The 1.03 million yen ceiling and earnings inequality among married women in Japan

In this paper, we examine the impact of the `1.03 million yen ceiling,' a means-tested transfer scheme for secondary earners in Japan, on earnings inequality of married women. We find that the decline in earnings inequality among married women between 1993 and 2003 is attributable to the increase in the number of wives with low earnings and the decrease in the number of wives with zero earnings.Coefficient of variation, 1.03 million yen ceiling, Japan

Studies of the Behavior of Trivalent Uranium in Aqueous Solution. I : Its Reduction and Its Stability in Various Acid Solutions

Various methods for the reduction of hexavalent uranium to the trivalent state were examined. It was found that the liquid-zinc-amalgam method is simple and rapid, and gives a high yield with a good reproducibility in hydrochloric, sulfuric, and perchloric acid solutions. The percentage of reduction is over 99% in a 0.5 N hydrochloric acid solution. Next, the stability of trivalent uranium in these media was investigated ; it was observed that the trivalent uranium ion is fairly stable in any hydrochloric, sulfuric and perchloric acid solutions at a low concentration of the acids in the absence of atmospheric oxygen, but that it becomes unstable as the acid concentration increases. Both the percentage of reduction by the liquid-zinc-amalgam method and the stability of trivalent uranium are highest in a hydrochloric acid solution, next highest in a perchloric acid solution, and lowest in a sulfuric acid solution

Does Social Security Induce Withdrawal of the Old from the Labor Force and Create Jobs for the Young?: The Case of Japan

This paper examines whether social security programs induce a withdrawal of the elderly from the labor force and create jobs for the young in Japan. The key messages are summarized as follows. First, our historical overview suggests that young unemployment issues have not motivated social security reforms and that changes in provisions are not endogenous. Second, employment of the young tends to be positively, not negatively, associated with the LFP of the old. Third, an increase in the inducement to retire significantly discourages the old from staying in the labor force, but does not create jobs for the young.

Social Security Reforms and Labor Force Participation of the Elderly in Japan

We examine how social security programs have affected the labor force participation (LFP) of the elderly over the past forty years in Japan. Using publicly available data, we construct forwardlooking incentive measures for inducing retirement, to ascertain the actual changes in the generosity of the programs and to explore the impact of the reforms on the labor supply of the elderly. Our regression analysis shows that the LFP of the elderly is significantly sensitive to the measures, and our counter-historical simulations show that since 1985, social security reforms have significantly encouraged the elderly to remain longer in the labor force.social security program, social security wealth, labor force participation of the elderly