Algorithm for the selection of therapy for bacterial infection of the upper respiratory tract in children

Respiratory diseases occupy first place in the total list of diseases in the world; the incidence of respiratory diseases in adults is 27.6%, in adolescents - 39.9% and in children - 61% [1], thus making the problem a matter of undying interest in practical healthcare. Acute bacterial infections of the respiratory tract may occur as an independent pathology. However, in most cases they are complications of viral infections, often caused by the presence of adenoid vegetations, chronic tonsillitis or sinusitis in children. Furthermore, recurrent respiratory diseases as such contribute to the formation of chronic respiratory disease, alter reactivity, sensitize the human organism, reduce and alter the local and general immunity [2]. Chronic diseases of the upper respiratory tract (URT), along with frequent acute respiratory infections (ARI), are resultant from delayed and irrational treatment, presence of chronic foci of infection, allergic respiratory diseases, and exposure to adverse environmental factors

Acute tonsillit in children: diagnosis, predictive value, treatment

Acute tonsillitis (AT) (from Latin tonsillae - tonsils; Russian synonym - "angina" (Engl. sore throat), from Latin ango - clasp, squeeze, strangle) is an acute infectious disease which is locally manifested in acute inflammation of components of the pharyngeal lymphatic ring, often the tonsils. The term angina (in Russian means sore throat) has been known since ancient times; today it is associated with various pathological conditions in the oropharynx with common symptoms but different etiology and course

Expectorants in combination treatment of upper respiratory tract infections in children

Diseases of the upper respiratory tract (URT) and ENT organs are the leading causes of morbidity worldwide; the incidence of respiratory diseases in adults is 27.6%, in adolescents - 39.9% and in children - 61% [1], thus making the problem a matter of undying interest in practical healthcare. In the total structure of morbidity in Moscow, the diseases account for nearly 19% and rank second in the total list of nosologies [2]. In most cases, the infection process involves the upper and lower sections of the URT simultaneously or consecutively, though in some cases specific areas of the respiratory tract are targeted. URT infections primarily include those located in the anatomical structures above the larynx (pharynx)

Effect of microbial flora on the course of chronic suppurative otitis media

The article presents the results of a study to investigate microbial flora in various parts of the middle ear in children with chronic suppurative otitis media. The study results demonstrated high level of pathogenic resistance to antibiotics in all patients with severe destructive changes of the middle ear. Treatment for such patients includes 2nd and 3rd generation cephalosporins combined with fluoroquinolones locally

Drug therapy for allergic rhinitis in children

Allergic rhinitis is characterized by increasing incidence and poses a medical and social problem. The article tells about current approaches to the treatment of allergic rhinitis. The use of Nasonex nasal corticosteroid in pediatric practice results in stable clinical improvement

Non-specific prevention of infections in children

ARVI (acute respiratory viral infections, also often called ARD - acute respiratory disease) is a group of diseases that are similar in character and mostly characterized by a pathology of the respiratory system. If the pathogen is not identified, the patient is usually diagnosed with ARD, since the agent is not necessarily a virus. In developed countries, 18% of children aged 1--4 years suffer from acute respiratory viral infections [1]. Children aged 3 to 14 years suffer from ARVI most often. At the same time, children in the first year of life are practically not affected by acute respiratory viral infections. This is contributed by passive immunity which is acquired at birth and maintained during the first months of life thanks to breastfeeding. Influenza and ARVI account for 90% of all infectious pathologies and are the second leading cause of death from infectious diseases [2]. Delayed influenza mortality during epidemics can reach 100 cases per 100 thousand people [3]. Influenza epidemics cause enormous economic damage: in Russia, it equals more than 20 billion rubles each year [4]

Evidence-based approach to drug therapy of acute uncomplicated otitis media in children and adults

Acute otitis media (AOM) today is one of the most frequent reasons for seeking medical aid among adults and especially children, and a big social and economic challenge asking for immediate solution. According to recent data, every year 709 million new cases of AOM are registered globally, with over half of cases occurring in children under 5 years [1]. 80% of children are assumed to acquire AOM in the first 3 years of life [2]. In Russia, the incidence of AOM is 10 million people per year and 30% of all patients with hearing organ disorders [3]

The feasibility of immunomodulatory therapy for inflammatory diseases of upper respiratory tract in children with allergic pathology

The problem of inflammatory diseases of the throat in children with a history of allergy is becoming more urgent each year. The number of children living in large cities and having an allergic disease is steadily increasing. This is primarily due to a dramatic deterioration of the environmental conditions, increased use of household chemicals, all kinds of food additives and colourants. An important role is also played by a variety of widely used drugs. In addition, increased incidence of infectious diseases is very harmful for the immune system of children, resulting in various types of allergic reactions

Obstructive sleep apnea syndrome: age aspects

Medical histories and results of examinations of 165 patients with obstructive sleep apnea syndrome were analyzed. The role of sleep deprivation, innervation of the pharynx and rapid weight gain in different age groups in the genesis of the syndrome was demonstrated. The details of 165 case histories of the patients with obstructive sleep apnea syndrome and results of their cardiorespiratory examinations are analyzed. Role of chronic sleep deprivation, pharyngeal innervation disturbances and fast body mass growth in syndrome genesis in different age groups is discussed

Sore throat in children differential diagnosis and the question of prescribing systemic antibiotic therapy

Antibacterial drugs for the treatment of sore throat in children are prescribed too often, whereas many of these prescriptions are rather unjustified. Systemic antibiotic therapy is really imperative only for diseases caused by streptococci. In other cases of non-specific infectious and inflammatory pathologies of the oral cavity and pharynx it is recommended to use local antibacterial, antiseptic and anti-inflammatory drugs