Silicones for Maxillofacial Prostheses and Their Modifications in Service

The biomedical applications of silicones are countless due to their outstanding properties. In dentistry, silicone for maxillofacial and plastic surgery has become indispensable, from both physiological and aesthetic points of view. In this mini-review, silicone materials for dentistry and facial prostheses are discussed, focusing on their properties and alterations when exposed for long periods to different environments. A significant number of studies reported in the literature have been conducted in vitro, mimicking some of the main degradative factors which have been identified as triggers for discoloration and deterioration of the mechanical properties. Among these, in artificial aging and accelerated natural aging studies, UV radiation is considered the most important. Other weathering factors, biological contamination, and disinfection agents may have dramatic effects as well. Several general properties of silicones are described at the beginning, with a focus on biocompatibility, cross-linking mechanisms, and applications in dentistry and maxillofacial prosthetics. We discuss the ongoing cross-linking and/or possible exudation after manufacturing, which also affects the stability of the prosthesis over time, and possibly the patient. Next, the main environmental factors that affect the prostheses in service are presented, including the role of cigarettes smoke, which has been discussed very little so far. A few aspects, such as biofilm formation, its negative effects, and proposed solutions to overcome this phenomenon regarding silicones, are also described. We conclude by proposing a set of topics for future research and development based on the gaps that have been identified in the literature. Although silicones are probably irreplaceable in maxillofacial prosthetics, improvements in terms of base materials, additives, surface treatments, and maintenance are possible and necessary for long-lasting and safer prostheses

THE REHABILITATION OF ANTHROPOLOGICAL PARAMETERS THROUGH BONE REGENERATION MATERIALS AND TECHNIQUES

Bone regeneration materials and techniques aid in restoring bone structure and function, consequently improving mobility and alleviating discomfort or disability in individuals suffering from bone defects or injuries. This restoration contributes significantly to an improved quality of life for affected individuals. Continuous research and innovation in bone regeneration materials have led to the development of more sophisticated and effective techniques. These advancements are pivotal in the evolution of medical technology and its potential to address various bone-related conditions. Traditional methods, such as autografts, are associated with limitations like donor site morbidity and limited supply. Emerging bone regeneration materials and techniques offer alternatives that mitigate these issues, potentially reducing reliance on traditional approaches. In conclusion, the utilization of bone regeneration materials and techniques holds substantial promise in rehabilitating anthropological parameters, improving patient outcomes, advancing medical technology, and contributing to a more comprehensive and ethical approach to healthcare