Exploitation of Cell Mediated Immune Responses to Cancer Immunotherapy

Individual human tumors arise through a combination of genetic and epigenetic changes that facilitate immortality. Cancer occurs when there are changes to genes that control the way our cells grow and divide.. The increase in the prevalence of cancer with lack of specific treatment options became public health problem particularly in middle and low income nations. Activation of the immune system by products of viral oncogene prevents viral induced cancers. The in vitro stimulation of Dendritic cells with tumor or tumor antigen in the presence of cytokines for cross activation of CD8+ and CD4+ T cells or restoration of T cells functions  by blockade of immune blockers or modification tumor microenvironment or  adoptive transfer  of immune cells and stem T cells are promising cancer therapies. Compared with the convectional cancer therapies, immunotherapies are most tumors targeted without harmful side effects. DOI: 10.7176/JMPB/59-03 Publication date:September 30th 2019

Application of Biotechnology in Diagnosis and Treatment of Human Genetic Disorders

Biotechnology is the application of biological molecules to make useful products that can be used to solve problems in different sectors. Medical biotechnology in particular aims to know the root causes of genetic disorders and develop therapeutic strategies. Although human diseases are caused by different factors, those caused by genetic disorders are increasing in prevalent worldwide. Early detection and treatment of these condition is paramount important. Chemical treatments that cure only the symptom of genetic disorders were practiced so far to manage the effect. However, as a result of advances in understanding of biological molecules, treatment of the cause of the disease called gene therapy has been developed more popularity nowadays. Moreover, most research centers abandoned the classical techniques that are prone to error, and began to use high throughput technologies to correct genetic disorders. Among these, CRISPR Cas9 (Clustered Regularly Interspaced Short Palindromic Repeats Associated Cas9) is the most easy to use and allows precise gene editing in higher organisms to repair disease-causing genes by homologous directed repair. The recent development of modified versions CAs9 Nickase that  reduce off target effects and  the “base editor” that preform without double strand DNA break and  without the need to template indicated its application for therapeutic genome editing in man in the future. Keywords: Biotechnology, CRISPR Cas9, gene therapy, Nickase DOI: 10.7176/ALST/76-02 Publication date:September 30th 201