Indications for Cluster Melting from Forward-Backward Charge Fluctuations at RHIC Energies

We study forward-backward charge fluctuations to probe the correlations among produced particles in ultra relativistic heavy ion collisions. We develop a model that describes the forward-backward dynamical fluctuations and apply it to interpret the recent PHOBOS data. Within the present model, the dynamical fluctuations are related to the particle production mechanism via cluster decay and to long range correlations between the forward and backward rapidity hemispheres. We argue that with a tight centrality cut, PHOBOS may see a strong decrease of the dynamical fluctuations. Within the present model, this deterioration of the correlation among the produced hadrons can be interpreted as a sign for the production of a hot, dense and interacting medium.Comment: 5 pages, 4 figure

Measuring Shear Viscosity Using Transverse Momentum Correlations in Relativistic Nuclear Collisions

Elliptic flow measurements at RHIC suggest that quark gluon plasma flows with very little viscosity compared to weak coupling expectations, challenging theorists to explain why this fluid is so nearly ``perfect''. It is therefore vital to find quantitative experimental information on the viscosity of the plasma. We propose that measurements of transverse momentum fluctuations can be used to determine the shear viscosity. We use current data to estimate the viscosity-to-entropy ratio in the range from 0.08 to 0.3, and discuss how future measurements can reduce this uncertainty.Comment: 4 pages, 2 figure

Probing Quark Gluon Liquid Using Transverse Momentum Fluctuations

The onset of equilibration in nuclear collisions can lead to related trends in the centrality dependence of the average transverse momentum, pt fluctuations and net charge fluctuations. We extend the transport description of S. Gavin (Phys. Rev. Lett. 92, 162301 (2004)) to include radial flow.Comment: Talk given at the 18th International Conference on Ultra Relativistic Nucleus-Nucleus Collisions (Quark Matter 2005), Budapest, Hungary, 4-9 Aug. 200

Natural Gas Geochemistry in the Offshore Nile Delta, Egypt

The offshore Nile Delta basin is considered as one of the most promising province in Egypt which has an excellent potential gas and condensate reserves for future exploration. This study aimed to characterize the origin of natural gas and to determine whether it is biogenic, thermogenic or mixed processes which are considered the dominant generation pathways. Regional geochemical studies were conducted on 20 test gas samples produced from the Miocene and Plio-Pleistocene reservoirs of Abu Qir, N. Abu Qir, Temsah, Wakkar and Port Fouad fields representing the western and the eastern Nile Delta province. The geochemical analyses revealed that the main constituents of the natural gases are methane (96.2%–99.37%) with minor contribution from ethane and propane. Methane carbon isotopic composition ranges between _65.6‰ and _40.3 ‰ PDB displaying a strong indication for gas mixing of thermogenic and early microbial methane. The gas chromatography_mass spectrometry carried out on the produced natural gases exhibits high oleanane index that ranges between 19% and 42%, the medium concentration of moretane index between 11% and 16% and the absence of gammacerane index indicating that the natural gases were derived from siliciclastic source rocks containing type III kerogen of terrestrial origin and higher land plants input of Tertiary age. The calculated maturity parameters of the studied natural gas proportions based on various sterane isomerisation distributions, i.e. C29αßß/(αßß+ααα)_and C29ααα20S/(S+R) reached 0.6 and 0.5 respectively indicating a medium stage of thermal maturation equivalent to the main peak of oil generation window (0.85 Ro%). The sterane isomerization ratios may reflect the rapid rate of subsidence and sedimentation in the Nile Delta and appear to have been generated during the early stage of source rock maturation

Lead-Time Estimation Approach Using the Process Capability Index

This research proposes a methodology to estimate the customer order lead-time in supply chain based on the process capability index. The cases when the process output is normally distributed and when it is not are considered. The relationships between the system capability indices in both service and manufacturing applications, delivery system reliabilities and the percentages of orders delivered after their promised due-dates are presented. The proposed method can be used to examine the current process capability to deliver the orders before the promised lead-time. If the system was found to be incapable, the method can be used to help revise the current lead-time to a proper value according to the service reliability level selected by the management. Numerical examples and a case study describing the lead time estimation methodology and testing the system capability of delivering the orders before their promised due date are illustrated

CARBON NEUTRAL URBAN SPACES UNDER CLIMATE CHANGE CASE STUDY: RENOVATION OF SIDI GABER NEIGHBORHOOD IN ALEXANDRIA, EGYPT

With growing pressure from the public on governments and organizations to address climate change, the term ‘carbon neutral’ has become increasingly used in recent years. Carbon neutral is an emerging definition that relates to measuring, reducing and offsetting carbon energy used by either a building or an organization as a whole. Buildings are a significant source of greenhouse gas emissions when they operated by fossil fuel energy resources. Sustainable urban development is essential issue to enhance the quality of life of city residents and to decrease the negative impact of conventional type of energy through using the renewable energy resources. This research discusses the issue of the planning future sustainable cities and how to apply all the innovative renewable energy solutions for construction and operation of these developments. It aims to achieve the criteria of renovation existing conventional neighborhood to be a prototype of carbon neutral urban area and maximize the benefits of sustainable technologies through an integrated planning and design approaches. The research’s case study concentrates on renovating of Sidi Gaber neighborhood and its surroundings in Alexandria city, Egypt as a prototype for a high quality. of life where inhabitants can find the carbon is neutral through applying the sustainable development criteria. Moreover, carbon measurements and residents’ questionnaire are used to achieve the proposed renovation alternatives according to the sustainability criteria