O Mediterrâneo enquanto metáfora da mestiçagem: Novas leituras sobre o modelo europeu na América Latina dos anos 1920

After the First World War, we can observe in the Latin American society a strong transformation in the perception of the Europe as a civilization model. New movements in art and literature start to rethink the National Identities in Latin America and in the whole subcontinent born a criticism against the importation of European civility concepts. This process can be deeply analyzed in Mistral’s writings that shows us the continental transformation through the Mediterranean metaphor: between a Latin space and a space of miscegenation. In Mistral’s narratives, we can notice two kinds of analytical movements between North and South relations: when the writer talks about the European contrasts, she talks also about those of the American continent. In this context, the Old World, or its Southern part, shares its Historical experience with the New World to justify the positive perception of the New Latin American men: Multiethnic

Causal closure for MSC languages

Message sequence charts (MSCs) are commonly used to specify interactions between agents in communicating systems. Their visual nature makes them attractive for describing scenarios, but also leads to ambiguities that can result in incomplete or inconsistent descriptions. One such problem is that of implied scenarios—a set of MSCs may imply new MSCs which are “locally consistent” with the given set. If local consistency is defined in terms of local projections of actions along each process, it is undecidable whether a set of MSCs is closed with respect to implied scenarios, even for regular MSC languages [3]. We introduce a new and natural notion of local consistency called causal closure, based on the causal view of a process—all the information it collects, directly or indirectly, through its actions. Our main result is that checking whether a set of MSCs is closed with respect to implied scenarios modulo causal closure is decidable for regular MSC languages

Improved cellulase production by <i>Penicillium janthinellum</i> mutant

436-440Economic and sustainable production of bioethanol from biomass through enzymatic route depends on economics of cellulase availability, the key factor for the success of the technology. It has been realized that the bottleneck of the technology lies in obtaining highly efficient cellulase which could result in an economically feasible technology. In this study, we compared cellulase production by Penicillium janthinellum EMS UV-8 in shake flask in two different medium; modified Mandel and Weber (M &amp; W) and the corn steep liquor (CSL) based medium. In CSL based medium, 3.02 FPU/mL was produced compared to 1.25 FPU/mL in modified r M &amp; W medium. Hence, CSL based medium was employed in bioreactor for cellulase production. In cellulase production, Penicillium sp. is comparable to the widely acclaimed Trichoderma sp. Changing the production medium from modified M &amp; W medium to CSL based medium, increased cellulase production by two fold. In the bioreactor, controlled monitoring of DO and pH resulted in increase in the cellulase activity upto 5.44±0.3 FPU/ml at 168 h

Utilization of Molasses Sugar for Lactic Acid Production by Lactobacillus delbrueckii subsp. delbrueckii Mutant Uc-3 in Batch Fermentation▿

Efficient lactic acid production from cane sugar molasses by Lactobacillus delbrueckii mutant Uc-3 in batch fermentation process is demonstrated. Lactic acid fermentation using molasses was not significantly affected by yeast extract concentrations. The final lactic acid concentration increased with increases of molasses sugar concentrations up to 190 g/liter. The maximum lactic acid concentration of 166 g/liter was obtained at a molasses sugar concentration of 190 g/liter with a productivity of 4.15 g/liter/h. Such a high concentration of lactic acid with high productivity from molasses has not been reported previously, and hence mutant Uc-3 could be a potential candidate for economical production of lactic acid from molasses at a commercial scale

Genetic modification: a tool for enhancing cellulase secretion

Lignocellulosic (LC) biomass is abundantly available as a low-cost resource on the Earth. LC conversion into energy carriers is the most accepted alternative energy production policy because it is non-competitor to food or feed. LC ethanol has brought cellulases to the forefront which was otherwise lost in oblivion during last decades. LC biomass can be converted into value added products or into sugars by various routes, e.g., thermo-chemical, chemical, or biological methods. Biological route via enzymes is one of the most eco-friendly and feasible method. Both fungi and bacteria are known to degrade biomass. Fungi have been greatly exploited for cellulase production due to their inherent properties of secreting extracellular cellulase. These microorganisms are known as cellulase producers for many decades, however, to bring the enzymatic biomass conversion to an economically feasible status, extensive research efforts have been made in last decade to enhance cellulase titers. Mutations and genetic interventions along with bioprocess development have played a very important role for enhancing cellulase production. This review will present a critical overview of the on-going research towards improving cellulase production for biofuel industry via genetic modification, which will include mutation and genetic engineering employed to exert changes at genetic level in microorganisms

CELLULASES FROM PENICILLIUM JANTHINELLUM MUTANTS: SOLID-STATE PRODUCTION AND THEIR STABILITY IN IONIC LIQUIDS

The cellulase production by P. janthinellum mutants on lignocellulosic material such as cellulose or steam exploded bagasse (SEB) in combination with wheat bran was studied in solid state fermentation (SSF). One of the mutants, EU2D21, produced the highest levels of endoglucanase (3710 IU g-1 carbon source) and β-glucosidase (155 IU g-1 carbon source). Ionic liquids are so-called green solvents that have become attractive for biocatalysis. Stability of mutant cellulases was tested in 10-50% of the ionic liquid 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium chloride ([bmim]Cl). FPA and CMCase were significantly stable in 10% ionic liquid after 5h. β-glucosidase showed 85% of its original activity after 5 h incubation in 30% ionic liquid and retained 55% of its activity after 24 h. This enzyme preparation hydrolyzed ionic-liquid-treated SEB completely in 15 h in the presence of 20% ionic liquid. These studies revealed that there is no need of regenerating cellulose after ionic liquid treatment, since cellulase of mutant strain was found to be significantly stable in the ionic liquid

Facile Approach for the Dispersion of Regenerated Cellulose in Aqueous System in the Form of Nanoparticles

This study reports a facile method to disperse cellulose in deionized water, wherein a critical condition of regenerated cellulose is discovered, where it completely disperses up to a maximum of 5 g L^–1 concentration in deionized water with the help of ultrasonication. The dispersed cellulose is characterized by TEM and DLS, the latter among which shows 200 nm hydrodynamic radii of cellulose nanoparticles dispersed in deionized water. FTIR analysis of dispersed cellulose reveals that dispersed cellulose losses its crystallinity during regeneration and dispersion step employed in this study. The dispersed cellulose reported in this study is able to form free-standing, transparent films, which were characterized by SEM, XRD, TGA, EDX, and FTIR spectroscopy and show resistance against dissolution in water. Additionally, the dispersed cellulose is able to undergo at least three times faster enzymatic hydrolysis in comparison to pristine microcrystalline cellulose under similar reaction conditions. The dispersed cellulose reported here could be a better material for reinforcement, preparation of hydrogels, and drug delivery applications under physiological environment

Biodegradation of Styrene-Butadiene-Styrene Coploymer via Sugars Attached to the Polymer Chain

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