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    Modeling of Optimal Concession Contract between Port Authority and Terminal Operators using Channel Coordination Model

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    ์„ธ๊ณ„ ํ•ด์šด ์‹œ์žฅ์˜ ๊ธ‰๊ฒฉํ•œ ๋ณ€ํ™”๋Š” ํ•ญ๋งŒ ์‚ฐ์—…์— ํฐ ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ๋ฏธ์นœ๋‹ค. PA (ํ•ญ๋งŒ๊ณต์‚ฌ)์™€ TOC (ํ„ฐ๋ฏธ๋„ ์šด์˜ ํšŒ์‚ฌ)๋Š” ๊ฒฝ์Ÿ ์šฐ์œ„๋ฅผ ํ™•๋ณดํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•˜์—ฌ ์ง€๊ธˆ๊นŒ์ง€ ํ•ญ๋งŒ ์‹œ์„ค๊ณผ ์žฅ๋น„์— ๋งŽ์€ ํˆฌ์ž๋ฅผ ํ•ด์™”๋‹ค. TOC๋Š” ๊ฒฝ์Ÿ์‚ฌ ๋ฐ ํ•ด์šด ํšŒ์‚ฌ๋กœ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ์˜ ์š”๊ตฌ ์‚ฌํ•ญ์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ ์ˆ˜์ต์„ฑ์„ ์ œ๊ณ ํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด ๋…ธ๋ ฅํ•œ๋‹ค. ๊ฐ™์€ ์ƒํ™ฉ์—์„œ PA๋„ ๊ฒฝ์Ÿ๋ ฅ์„ ์ฐพ๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์‹œ์žฅ์˜ ๋ถˆํ™•์‹ค์„ฑ๊ณผ ๊ธฐ์ˆ ์  ๋ณ€ํ™”๋Š” PA์™€ TOC๊ฐ€ ํ˜‘๋ ฅํ•˜์—ฌ ๋” ๋‚˜์€ ์žฌ์ • ์ƒํƒœ๋ฅผ ์š”๊ตฌํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค. PA์™€ TOC๊ฐ„์—๋Š”๊ณ„์•ฝ์„ ํ†ตํ•ด ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ ๋ฐฉ์‹์œผ๋กœ ์šด์˜๋œ๋‹ค. ์„ธ๊ณ„์˜ 60-70%๊ฐ€ ์šด์˜์ค‘์ธ ์ž„๋Œ€ ๊ธฐ๋Šฅ ๋ชจ๋ธ์— ๋”ฐ๋ฅด๋ฉด, PA๋Š” ํ•ญ๋งŒ์˜ ํ† ์ง€ ๋ฐ ์ธํ”„๋ผ๋ฅผ ์†Œ์œ โˆ™๊ด€๋ฆฌํ•˜๋ฉฐ, TOC๋Š” ํ„ฐ๋ฏธ๋„ ์šด์˜์„ ๋‹ด๋‹นํ•œ๋‹ค. PA์™€ TOC๋Š” ๊ณ„์•ฝ์„ ํ†ตํ•ด ๊ณ ์ • ์š”๊ธˆ์ œ ๋‚ด์ง€ ๋‹จ๊ฐ€ ์š”๊ธˆ์ œ ๋“ฑ์˜ ์—ฌ๋ถ€๋ฅผ ๊ฒฐ์ •ํ•œ๋‹ค. ์„ธ๊ณ„ ํ•ญ๋งŒ ์ž„๋Œ€ ์‹œ์Šคํ…œ์„ ๋น„๊ตํ•ด ๋ณผ ๋•Œ, ์ ˆ๋Œ€์ ์ธ ๊ณ ์ •๋œ ๊ณ„์•ฝ ๋ฐฉ์‹์ด ์—†๋‹ค๊ณ  ํ•œ๋‹ค. ์•„์‹œ์•„์˜ ๋Œ€๋ถ€๋ถ„ ์ง€์—ญ์—์„œ๋Š” ๊ณ ์ • ์š”๊ธˆ์ œ๋ฅผ ์ด์šฉํ•˜๊ณ , ์œ ๋Ÿฝ ์ง€์—ญ์—์„œ๋Š” ๊ณ ์ • ์š”๊ธˆ์ œ์™€ ๋‹จ๊ฐ€ ์š”๊ธˆ์ œ๊ฐ€ ํ˜ผํ•ฉ๋œ ๊ณ„์•ฝ์„ ์ด์šฉํ•œ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋™์•ˆ ์„ธ๊ณ„ ํ•ญ๋งŒ ์ž„๋Œ€ ์‹œ์Šคํ…œ์— ๊ฐ„ํ•œ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋Š” ๋งŽ์ง€ ์•Š์•˜๋‹ค. ํŠนํžˆ ๊ตฌ์ฒด์  ์ˆ˜์น˜๋ฅผ ์ œ๊ณตํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š๊ฑฐ๋‚˜ ๋น„์‹ค์šฉ์  ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๊ฐ€ ๋งŽ์•˜๋‹ค. ํ•œํŽธ, ์ด์ „ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์—์„œ๋Š”TOC๋ณด๋‹ค PA ๊ด€์ ์—์„œ์˜ ์ด์ต ๊ทน๋Œ€ํ™”๋ฅผ ๋„๋ชจํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฐ ์ค‘์ ์„ ๋‘์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๋งŒ์•ฝ PA๊ฐ€ ์ฒ˜๋ฆฌ๋Ÿ‰์„ ๋Š˜๋ฆผ์œผ๋กœ์จ ์ด์ต์„ ๊ทน๋Œ€ํ™”ํ•˜๊ณ ์ž ํ•  ๋•Œ, ๊ณ ์ • ์ž„๋Œ€ ๊ณ„์•ฝ์ด ๋” ์œ ๋ฆฌํ•œ ์„ ํƒ์ด๋‹ค. ์ด ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋Š” ๊ณต๊ณต๊ธฐ๊ด€๊ณผ ๋ฏผ๊ฐ„ ๋‹จ์ฒด ์ƒํ˜ธ๊ฐ„์˜ ์ด์ต ๊ทน๋Œ€ํ™”์˜ ๋ฐฉ์‹์œผ๋กœ ์—ฐ๊ฒฐํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์— ์ค‘์ ์„ ๋‘๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค. PA๊ฐ€ TOC์—๊ฒŒ ์ œ์•ˆํ•˜๋Š” 4 ๊ฐ€์ง€ ์œ ํ˜•์˜ ๊ณ„์•ฝ ๋ฐฉ์‹์€ ๋น„์กฐ์ •, ์กฐ์ •, Cournot ๋ฐ Collusion ๋ชจ๋ธ๋กœ ๋น„๊ตํ•˜๊ณ , ๋™์‹œ์— ๊ฐ ๊ณ„์•ฝ ๋ฐฉ์‹์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ๋ชจ๋“ˆ ์ˆ˜ํ–‰๊ณผ ์ˆ˜์น˜ ๋ถ„์„์„ ํ†ตํ•ด ๋ชจ๋ธ์„ ๋น„๊ตํ•œ๋‹ค. ์—ฐ๊ตฌ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋Š” ํ–ฅํ›„ ํ•ญ๋งŒ ์ž„๋Œ€ ๊ณ„์•ฝ์„ ์ˆ˜๋ฆฝํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฐ ์ค‘์š”ํ•œ ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ๋ฏธ์น  ๊ฒƒ์ด๋‹ค. ๋น„๊ต ์ˆ˜์น˜ ๋ถ„์„์„ ๊ด€์ฐฐํ•˜๋ฉด ๋‹ค์Œ๊ณผ ๊ฐ™์€ ์ฃผ์š” ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋ฅผ ์–ป์„ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ์— ๋”ฐ๋ฅด๋ฉด, ๊ณ ์ • ๊ณ„์•ฝ๊ณผ ๋‹จ๊ฐ€ ๊ณ„์•ฝ์„ ํ•ฉ์นœ ์กฐ๊ฑด์ด ๊ฐ๊ฐ์˜ ๊ณ ์ • ๋ฐ ๋‹จ๊ฐ€ ๊ณ„์•ฝ์ œ ๋ณด๋‹ค ๋” ๋†’๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ์•Œ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค. PA๊ฐ€ TOC์˜ ์ด์ต๊ณผ ์œ„ํ—˜์„ ๋‹ค๋ฃจ๋Š” ๋งŒํผ TOC๊ฐ€ ์ฒ˜๋ฆฌ๋Ÿ‰์„ ์ฆ๊ฐ€์‹œํ‚ฌ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ, ์ด๊ฒƒ์€ PA์™€ TOC ๊ฐ„์˜ ์ด์ด์ต์„ ๊ทน๋Œ€ํ™” ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๋”ฐ๋ผ์„œPA๊ฐ€ ์กฐ์ • ์—†๋Š” ๊ณ„์•ฝ์„ ์ œ๊ณตํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ๋ณด๋‹ค ์กฐ์ •๋œ ๊ณ„์•ฝ์„ ์ œ๊ณต ํ•  ๋•Œ ๋” ๋งŽ์€ ์ด์ต์„ ๋‚ผ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  PA์™€ TOC์˜ ํ†ตํ•ฉ ์ด์ต์€ ๊ฐ๊ฐ์˜ ์ด์ต๋ณด๋‹ค ๋” ๋†’๋‹ค. PA์™€TOC์˜ ํ†ตํ•ฉ ์ด์ต์„ ํ†ตํ•ด์„œ PA๋Š” TOC์—๊ฒŒ ์ ์ ˆํ•œ ๊ณ„์•ฝ ๋ฐฉ์‹์„ ์ œ๊ณตํ•˜๊ณ  ์ƒํ˜ธ๊ฐ„์˜ ์ด์ต ๊ทน๋Œ€ํ™”๋ฅผ ๋„๋ชจํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค. PA๊ฐ€ ์ด์ต์„ ๋Š˜๋ฆฌ๋ ค๊ณ  ์‹œ๋„ ํ•  ๋•Œ๋งˆ๋‹ค ์ˆ˜์ต๊ณผ ์ˆ˜์š” ์œ„ํ—˜์„ ๊ณต์œ ํ•จ์œผ๋กœ์จ TOC์™€์˜ ๊ด€๊ณ„๋ฅผ ์œ ์ง€ํ•ด์•ผํ•œ๋‹ค. PA๋Š”TOC์™€์˜ ํ˜‘์กฐ๋กœ ์–ด๋–ค ๊ณ„์•ฝ๋ฐฉ์‹์„ ์„ ํƒํ•˜๋”๋ผ๋„ ์ด์ต์„ ์ฐฝ์ถœํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค.|Rapid changes in the global maritime market have a major impact on the port industry. PA (Port Authority) and TOC (Terminal Operating Company) have invested heavily in port facilities and equipment so far to secure competitive advantage. TOC strives to improve profitability in accordance with requirements from competitors and shipping companies. In the same situation, PA is also looking for its own profitability. Market uncertainty and technological changes require PA and TOC to achieve better financial conditions in cooperation. The ports are operated in different contracts. According to the landlord function model which is operated by 60-70% of the world, the PA owns and manages the land and infrastructure of the port, and the TOC is responsible for terminal operations. The PA and TOC will decide whether to use a fixed fee or a unit fee through the contract. There is no absolute contract method in the port leasing system. Most regions in Asia prefer to use the fixed fee, while European countries prefer to use a mix of fixed fee and unit fee. There have been few studies on the port leasing system. In particular, most of them did not provide specific calculations or were impractical. On the other hand, previous studies have focused on maximizing profits from the perspective of PA rather than TOC. This research focuses on how to connect to the method of maximizing profit between public and private entities. The four types of contracts proposed by the PA to the TOC are compared with the uncoordination, coordination, Cournot and Collusion models, and at the same time, model comparisons and numerical analysis are performed for each contract method. The results of the study will have a significant impact on establishing future port lease contracts. Observing the comparative numerical analysis, the following main results are obtained. According to the results, it can be seen that the two-part tariff is higher than the each of fixed and unit contracts. As the PA shares with the profits and risks in cooperation with the TOC, the TOC can increase throughput, which can maximize the total benefit between PA and TOC. Thus, the PA can make more profits when it comes to providing a contract that is coordination contract provide more than uncoordination contract. And the joint profit of PA and TOC is higher than the respective total profits. Through the joint profit of PA and TOC, the PA can provide the TOC with the appropriate contractual condition and maximize their joint profits. The PA, in cooperation with the TOC, is able to generate profits no matter what contract type it chooses.Table of Contents LIST OF TABLES III LIST OF FIGURES III ABSTRACT IV ์ดˆ๋ก VI CHAPTER 1. INTRODUCTION 1 1. BACKGROUND 1 2. AIM AND OBJECTIVES 6 3. SIGNIFICANCE 9 4. STRUCTURE OF THE THESIS 10 CHAPTER 2. LITERATURE REVIEW 11 1. PORT ECONOMICS 11 1. PORT GOVERNANCE 11 2. CONTRACTS: LEASEHOLD AND CONCESSION 16 3. PRICING MECHANISM 18 2. CONCESSION CONTRACT SCHEMES 21 1. FIXED-FEE CONTRACT 21 2. UNIT-FEE CONTRACT 22 3. TWO-PART TARIFF CONTRACT 22 4. FOREIGN AND KOREAN PORT CONTRACT SCHEMES 22 3. RISK SHARING CHARACTERISTICS 26 1. RISKS TYPES IN CONCESSION CONTRACTS 27 2. RISK ALLOCATION BETWEEN PA AND TOC 28 CHAPTER 3. THEORETICAL BACKGROUND AND MODEL DEVELOPMENT 30 1. THEORETICAL BACKGROUND 30 1. BERTRAND MODEL 31 2. COURNOT MODEL 32 3. STACKELBERG MODEL 33 4. COLLUSION MODEL 34 2. MODEL DEVELOPMENT 38 1. TERMINAL OPERATORSโ€™ OPTIMAL BEHAVIORS UNDER THREE SCHEMES 41 2. PORT AUTHORITYโ€™S OPTIMAL BEHAVIORS UNDER FOUR SCHEMES 45 3. COURNOT COORDINATION 55 4. COLLUSION COORDINATION 59 5. COMPARING THE ASSUMPTION MODELS 64 3. COORDINATION THROUGH SHARING THE RISK AND REVENUE 72 1. ASSUMPTION 72 2. SHARING THE JOINT PROFIT 73 3. SHARING THE MARKET UNCERTAINTY 73 4. SHARING THE MARKET RISK 74 CHAPTER 4. NUMERICAL ANALYSIS AND RESULTS 75 CHAPTER 5. CONCLUSION 81 1. SUMMARY 81 2. IMPLICATIONS 83 3. LIMITATION 84 4. FURTHER STUDIES 85 REFERENCE 86Docto
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