Diarrhea Risk Factors of Infant and Children Under Five Years in Indonesia: a Systematic Review of Public Health Academic Studies

Diarrhea is one of the national public health problems most researched academically in the school of public health. This systematic review research aimed at exploring risk factors of diarrhea involved 18 academic products in the form of graduate thesis and undergraduate final academic paper of School of Public Health University of Indonesia in the year 2000-2005. The subjects (3884, ranging from 65 to 500) of these academic research products were mothers, infants, and children under age of 5. Data were analyzed univariate & bivariate. Most of the literatures used as reference in these research were old diarrhea reference books, publication from Ministry of Health and previous academic research results (i.e. thesis and final academic paper). None of the research instruments reviewed was tested its validity and its realibility. Risk factors most researched were related to environmental factor, i.e. clean water & toilet. The significant mother’s risk factors were knowledge, behaviour and hygiene. The significant children’s risk factors were nutritional status & brestfeeding. Environmental risk factors associated with access to clean water were source of clean water (average OR=3.19), risk of being contaminated (average OR=7.89), and ownership of the clean water source (average OR=17.25). By t-test, the differences between thesis and undergraduate final academic paper were number of independent variables & literature references used. Overall, the quality of academic research products is not sufficiently qualified

Rancangan Pola Karir Perawat Klinik Di Rumah Sakit Tentara Jakarta

Clinical Nurse in an army hospital has unique career & development pattern. This study aimed at finding out description on an effective career pattern for clinical nurses at army hospital. This was a qualitative study conducted from March-April 2006 involving 25 informants. Primary data was collected by in-depth interview and secondary data was collected from documentations related to policy and regulation in career development of clinical nurse. The data source was from the hospital and its governing institutions; i.e. Regional Army Office & Ministry of Defense & Security. The results showed there was unclear development pattern for clinical nurses in army hospital. Different status of the nurse in the hospital has different characteristic of development. Almost all of training programs at the hospital are directed by the governing institutions with little involvement from the hospital management. Working experience, as part of career development, is mostly achieved due to experience in the organization, military rank (army), employment grade (government official), rotation and promotion programs, education and training, and military field duty. The policy and regulation on career development of clinical nurses depend on the policy & decision of the governing institutions. This research develops career development patterns for all clinical nurses based on their status, clinical duty, and structural assignment. The career pattern developed is appropriate with nurse's education, work experience, and its competence

Laboratory Readiness and Response for SARS-Cov-2 in Indonesia

The laboratory diagnosis of SARS-CoV-2 infection comprises the informational cornerstone in the effort to contain the infections. Therefore, the ability to leverage laboratories' capacity in diagnostic testing and to increase the number of people being tested are critical. This paper reviews the readiness of Indonesian laboratories during the early months of the pandemic. It discusses the success of cross-sectoral collaboration among previously siloed national and sub-national government institutions, international development agencies, and private sector stakeholders. This collaboration managed to scale-up the COVID-19 referral laboratory network from one Ministry of Health NIHRD laboratory in the capital to 685 laboratories across 34 provinces. However, this rapid growth within 12 months since the first Indonesian case was discovered remained insufficient to cater for the constantly surging testing demands within the world's fourth most populous country. Reflecting on how other countries built their current pandemic preparedness from past emergencies, this paper highlights challenges and opportunities in workforce shortage, logistic distribution, and complex administration that need to be addressed

Identification and Distribution of Pathogens in a Major Tertiary Hospital of Indonesia

The nosocomial persistence of multiple drug resistance organisms constitutes a global threat. Healthcare-setting acquired infections are subject to substantial selection pressure and are frequently associated with drug resistance. As part of the microbiological surveillance of the Sanglah tertiary referral hospital in the island province of Bali, the distribution of bacterial pathogen and their relative susceptibilities were recorded over a 30 months period. This is the first such detailed study benchmarking the type and sensitivity of bacterial pathogens in a major tertiary referral hospital within Indonesia and it is hoped that it will lead to similar reports in the near future, while informing local and national antimicrobial stewardship policies

Health and environmental impact of agricultural intensification: Translating Ecohealth program-derived knowledge into practice

International Development Research Centr

Knowledge, Attitudes, and Behaviors on Utilizing Mobile Health Technology for TB in Indonesia: A Qualitative Pilot Study

Tuberculosis (TB) infections remain a global health burden with a high incidence rate in South-East Asia, including Indonesia. TB control strategy is founded on early case detection and complete treatment to minimize transmission and prevent the emergence of drug resistance. However, many patients face challenges to comply with daily medication, causing many to adhere inconsistently or stop prematurely. Technological solutions could enhance adherence to treatment and support national screening and follow-up policies. These include telephone video communication, enabling health professionals to watch patients take their medication, address patients' concerns, and provide advice and support. This manuscript describes the outcome of a qualitative pilot study, based on a series of focus group discussions to assess the knowledge, attitudes, and behaviors, on the potential utilization of mobile technology for health purposes with a particular focus on TB treatment follow-up. The findings illustrate that general knowledge of mobile health technologies, of their legal framework of operations, and of their exact potential within the healthcare system is incomplete or poor. The novel findings are as follows: (a) the willingness of participants to learn about these technologies, (b) the open and welcoming attitude toward receiving such information even within frontline community settings, and (c) the willingness to back a government-supported, healthcare-driven set of such initiatives. Potential implementation barriers have also been highlighted. This study is an important first step toward understanding the attitudes and behaviors on utilizing mobile health technology for TB in Indonesia

Phylogenetic characterisation of circulating, clinical influenza isolates from Bali, Indonesia: preliminary report from the BaliMEI project.

BACKGROUND: Human influenza represents a major public health concern, especially in south-east Asia where the risk of emergence and spread of novel influenza viruses is particularly high. The BaliMEI study aims to conduct a five year active surveillance and characterisation of influenza viruses in Bali using an extensive network of participating healthcare facilities. METHODS: Samples were collected during routine diagnostic treatment in healthcare facilities. In addition to standard clinical and molecular methods for influenza typing, next generation sequencing and subsequent de novo genome assembly were performed to investigate the phylogeny of the collected patient samples. RESULTS: The samples collected are characteristic of the seasonally circulating influenza viruses with indications of phylogenetic links to other samples characterised in neighbouring countries during the same time period. CONCLUSIONS: There were some strong phylogenetic links with sequences from samples collected in geographically proximal regions, with some of the samples from the same time-period resulting to small clusters at the tree-end points. However this work, which is the first of its kind completely performed within Indonesia, supports the view that the circulating seasonal influenza in Bali reflects the strains circulating in geographically neighbouring areas as would be expected to occur within a busy regional transit centre

Field Building Leadership Initiative (FBLI): Advancing ecohealth in Southeast Asia

In response to global environmental health challenges, multi-disciplinary research and training are becoming popular among several countries in the world. However, systemic degree training programmes emphasizing integration of multi-disciplines are still not existed in the Asian Region. With approval from the University Council of Mahidol University, the Degree Programmes in "One Health and Ecosystem Management" are currently under development in collaboration with the University of Indonesia, Kunming Medical University and Hanoi School of Public Health. This will be one big step in integrating One Health/Ecohealth concept and system thinking into university curricula. The main objective is to produce high quality and competent graduates, who have background in multi-disciplinary research aiming at healthy environment and healthy living, to work in either government or private sectors. The research-based topics will be emphasized on an application of One Health/Ecohealth approach to human and animal health, environmental health, emerging and re-emerging infectious diseases, and social science, economics and policy in One Health/Ecohealth. It is expected that the students resulting from these programmes should help bringing One Health/Ecohealth practice into their professional work which hopefully will improve disease management and, hence, improve well-being in the long-term

Surveillance and characterisation of influenza viruses among patients with influenza-like illness in Bali, Indonesia, July 2010-June 2014.

BACKGROUND: Although Indonesia has high fatality rate of human A/H5N1 cases, epidemiological and clinical data on influenza virus circulation among humans has been limited. Within Indonesia, Bali province is of interest due to high population densities of humans, pigs and poultry. This study aims to characterize and compare the epidemiological and clinical patterns of influenza viruses in humans through surveillance among patients with influenza-like illness (ILI) in Bali, Indonesia. METHODS: ILI patients were recruited at 21 sentinel health facilities across all nine regencies in Bali, from July 2010 to June 2014. PCR-based assays were used for detection and subtyping of influenza viruses. Demographic, behavioural and clinical data were tested for associations with influenza using chi-squared tests and logistic regression. RESULTS: Of 2077 ILI patients, 291 (14.0%) tested positive for influenza A, 152 (7.3%) for influenza B, and 16 (0.77%) for both influenza A and B. Of the influenza A isolates, the majority 61.2% were A/H3N2, followed by A/H1N1-pdm09 (80; 26.1%). Two A/H5N1 were identified. Influenza positive rates were significantly higher during wet season months (28.3%), compared with the dry season (13.8%; χ2 = 61.1; df = 1; p < 0.0001). Clinical predictors for infection varied by virus type, with measured fever (≥38 °C) more strongly associated with influenza B (AOR: 1.62; 95% CI: 1.10, 2.39). CONCLUSION: Influenza circulates year-round among humans in Bali with higher activity during the wet season. High contact rates with poultry and pigs, along with influenza virus detection that could not be subtyped through conventional assays, highlight the need for molecular studies to characterize epidemiological and evolutionary dynamics of influenza in this setting