Chronically Ill Canadians\u27 Experiences of Being Unattached To a Family Doctor: A Qualitative Study of Marginalized Patients in British Columbia

Background: Unattached patients do not have a regular primary care provider. Initiatives are being developed toincrease attachment rates across Canada. Most existing attention paid to patient unattachment has focused onquantifying the problem and health system costs. Our purpose is to qualitatively identify the implications ofchronically ill patients’ experiences of unattachment for health policy and planning to provide policy-relevantinsights for Canadian attachment initiatives.Methods: Three focus groups were conducted with marginalized chronically ill individuals residing in a mid-sized city inBritish Columbia who are unattached to a family doctor. We use the term marginalized as a descriptor to acknowledgethat by virtue of their low socio-economic status and lack of attachment the participants are marginalized in Canada’shealth care system Focus groups were structured as an open conversation organized around a series of probingquestions. They were digitally recorded and transcribed verbatim. Thematic analysis was employed.Results: Twenty-six individuals participated in the focus groups. The most common chronic illnesses reported were activedrug addiction or recovery (and their associated symptoms), depression, arthritis, and hepatitis C. Participants identifiedlife transitions as being the root cause for not having a family doctor. There was a strong sense that unsuccessfulattempts to get a family doctor reflected that they were undesirable patients. Participants wanted to experience having atrusting relationship with a regular family doctor as they believed it would encourage greater honesty and transparency.One of the main health concerns regarding lack of access to a regular family doctor is that participants lacked access topreventative care. Participants were also concerned about having a discontinuous medical record due to unattachment.Conclusions: Participants perceived that there are many benefits to be had by having attachment to a regular familydoctor and that experiencing unattachment challenged their health and access to health care. We encourage moreresearch to be done on the lived experience of unattachment in order to provide on-the-ground insights thatpolicy-makers require in order to develop responsive, patient-centred supports and programs

“I get to know them as a whole person”: family physician stories of proximity to patients experiencing social inequity

Canadians’ health outcomes are inextricably tied to social inequities. While family medicine is aptly situated to provide care that addresses social factors through longitudinal knowledge of patients and their contexts, family physicians have come under increased pressure to do more for their patients with less time and resources due to financial and resource demands within primary care. Nursing scholar Ruth Malone has argued that remaining proximal, or close to patients, is a form of resistance to these demands. Using a critical narrative methodology, we conducted 36 interviews with 20 family physicians working with persons experiencing health needs related to social inequity in Ontario, Canada, whose stories expressed and expanded upon Malone’s proximity. Notions of proximity were invoked through descriptions of the role of family physicians in: i) generating physical proximity based on the patients’ needs for more time, space, and care; ii) developing narrative proximity through storytelling over time, both between colleagues and patient communities; and iii) engaging in moral proximity, or recognizing the vulnerabilities of their patients, by going “above and beyond” in their care and advocacy roles inspired by the needs of their patients. The findings add theoretical depth to proximity, extending this conceptualization into a new clinical context. These stories also complement current health services and health policy research that advocates for collaborative primary care approaches, as elements of these approaches are conducive to establishing proximity with patients who need care the most

Nanotechnology experiences for students and teachers (NEST): Enhancing teachers' self-efficacy and their understanding of STEM career opportunities

The Nanotechnology Experiences for Student and Teachers (NEST) summer learning opportunity at Indiana University-Purdue University Indianapolis (IUPUI) connects faculty, staff, and students from the Schools of Engineering and Technology, Science, and Education with high school teachers of STEM subjects in a two week teacher professional development experience. In the summer of 2016, eleven teachers participated in a series of NEST program activities that were designed to model instructional strategies while engaging the teachers in hands-on nanotechnology research experiences. Teachers were also provided tours and exposed to research being conducted and equipment being used in labs incorporating nanotechnology across campus. Additionally, the participants worked with other teachers involved in a Research Experiences for Teachers (RET) project, to develop nanotechnology lessons to incorporate in their classroom during the following school year. Primary outcomes from this professional development were not limited to the developed lessons. Data collected through pre- and post-content knowledge assessments and pre- and post-self-efficacy surveys (T-STEM), show statistically significant increases in teacher nanotechnology content knowledge, nanotechnology self-efficacy, science efficacy and beliefs, and understanding of STEM careers. Observations and focus groups also provided data on potential program enhancements to facilitate greater support and experiences for the participating teachers

Potential for paramedic roles in Irish General Practice:a qualitative study of stakeholders perspectives

Background: Irish health policy emphasises the role of Primary Care and General Practice however, there is a growing shortage of General Practitioners (GPs) in Ireland. Paramedics have traditionally focused on emergency care in the community. More recently Paramedics have taken on roles in General Practice in international jurisdictions, but not yet in Ireland. This study aimed to explore key stakeholder perceptions of ‘the potential for Paramedic roles in Irish General Practice’. Methods: We conducted an exploratory, qualitative stakeholder consultation study incorporating in-depth semi structured telephone interviews followed by thematic analysis. Interviews were conducted with a total of eighteen participants that included six senior Paramedics (Advanced Paramedics), seven General Practitioners (GPs), three Practice Nurses and two Practice Managers. Results: Participants in this study expressed polarised views on the potential for Paramedic roles in Irish General Practice. Paramedics were enthusiastic, highlighting opportunity for professional development and favourable working conditions. GPs, Practice Nurses and Managers were more circumspect and had concerns that Paramedic scope and skillset was not currently aligned to General Practice care. GPs, Practice Nurses and Managers emphasised a greater role for expanded General Practice Nursing. There were varied perceptions on what the potential role of a Paramedic in General Practice might entail, but consensus that Government support would be required to facilitate any potential developments. Conclusions: The findings of this research can inform future development of novel roles in Irish General Practice and suggests that there is appetite from within the Paramedic profession to pursue such roles. A pilot demonstration project, grounded in an action research framework could address data gaps and potential concerns. Any future developments should occur in tandem with and with due consideration for the expansion of General Practice Nursing in Ireland

Medical students’ challenges and suggestions regarding research training: a synthesis of comments from a cross-sectional survey

Background: We previously reported on a cross-sectional study of students from the Michael G. DeGroote School of Medicine at McMaster University that found most respondents wanted more opportunities to participate in research. Students provided additional comments that we synthesized to enrich the findings of our quantitative analysis.   Methods: From our previously administered 13-item, online questionnaire, run across three campuses in Ontario, Canada, 498 of 618 medical students completed our survey and 360 (72%) provided optional written comments, which we synthesized using thematic analysis in this current study.  Results: Major themes that emerged were: (1) Active student participation to identify research opportunities and interested mentors are needed; (2) Types of research involvement; (3) Uncertainty whether research training translates into useable skills; (4) Desire for a formalized research curriculum and centralization of research opportunities across campuses.  Conclusion: Programs should stress to interested students the importance of actively looking for research opportunities and consider both large and small-group educational sessions

Indicators of paramedic service use by community dwelling older adults

Introduction:  Home care clients represent a patient group that may be served through community paramedicine (CP) programs.  The Detection of Indicators and Vulnerabilities for Emergency Room Trips (DIVERT) scale was recently validated to identify levels of risk for use of emergency care among this population.  This study investigates whether frail home care clients that were identified as being at higher risk based on their DIVERT scores were more likely to use paramedic services to access the emergency department within 90 days of assessment when compared to clients that had lower DIVERT scores.Methods: A retrospective cohort study was conducted using regularly collected administrative data.  Home care assessment data were supplemented with data on emergency department (ED) visits.  Arrival by ambulance was modelled to control for DIVERT scores as well as several social and demographic variables.Results:  Within the cohort, approximately 40% of individuals visited an ED within 90 days of a home care assessment and almost half of all individuals visited an ED more than once within a year.  About two-thirds of clients that visited an ED in the 90 days following assessment used an ambulance for transportation.  DIVERT scores were predictive of this use with highest scores indicating 4.15 times higher odds of paramedic service use (95% CI 3.60-4.78Conclusion:  DIVERT was not developed to consider means of transportation to the ED.  The results indicate that it can be used to identify frail community dwelling older adults that are likely to use paramedic services to take them to the ED.  Further investigation of aspects of social isolation, carer resiliency, time of use, and characteristics associated with ED discharge are warranted.  Frequent ambulance use among this population suggests that collaboration between care providers may provide opportunities to prevent unnecessary ED visits by these individuals

A scoping study and qualitative assessment of care planning and case management in community paramedicine

Introduction:  Community paramedicine (CP) establishes an ongoing patient relationship beyond short emergency care episodes. How care planning and case management have been adapted from the isolated incidents of traditional practice is unclear.  The objective of this study is to contribute to paramedic practice by examining broad areas of care planning in CP, identifying gaps in the evidence, clarifying key concepts, and reporting on the types of evidence that address and inform practice.  A qualitative analysis of included literature outlines program capacities and identifies comprehensive models of care that can inform clinical practice in CP. Methods:  A scoping study was completed that included conducting a systematic search of the literature (in MEDLINE and CINAHL) and selecting relevant studies, followed by data extraction, summarizing, and reporting.  The authors of included studies were contacted to confirm the aspects of care planning that were extracted from their respective studies.  Aspects of care planning were compared between studies and used to generate a comprehensive list of existing practices. Results:   Ten of 1648 studies met inclusion criteria.  Qualitative analysis identified 22 aspects of care planning along four themes; enrollment (n=3), assessment and management (n=6), intervention and care (n=5), and collaboration (n=8).  No study included all 22 aspects of care planning.  One aspect of care planning was present in all 10 studies; collaboration with primary care providers. Conclusion:  The aspects of care planning identified through this study provide a framework that can guide service providers in the delivery of care and researchers in defined outcome measures to be assessed.  Future program development should be guided by the finding that all articles included in this study included collaboration with primary care providers.  By summarizing care planning within CP programs, ongoing program development can embrace collaboration with other care providers to help insure that patients receive the appropriate care

A scoping study and qualitative assessment of care planning and case management in community paramedicine

Introduction:  Community paramedicine (CP) establishes an ongoing patient relationship beyond short emergency care episodes. How care planning and case management have been adapted from the isolated incidents of traditional practice is unclear.  The objective of this study is to contribute to paramedic practice by examining broad areas of care planning in CP, identifying gaps in the evidence, clarifying key concepts, and reporting on the types of evidence that address and inform practice.  A qualitative analysis of included literature outlines program capacities and identifies comprehensive models of care that can inform clinical practice in CP. Methods:  A scoping study was completed that included conducting a systematic search of the literature (in MEDLINE and CINAHL) and selecting relevant studies, followed by data extraction, summarizing, and reporting.  The authors of included studies were contacted to confirm the aspects of care planning that were extracted from their respective studies.  Aspects of care planning were compared between studies and used to generate a comprehensive list of existing practices. Results:   Ten of 1648 studies met inclusion criteria.  Qualitative analysis identified 22 aspects of care planning along four themes; enrollment (n=3), assessment and management (n=6), intervention and care (n=5), and collaboration (n=8).  No study included all 22 aspects of care planning.  One aspect of care planning was present in all 10 studies; collaboration with primary care providers. Conclusion:  The aspects of care planning identified through this study provide a framework that can guide service providers in the delivery of care and researchers in defined outcome measures to be assessed.  Future program development should be guided by the finding that all articles included in this study included collaboration with primary care providers.  By summarizing care planning within CP programs, ongoing program development can embrace collaboration with other care providers to help insure that patients receive the appropriate care