ANTIMICROBIAL AND PHYTOCHEMICAL ANALYSIS OF LEAF EXTRACT OF MEDICINAL FRUIT PLANTS

Objective: The present study objective was to describe the in-vitro antimicrobial and antifungal activity of ethyl acetate extracts from leaves of papaya, pomegranate, banana and guava. , Present investigation showed that leaves extract of fruits plants are good source of bioactive compounds which have some ethnomedicinal applications were screened for their antibacterial activity against bacterial pathogen of human. Methods: A total of four plant extracts were used in this study to examine their antimicrobial properties and phytochemical analysis. Antimicrobial activity was evaluated for crude ethyl acetate extracts against human pathogen Escherichia coli, Bacillus subtilis, Staphylococcus  aureus and Pseudomonas aeruginasa using an agar diffusion assay. Phytochemical analysis tests for the screening and identification of bioactive chemical constituents of extracts of the fruits leaf was performed. This study was also conducted to determine the total phenols present in leaf extract of fruit plants.Results : The guava leaves crude extract showed MIC of 3.75 mg/ml for B. subtilis and P. aeruginasa, which showed its efficacy as a potent antimicrobial. Phytochemical analysis of the extracts revealed the presence of bioactive compound such as saponins, alakaloids, flavonoids, terpenoids, carbohydrates and tannins. The ethyl acetate extract of banana produced highest zone of inhibition 23 mm for B subtilis. This study showed that Punica granatum leaf is a good source of phenolic compounds.Conclusion: This study concludes that these fruit leaves are potential source for bioactive metabolites and may be used in Pharmaceutical industry. On the basis of the present finding leaf extract of fruits possess the capabilities of being a good candidate in the search for a natural antimicrobial agent against infections and/or diseases caused by human pathogens.Key words:  Leaves extract, Fruits, Antimicrobial activities, Antifungal activities, Minimum inhibitory concentration, Phytochemicals analysi

ANTAGONISTIC AND ANTIBACTERIAL ACTIVITY OF ENDOPHYTIC FUNGI ISOLATED FROM NEEDLE OF CUPRESSUS TORULOSA D.DON

Objective: This study was undertaken to investigate antagonistic and antibacterial activities of the endophytic fungi isolated from living symptomlessneedle of Cupressus torulosa D.Don from Pauri, Garhwal region of Uttarakhand. The emergence of antibiotic-resistant microorganisms calls forinventive research and development strategies. Inhibition of these pathogenic microorganisms may be a promising therapeutic approach. Thescreening of antimicrobial compounds from endophytes may be a promising way to meet the increasing threat of drug-resistant strains of human andplant pathogens.Methods: A total of five different fungal endophytes were isolated from the needle of C. torulosa D.Don using potato dextrose agar medium. Thesefungal isolates morphotypically characterized. These isolates were further tested for antagonistic activity by the dual culture technique. Among fiveendophytic fungi, only two fungal endophytes were cultured to examine their antimicrobial properties and phytochemical analysis. Antimicrobialactivity was evaluated for crude hexane extracts against human pathogen Staphylococcus aureus, Bacillus subtilis, and Salmonella typhimurium usingan agar diffusion assay.Results: A total of five fungal endophytes characterized as such as Cladosporium sp., Aspergillus sp., Fuzaium sp., Curvularia sp., and Diaporthe sp.In which, only two endophytic fungal isolates such as PCTS23 and WCTS21 characterized morphotypically as Cladosporium sp. and Curvularia sp.,respectively, were able to show strong antagonism activity against fungal pathogen. The fungal isolate PCTS3 was more active against Macrophominaphaesolina with antagonistic index 88.88 while WCTS21 was more active against F. solani with antagonistic index 80. The fungal crude extract ofWCTS21 produced the highest zone of inhibition 12 mm for S. aureus, whereas crude extract of PCTS23 from hexane crude extract has shown thehighest zone of inhibition of 10 mm against S. aureus. A preliminary qualitative phytochemical analysis of fungal crude extracts also revealed thepresence of bioactive metabolites such as flavonoids, alkaloids, phenols, saponins, steroids, tannins, and terpenoids in endophytic fungi.Conclusions: This study concludes that endophytic fungi isolated from C. torulosa D.Don could be a potential source for bioactive metabolites andmay be used in pharmaceutical industry. The generated data has provided the basis for its application in the pharmaceutical industry in the form oftraditional and folk medicine.Keywords: Endophytic fungi, Cupresus torulosa, Antibacterial activity, Phytochemical analysis, Bioactive metabolites, Antagonistic activity

The IDENTIFY study: the investigation and detection of urological neoplasia in patients referred with suspected urinary tract cancer - a multicentre observational study

Objective To evaluate the contemporary prevalence of urinary tract cancer (bladder cancer, upper tract urothelial cancer [UTUC] and renal cancer) in patients referred to secondary care with haematuria, adjusted for established patient risk markers and geographical variation. Patients and Methods This was an international multicentre prospective observational study. We included patients aged ≥16 years, referred to secondary care with suspected urinary tract cancer. Patients with a known or previous urological malignancy were excluded. We estimated the prevalence of bladder cancer, UTUC, renal cancer and prostate cancer; stratified by age, type of haematuria, sex, and smoking. We used a multivariable mixed-effects logistic regression to adjust cancer prevalence for age, type of haematuria, sex, smoking, hospitals, and countries. Results Of the 11 059 patients assessed for eligibility, 10 896 were included from 110 hospitals across 26 countries. The overall adjusted cancer prevalence (n = 2257) was 28.2% (95% confidence interval [CI] 22.3–34.1), bladder cancer (n = 1951) 24.7% (95% CI 19.1–30.2), UTUC (n = 128) 1.14% (95% CI 0.77–1.52), renal cancer (n = 107) 1.05% (95% CI 0.80–1.29), and prostate cancer (n = 124) 1.75% (95% CI 1.32–2.18). The odds ratios for patient risk markers in the model for all cancers were: age 1.04 (95% CI 1.03–1.05; P < 0.001), visible haematuria 3.47 (95% CI 2.90–4.15; P < 0.001), male sex 1.30 (95% CI 1.14–1.50; P < 0.001), and smoking 2.70 (95% CI 2.30–3.18; P < 0.001). Conclusions A better understanding of cancer prevalence across an international population is required to inform clinical guidelines. We are the first to report urinary tract cancer prevalence across an international population in patients referred to secondary care, adjusted for patient risk markers and geographical variation. Bladder cancer was the most prevalent disease. Visible haematuria was the strongest predictor for urinary tract cancer

Langerhans cell histiocytosis revisited: Case report with review

Langerhans cell histiocytosis (LCH) is a group of idiopathic disorders characterized by proliferation of bone marrow derived Langerhans cells and mature eosinophils. Their clinical features simulate common oral findings such as gingival enlargement, oral ulcers, and mobility of teeth, along with nonspecific radiographic features; hence, diagnosing such lesions becomes difficult for the oral physicians. These lesions are commonly seen in childhood; however, we are reporting a case of LCH in 29-year-old adult male. A provisional diagnosis of giant cell granuloma was considered based on history and examination, although the lesion was histologically proven to be LCH and was confirmed with immunohistochemical staining of S100 protein and CD1a antigen. The purpose of this paper is to enhance the understanding of diverse, nonpathognomical oral presentation of LCH that is easily misdiagnosed and overlooked by dentist

Clear cell carcinoma of minor salivary gland: A case of clinical dilemma

Clear cell tumor in oral cavity constitutes an assorted group of lesions, which may be odontogenic, metastatic or of salivary gland origin. Those associated with salivary glands accounts for less than 1% of total cases mainly seen in the major salivary gland. Occurrence of clear cell carcinoma in minor salivary gland is rare and uncommon. Hence, this case of intraoral clear cell carcinoma associated with minor salivary gland of palate in a 57-year-old male patient is being reported

Diagnosing a solitary oral ulcer: An enigma

Diagnosing solitary oral ulcers are always a challenging task which requires a through history taking, clinical examination and charting out clear differential diagnosis. Many solitary oral ulcers appear quite similar and may pose a challenge to the diagnostician; however, early diagnosis of such lesions enables to initiate the treatment at an early stage. In this paper, a case of oral histoplasmosis involving the palate along with the differential diagnosis is reported wherein the history of close association of the patient with birds clinched the diagnosis, thus emphasizing the importance of minute aspects of history taking

Evaluation of normal range of mouth opening using three finger index: South India perspective study

Aims: The frequency, with which restricted mouth opening is encountered in the clinical practice, makes it essential to establish what constitutes the normal range. This study was undertaken to evaluate the normal range of mouth opening in adult population in south India. Settings and Design: randomized clinical study conducted on dentate adult patients to evaluate the normal range of mouth openin. Materials and Methods: 500 healthy patients aged between 18-59 were randomly selected and divided into four groups according to their age ranges. The maximum inter-incisal distance and width of right and left three fingers at the first distal inter-phalanges were measured using vernier calipers. Statistical analysis used: ANOVA test, student t test and pearsons correlation test. Results: The mean value and range of maximum mouth opening of 50.3mm±6.26mm for males and 49.9mm±6.74mm for females was recorded. These values were significant and correlated with the width of three fingers. It was found that the greatest mean maximum mouth opening was recorded in youngest age group and lowest was recorded in older age group in both genders. Conclusions: The mean mouth opening value decreases with age and is lesser in females as compared to males of same age. This study demonstrated that individuals in all the four groups were able to vertically align their right and left three fingers between the upper and lower central incisors upto the first distal interphalangeal folds thus suggesting that, width of three fingers can be used as 'tool' to distinguish 'normal' from 'restricted' mouth opening

Multi-disease prediction with machine learning

In the present era, Machine learning (ML) algorithms are extensively used in computer assisted diagnosis of the disease based on the symptoms of the disease. The widespread use of healthcare applications in the pandemic time, provides a motivation to further develop new computer assisted diagnostic application in the healthcare domain. Prevention and treatment of disease, accurate and timely diagnosis of any health-related problem is essential. In the case of a serious illness, a standard diagnostic method may not be enough. We have proposed a system for predicting the disease. There were about forty-one diseases in the data corpus that needed to be analyzed based on the symptoms. The system delivers a disease prediction that a person may have depending on the symptoms. This diagnostic program can assist a physician in diagnosing disease, allowing for timely treatment and saving lives. The disease forecasting system was developed using ML models such as the Random Forests, the Naive Bayes, and the Support Vector Machine Classification Algorithm. The presented work outlines an analysis of the aforementioned algorithms