice as laid down in the “Plan van aanpak toekomst¬besten¬dige risico- en crisiscommuni¬catie”. A note of caution relates to the generalisation of the findings. Governmental risk communication entails that 1) a governmental organisation 2) communicates a message 3) to a particular audience 4) by means of a (combination of) media 5) to reach a particular aim 6) among a particular target group. This means that there is a large diversity in the design and implementation of risk communication in the Netherlands. In view of this diversity, it is difficult to generalise the empirical findings on the effectiveness and future orientation of the way in which the Dutch government communicates risks to the general public

Taxol (R)-induced phosphatidylserine exposure and microvesicle formation in red blood cells is mediated by its vehicle Cremophor (R) EL

<p>The conventional clinical formulation of paclitaxel (PTX), Taxol (R), consists of Cremophor (R) EL (CrEL) and ethanol. CrEL-formulated PTX is associated with acute hypersensitivity reactions, anemia and cardiovascular events. In this study, the authors investigated the effects of CrEL-PTX on red blood cells (RBCs) and compared these with the effects observed after exposure to the novel nanoparticle albumin-bound PTX, marketed as Abraxane r. Results: The authors demonstrate that CrEL is primarily responsible for RBC lysis and induction of phosphatidylserine exposure. Phosphatidylserine-exposing RBCs showed increased association with endothelial cells in culture. The authors also identified CrEL as being responsible for vesiculation of RBCs. This is the first time that excipients have been shown to be involved in microvesicle formation. Microvesicles were taken up by endothelial cells. Conclusion: These results offer new insights into the side effect profile of Taxol, which is likely to have implications for patients with erythrocyte disorders. Abraxane did not induce any of these effects on RBCs, indicating that the choice of excipients can have a pronounced influence on the efficacy and side effects of drug molecules.</p>