Formation And Characteristics Of Engkabang-Based Nano-Cosmeceuticals

Engkabang fat esters were synthesized from engkabang fat using Lipozyme® RM IM as a catalyst. The main composition of the fat esters were oleyl palmitate, oleyl stearate and oleyl oleate. The percentage yield was 93.67%. Phase behaviors of engkabang fat and engkabang fat esters were determined through the construction of ternary phase diagrams using nonionic surfactants. The increase of hydrophilic lipophilic balance (HLB) value of the surfactant gave larger homogenous and isotropic region in both ternary phase diagrams of Engkabang fat/Nonionic surfactant/Deionized water and Engkabang fat esters/Nonionic surfactant/Deionized water. Homogenous and isotropic regions were larger in the phase diagrams of engkabang wax esters compared to the phase diagrams of engkabang fat. Compositions of homogenous region from the ternary phase diagrams were selected as a pre-formulated cosmeceuticals emulsions. Then, they were modified with the additions of solubilisant gamma, glycerin, xanthan gum and beeswax in an attempt to get stable formulations at high temperature. Formulations F10 and E15 were chosen for further studies due to the stability at 45˚C. They were prepared using high shear homogenizer, followed by using high pressure homogenizer. Both formulations were stable at room temperature, at 45ºC and after undergoing thaw cycles test. The particle sizes of F10 and E15 after using high pressure were 115.75 nm and 148.41 nm, respectively. The zeta potential of F10 and E15 at 25ºC were -36.4 mV and - 48.8 mV and the pH values were 5.59 and 5.81, respectively. The rheology of F10 and E15 showed pseudoplastic material with shear thinning properties. There were no bacteria and fungus growth in the samples. Short-term moisturizing effect on 20 subjects analyzed by means of Analysis of Variance (ANOVA), gave P-values of 7.35 ×10-12 and 2.77 ×10-15 for F10 and E15, respectively. The hydration of the skins increased after application of F10 and E15 with P-value below 0.05. The formulations of encapsulated and non-encapsulated titanium dioxide using engkabang fat and esters were produced by emulsification method using high shear homogenizer. All the formulations were stable after undergoing thaw cycles test, at room temperature and 45ºC for three months except for Formulations F10-4A and F10-6A. The particle sizes of formulations were range 80 nm to approximately 400 nm. Surface charge measurements of formulations having values from -30 mV to -59 mV denoted the presence of stable dispersions. The morphological characterization confirmed the encapsulations of titanium dioxide in the formulations. The rheology analysis of the formulations showed shear thinning property as when the shear rate increased, the viscosity decreased. Formulations containing Engkabang fat could be classified as the thixotropic materials, whereby formulations containing Engkabang fat esters could be classified as pseudo plastic materials under a non-Newtonian fluid. Increasing amount of TiO2 gave higher pH values of the formulations and higher conductivity. The TGA thermograms showed three major weight losses due to the evaporation of water content, evaporation of water content in lattice structure and decomposition of oil phase. The stable formulations containing encapsulated of TiO2 gave higher absorbance compared to the formulations containing non-encapsulated of TiO2

Convection on binary fluid with cross diffusive coefficients and vertical magnetic field

This study deals theoretically with the effect of cross diffusion coefficients viz., Soret and Dufour effects subjected to uniform vertical magnetic field on the onset of stationary convection in a horizontal layer of binary fluid model. The upper surface of a binary fluid layer is non-deformable and the lower surface is assumed to be rigid and heated from below. In this investigation, the bounding system of the model are considered to be rigid-rigid and free-rigid which described the upper and free surfaces of the model. The eigenvalue equations of the perturbed state obtained from the normal mode analysis are solved by using the Galerkin method. The influences of magnetic field and cross diffusion parameter in binary fluid model are analyzed on the onset of convection. The results show that the effect of increasing the magnetic field strength is always to stabilize the binary fluid model although the onset of convection gets advanced when the Soret parameter is increase

Response surface optimization of high antioxidative extraction from Curcuma zedoaria leaves

Response surface methodology (RSM) has been fully utilized in this study to model and optimize the extraction conditions for maximum antioxidant compounds activity from Curcuma zedoaria leaves. This work was carried out based on three factor/5 level of central composite rotatable design (CCRD) and three independent variables, namely extraction temperature (60-80 ο C), processing time (80-120min) and solvent concentration (70-90 v/v %). The experimental data was subjected to total antioxidant activity measured by the 1, 1-diphenyl-2-picrylhdrazyl (DPPH)-radical scavenging, β-carotene bleaching (BCB) inhibition as well as ferric ion reducing antioxidant power (FRAP). By using the desirability functions, the optimal conditions were found to be at temperature 75 ο C, 92 min and (90:10 v/v%) ethanol concentration for the highest total antioxidants values for DPPH, BCB and FRAP were 85.76%, 81.35 % and 5.08 mM Fe 2+ g/DW respectively, which closely agreed with the predicted values of 87.59%, 82.29%, 5.25 mM Fe 2+ g/DW respectively. Thus, indicating the suitability of the model employed in RSM to optimizing the extraction conditions

Coriolis force in a nanofluid layer in the presence of Soret effect

The influence of coriolis force on the onset of steady Rayleigh-Benard convection subjected to Soret parameter in a horizontal nanofluid layer is considered analytically. The confined lower and upper boundary conditions of the nanofluid layer are considered to be free-free, rigid-free and rigid-rigid respectively. The model used for the nanofluid incorporates the effects of Brownian motion and thermophoresis diffusion. Following the usual linear stability theory, the eigenvalue solution is obtained numerically by using Galerkin technique. From the investigation, the presence of coriolis force due to the rotation inhibits the onset of convection in nanofluid layer and have a stabilizing effect. Further, the instability of the system get advanced with the increased values of the Soret parameter

In vitro safety evaluation of palm tocotrienol-rich fraction nanoemulsion for topical application

The application of nanotechnologies in cosmetics industry has resulted in the introduction of new nanomaterials for topical applications. Nanomaterial overcomes issues of limited penetration and low bioavailability of non-soluble bioactive agents. While there are many advantages of using nanomaterials, recent development in using submicron particles for enhance skin penetration has raised the concern of safety including the increase potential to induce skin irritation and allergic reactions on the skin. The studies on irritation potential of palm tocotrienol-rich fraction (TRF) nanoemulsion using in vitro ocular and dermal irritection assays, reconstructed human epidermis and human corneal epithelium tests were investigated. Palm TRF nanoemulsion did not exhibit any potential skin irritation in the in vitro ocular and dermal irritation assessment. The studies showed that when reconstructed human corneal epithelium and human epidermis models were treated with the tocotrienol macroemulsion and nanoemulsions, no indication of irritancy to the eyes or dermal tissues were observed giving a mean tissue viability of more than 60% and 50%, respectively. The non-irritant category is classified as Category 1 according to United Nations Globally Harmonised System of Classification and Labelling of Chemicals. In vitro studies showed no ocular or dermal irritation potential indicating possible topical application of palm TRF nanoemulsion

Optimization of Nigella sativa oil-based ferulate ester synthesis using response surface methodology

Nigella sativa L. seed, also recognized as black cumin is a medicinal plant that possesses miraculous power of healing due to the abilities to cure various ailments. Owing to the oily properties of plant oil, the oil ester is more preferable exhibiting special features such as non-toxic, outstanding moisturizing action and most importantly the absence of oily texture. In this study, Nigella sativa oil-based ferulate ester was synthesized via transesterification of Nigella sativa oil (NSO) and ethyl ferulate (EF) in the presence of immobilized lipase, Lipozyme RM IM from Rhizomucor miehei. A five-level-four-factor central composite rotatable design (CCRD) from response surface methodology (RSM) was applied to study the influence of synthesis parameters: lipase dosage (50-80 mg), temperature (40-60°C), substrate ratio of NSO:EF (2.5:1-5.5:1 w/w) and time (3-7 hr) aiming for the maximum percentage yield of ester. The optimized synthesis conditions were lipase dosage of 67 mg, temperature of 56°C, substrate ratio (NSO:EF) of 4.4:1 w/w and time of 4 hr. The maximum production of ester obtained was 49.87% which is acceptable with the predicted value of 48.82%

Investigation on coupled convection with internal heating in micropolar fluid

The effect of uniform distribution of internal heat generation on the linear stability analysis of the Benard-Marangoni convection (coupled driven convection) in micropolar fluid is investigated theoretically. The upper free surface is assumed to be non-deformable and the lower boundary is taken to be rigid and isothermal with fixed temperature and span-vanishing boundaries. The eigenvalue problem is solved numerically using the Galerkin method. The influence of the internal heat generation in micropolar fluid with various parameters on the onset of stationary convection has been analyzed and also comparison has been made with the Newtonian fluid. We found that the effect of internal heating is to destabilize the micropolar fluid system

Optimization of antioxidant extraction in hylocereus polyrhizus seed using response surface methodology

Seeds of red pitaya fruit (Hylocereus polyrhizus) are commonly left underutilized in the food industry. Thus, the objective of this present study was to optimize the extraction condition for the maximum DPPH radical scavenging activity of red pitaya fruit seed extract using response surface methodology (RSM). A Central Composite design was employed to determine the effects of the selected variables, comprising extraction time (30-90 min), extraction temperature (40-80 ℃) and ethanol concentration (60-80 %) on the DPPH scavenging activities. Data were analyzed by using Design Expert (version 10.0.1, Stat-Ease, Inc., Minneapolis, MN, USA) statistical analysis software. The optimal extraction conditions for the highest antioxidant capacity were derived at 45 mins of extraction time, 70℃ extraction temperature and 80 % ethanol concentration that resulted in 92.89 % of scavenging activity. The optimized model developed was verified by comparing the predicted and experimental value of response. The result of measured response agreed well with the predicted values, demonstrating that the model can be used for optimizing the conditions of RSP extract that ensure high recovery of DPPH radical scavenging activity

A Study of Literatures: Status of Alcohol in Cosmetics Products from Shariah Views in Malaysia

Alcohol is an organic solvent that is widely used in the manufacturing industry, especially in food and beverage products. It is also widely used in cosmetic industries to produce products such as perfume, moisturizer and other personal care products. Despite its widespread application,  discussions regarding the use of alcohol in cosmetics from the Shariah and scientific perspectives are still very limited. Thus, the main focus of the present study is to consider the halal status of alcohol as an ingredient in Shariah-based cosmetic products in Malaysia. The analysis focuses on different aspects of Shariah law and also draws on scientific findings from previous studies. Opinion from scholars in Shariah and scientific field are examined in this articles, and the different types of alcohol found in cosmetic products are also discussed. Keyword: alcohol, cosmetic products, Sharia

Development of nanoemulsion incorporated with Hibiscus sabdariffa for cosmeceutical application

Hibiscus sabdariffa (HS) has been reported to possess a crucial content of bioactive compounds, such as phenolic acids and flavonoids, therefore, HS was recognized as a source of antioxidants. Due to that, the development of nanoemulsion incorporated with HS appears promising for cosmeceutical application. This study is focused on the formulation of oil-inwater (O/W) nanoemulsions of HS to enhance the bioaccessibility of its active compounds. The influences of hydrophiliclipophilic balance (HLB) value of surfactant and grapeseed oil (GSO) to olive oil (OO) ratio on the droplet size, zeta potential, PDI and stability of the nanoemulsions were investigated. The results showed that the smallest particle size was obtained at 145.9 nm with PDI = 0.388 and zeta-potential = -41.1 mV in the systems prepared using HLB value of 12 and 2:1 ratio of GSO to OO. Then the selected nanoemulsion which based on the lowest particle size (NE-F6, GSO:OO = 2:1, and HLB = 12) showed good stability over time and temperature without no phase separation, creaming or cracking was spotted. The pH value of the NE-F6 was obtained at 5.2