Exposure models for contaminated soil : Examples from 3 countries

Exposure assessments can be made for contaminated soil to get information about how the human health may be affected. They are used in many different countries and may differ from each other, either dramatically or minimal. This study was conducted to examine how these differences appear between three countries' exposure assessments. The countries chosen were Sweden, the Netherlands and the United States and the purpose was to see how the difference appears between the structure, parameters, thresholds, calculations, etc. to be abl e to discuss which of the models are perceived to give the best picture of reality. The discussion was focused on the Swedish assessment model. The results show that there are differences between models and that they sometimes refer to the fact that their model is based on other models. Many parameters used, such as body weight, are not justified and there are manyuncertainties associated with the use of these models. The sources they use to justify the parameters and their values are not always relevant and updated. Uncertainty always follows with these kinds of calculations, but some of the uncertain can be reduced, as shown in this study.Exponeringsbedömningar kan göras för förorenad mark för att på det sättet få information om hur människors hälsa kan påverkas. Exponeringsbedömningar används i många olika länder och de skiljer sig från varandra, antingen drastiskt eller minimalt. Denna studie genomfördes för att granska hur dessa skillnader kan se ut mellan tre olika länders exponeringsbedömningar. Länderna som valdes var Sverige, Nederländerna och USA och syftet var att se hur skillnaden ser ut mellan upplägg, parametrar, gränsvärden, beräkningar med mera för att på det sättet kunna diskutera vilken av modellerna som upplevs ge den bästa bilden av verkligheten. Fokus låg på Sveriges bedömningsmodell och diskussionen fördes utifrån den. Resultatet visar att det finns skillnader mellan modellerna och de hänvisar ibland till att deras modell är baseras på andra modeller. Många parametrar som används, exempelvis kroppsvikt, är inte motiverade och det finns många osäkerheter associerade med användandet av dessa modeller. Källorna de använder för att motivera parametrar och dess värden är inte alltid relevanta och aktuella. Osäkerheter följer alltid med sådana här beräkningar, men vissaav dem skulle kunna minskas, vilket visas i denna studie.exposure assessment, risk assessment, quantitative exposure models, contaminated soi

Diffuse emissions from goods : influences on some societal end products

End products of society (e.g. sewage sludge and incineration ashes) can be used as indicators of the use of chemicals in consumer goods. Through upstream work the sources of substances released from goods may be identified before the emissions reach the end products. This thesis is a result of five studies, of which four were conducted using substance flow analyses (SFA) for silver (Ag), bismuth (Bi) and copper (Cu) reaching sewage sludge. The fifth is an SFA that explores the implications of the presence of As (from CCA-treated wood) in ashes. These studies helped fulfil the specific and overall aims of the thesis; to contribute to the general knowledge on diffuse emissions reflected in end products, by examining emissions of some heavy metals from various societal goods and the implications for end products, in this case sewage sludge and, to some extent, ashes. The results from the studies, of which four had Stockholm as a study object, show the urban flows and accumulated amounts (stocks) of the heavy metals. The largest sources of the metals Ag, Bi and Cu in sewage sludge were identified to be textiles (Ag), cosmetics (Bi) and brake linings (Cu). For As (in CCA-treated wood) and Cu updated SFAs were performed and compared with earlier studies in order to follow the development and changes in flows over time. The current use of the heavy metals studied can also be seen as a loss of resources, and as the metals should ideally be recovered as a part of a circular economy, urban and landfill mining as well as recycling are alternatives that need further exploring. The legislation of chemicals in consumer goods was identified as an important step in handling corresponding diffuse emissions

Exposure models for contaminated soil : Examples from 3 countries

Exposure assessments can be made for contaminated soil to get information about how the human health may be affected. They are used in many different countries and may differ from each other, either dramatically or minimal. This study was conducted to examine how these differences appear between three countries' exposure assessments. The countries chosen were Sweden, the Netherlands and the United States and the purpose was to see how the difference appears between the structure, parameters, thresholds, calculations, etc. to be abl e to discuss which of the models are perceived to give the best picture of reality. The discussion was focused on the Swedish assessment model. The results show that there are differences between models and that they sometimes refer to the fact that their model is based on other models. Many parameters used, such as body weight, are not justified and there are manyuncertainties associated with the use of these models. The sources they use to justify the parameters and their values are not always relevant and updated. Uncertainty always follows with these kinds of calculations, but some of the uncertain can be reduced, as shown in this study.Exponeringsbedömningar kan göras för förorenad mark för att på det sättet få information om hur människors hälsa kan påverkas. Exponeringsbedömningar används i många olika länder och de skiljer sig från varandra, antingen drastiskt eller minimalt. Denna studie genomfördes för att granska hur dessa skillnader kan se ut mellan tre olika länders exponeringsbedömningar. Länderna som valdes var Sverige, Nederländerna och USA och syftet var att se hur skillnaden ser ut mellan upplägg, parametrar, gränsvärden, beräkningar med mera för att på det sättet kunna diskutera vilken av modellerna som upplevs ge den bästa bilden av verkligheten. Fokus låg på Sveriges bedömningsmodell och diskussionen fördes utifrån den. Resultatet visar att det finns skillnader mellan modellerna och de hänvisar ibland till att deras modell är baseras på andra modeller. Många parametrar som används, exempelvis kroppsvikt, är inte motiverade och det finns många osäkerheter associerade med användandet av dessa modeller. Källorna de använder för att motivera parametrar och dess värden är inte alltid relevanta och aktuella. Osäkerheter följer alltid med sådana här beräkningar, men vissaav dem skulle kunna minskas, vilket visas i denna studie.exposure assessment, risk assessment, quantitative exposure models, contaminated soi