Asymptotic freedom and Confinement imply spontaneously broken chiral symmetry in Quantum Chromodynamics

We utilize Coleman's theorem and show that quantum chromodynamics based on asymptotic freedom and confinement must have chiral symmetry realized as a spontaneously broken symmetry.Comment: Latex, 7 page

Outage Analysis for SWIPT-Enabled Two-Way Cognitive Cooperative Communications

In this paper, we study a cooperative cognitive radio network (CCRN) where the secondary user-transmitter (SU-Tx) assists bi-directional communication between a pair of primary users (PUs) following the principle of two-way relaying. In return, it gets access to the spectrum of the PUs to enable its own transmission to SU-receiver (SU-Rx). Further, in order to support sustainable operation of the network, SU-Tx is assumed to harvest energy from the RF signals received from the PUs, using the technique of simultaneous wireless information and power transfer (SWIPT). Assuming a decode-and-forward behaviour and power-splitting based relaying protocol at SU-Tx, closed form expressions for outage probability of PU and SU are obtained. Simulation results validate our analytical results and illustrate spectrum-efficiency and energy-efficiency advantages of the proposed system over one-way relaying.Comment: 15 pages, 5 figures, Submitted to IEEE Transactions on Vehicular Technolog