Barbers’ awareness about Hepatitis B in Sindh Pakistan.

Introduction: Hepatitis B is the serious public health problem and a leading cause of chronic liver disease worldwide. HBV alone is responsible for 0.5-1 million annual deaths globally due to cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma.Methodology: This Cross-Sectional study was carried out in 8 different union council of Khairpur Taluka/ tehsils in district KhairpurMirs district from December 2014 to April 2015. Selection of barbers was done through two staged cluster sampling. In first stage 8 different Union Councils (UCs) of Khairpur Taluka of KhairpurMirs district were randomly selected. In Second stage 25 Barbers from each selected UC practicing was included in the study after random selection.Objectives: Main purpose of the study was to assess the Knowledge, Attitude and Practice regarding Hepatitis B among barbers working in different union councils of Khairpur tehsil/ taluka of district KhairpurMirs.Results: Majority (19%) of our study participants belong to UC Shah Latif while large proportion (30%) of participants belongs to age group 26-30 years. When questions related to knowledge of Hepatitis B were asked from our participant, majority (84%) of them knew that hepatitis B is a disease, while only 9% of them said that using of already used razors or blades by barbers is the main mode of spread of hepatitis B and 27% of them said that using contaminated water the reason for spread of hepatitis B. Majority (46.6%) of participants replied that there is no any vaccine available for hepatitis B prevention. Surprisingly almost 65% of them don’t have any information about Government free hepatitis vaccination program. Half of the participants believe that changing of blades every time with every new client can also prevent spread of HBV. 76% of participants use to clean their instruments with disinfectants between the clients and 46% of them use new blades on every new client. Majority of the participants were not vaccinated for Hepatitis B.Conclusion: Findings of our study demonstrate that despite the many mass media health educational campaigns related to the awareness of Hepatitis B in Sindh, barbers in KhairpurMirs district had no detailed understanding of diseases.Keywords: knowledge, attitude, practice, Hepatitis B, Barbe

To determine morphology after administration of tetracycline and zinc chloride in adult albino rats and prenatal conceptus.

Introduction: Administration of tetracycline therapy is controversial during growing age as stated by earlier workers. However the effect of simultaneous administration of tetracycline & Zncl2 on pre-natal concepts has remained undocumented.Objective: To compare the effect on conceptus after maternal ingestion of tetracy-cline and Zncl2 by prospective experimental animal study model using adult albino rats.Methodology: Tetracycline & ZnCl2 was administrated to pregnant female albino rats two times therapeutic dose for 10 days. (from day 8 to day 18 of pregnancy.) Each animal was weighted on day 1, day 8 & day 18 of pregnancy. Abortion resulted on day 18th of pregnancy. Each group of pregnant animal were scarified on day 18 of gestation by overdose of either anesthesia, abdomen opened, uterus & both cornu containing conceptus identified, removed, there weight recorded, crown rump length was measured & was compared with similar value of control animals. The results were statistically analyzed to find out the significance.Result: Maternal administration of tetracycline decreased maternal bodyweight to 38.4 ±0.9gm. However simultaneous administration of ZnCl2 maintained body-weights to 41.4 ±0.7gm. The body weight and crown rump length (CR Length) in conceptus decreased by 4.52 ±0.10gm and 3.06 ±0.09 cm respectively. That tetracy-cline & ZnCl2 administration maintained the body weight & CR length by 5.46 ±0.09 gm and 3.79 ±0.13gm respectively.Conclusion: Pre-natal administration of Tetracycline alone cause reduction in ma-ternal body weight as well as reduction in body weight & CR length of rat conceptus. However simultaneous Zncl2 maintain body weight & CR length leading to growth of the rat conceptus.Keywords: Tetracycline, ZnCl2, Rat Conceptus. Crown Rump Length (CR Length)

Knowledge, Attitude and Practice regarding management of HIV /AIDS among Postgraduate Medical Internee working in Tertiary Hospitals of Karachi

Introduction: In this modern era the number of new HIV infections has dropped; but Pakistan remains among few regional countries witnessing an increase in cases. On the other hand most, Pakistani people have inadequate knowledge regarding HIV/AIDS. In a study conducted in Pakistan concluded that it is a mutual misconception in overall population or society is that being Muslim, HIV cannot be contracted.Objective: To assess the knowledge, attitude, and practice about HIV/AIDS among post-graduate medical Doctor of Medicine Working in the tertiary care Hospitals of Karachi.Methodology: This descriptive cross-sectional study was done at three randomly selected tertiary care hospitals of Karachi. All the postgraduates’ medicine’s trainee of three hospitals were approached for data collection. The data was collected by the principal investigator through structured questionnaire based on 31 questions regarding knowledge, attitude, practice and management of HIV/AIDS patients by the participants. The study duration was 6 months. SPSS version 24 was used to analyze data.Results: The study showed that the one third of participants (35.3%) had adequate knowledge regarding HIV/AIDS, whereas large number of internees had adequate attitude (69.7%) towards HIV Patients, and almost one fourth participants had adequate practice and management (26.1%) approach towards HIV/AIDS cases.Conclusion: The Postgraduate internee has sufficient attitude, while poor knowledge and practices towards HIV/AIDS cases. To improve HIV/AIDS management strategy, it is highly recommended to create awareness among health care provider as well as general population through emphasis on all components of KAP.Keywords: KAP, HIV, AIDS, tertiary care hospital

Risk factors associated with ectopic pregnancy: A case control study.

Introduction: Ectopic pregnancy (EP) accounting for 10% of all pregnancies is a major health problem for women of childbearing age and leading cause of maternal deaths. The identified risk factors are previous ectopic pregnancy, previous pelvic surgery, induction of ovulation, intrauterine device usage, history of pelvic inflammatory disease, and smoking at the time of conception. Objective: To identify risk factor for ectopic pregnancy so that appropriate directional strategies may be developed to reduce its prevalence.  Methodology: This observational case control study was conducted with sample size of 100 (50 cases, 50 control) from January 2017 to 30 July 2017 at different hospitals of Sindh and Punjab. For this study, case was defined as a pregnant woman with a confirmed tubal ectopic gestation, while control as pregnant women with a confirmed normal intrauterine pregnancy. Information regarding demographic socio-economic status and risk factors were also collected. Results:  The case & control groups were almost similar with respect to age, education, residence, age of marriage and parity. There was a significant associa­tion between prior ectopic pregnancy (OR 15.47, CI 95% 1.92-124.3, p=0.00) , history of previous pelvic inflammatory diseases (PID) (OR 13.5, CI 95% 5.09-35.83, p=0.01), smoking (OR 15.47, CI 95% 1.92-124.3, p=0.00), history of endometriosis (OR 4.04, CI95%1.22-13.47, p=0.00), use of intrauterine contraceptive device (IUCD) (OR 5.41, CI 95% 1.66-17.65, p=0.00), and previous cesarean section(OR 2.42,CI 95%1.04-5.63, p=0.02). Conclusion: Identification of risk factors for ectopic pregnancy may help in early detection and appropriate management. Risk factors modification, such as cigarette smoking, use of IUCD and first pregnancy interval may be effective as risk-reduction strategies. Key Word:  Ectopic pregnancy, Intrauterine contraceptive device, Pelvic inflammatory disease

Macrovascular Complications and their risk factors in Type 2 Diabetic Patients in Hyderabad, Pakistan.

Introduction: Diabetes mellitus (DM), is the universally occurring non-communicable disease as well as exemplary health problem affecting peo-ple worldwide.1 The number of cases of DM are rising at an enormous pace irrespective of any age, gender, economic status or ethnicity around the globe.Objective: To evaluate the macro-vascular complications and its correlation with different risk factors among type-2 diabetic patients.Methodology: This cross-sectional study was conducted at Red Crescent General Hospital Latifabad Hyderabad from October 2018 to October 2020. Type 2 diabetics of either gender, between age 20 and 70 years, on diabetic medication visited during the study duration were included in the study. Data related to socio-demographic details and clinical features was collect-ed from the participants using a written questionnaire. Collected data was analyzed using SPSS ver. 22.Results: Significant association (p<0.05) was demonstrated between Coro-nary artery diseases and the risk factors like; age of patient, the duration of diabetes mellitus, diastolic as well as systolic blood pressures, body mass index and serum triglycerides levels. While the statistically significant asso-ciation (p<0.05) of peripheral vascular diseases with the duration of diabe-tes mellitus, systolic blood pressure and serum triglyceride levels. Whereas, cerebrovascular disease was associated (p<0.05) with age, systolic and diastolic BP.Conclusion: The coronary artery disease seems to be most frequent macro-vascular complication among the type 2 diabetic patients. Whereas the risk factors including; advancing age, duration of diabetes mellitus, hyperten-sion, BMI as well as serum triglycerides levels are the most significant fac-tors for these complications.Key Words: Coronary artery disease, Cerebrovascular Disease, Diabetes Mellitus Type 2, Peripheral vascular diseas