Endothelial dysfunction as a major cardiovascular risk factor limiting the performance of young athletes: assessment and correction with specialized food products based on apian and herbal components

Objective: to assess with exercise tests the endothelial dysfunction (ED) and performance before and after the treatment with specialized athlete’s nutrition product (SANP) with apian and herbal components. Materials and methods: 88 athletes aged 16-18 we tested. The main group included 58 athletes, who took SANP (candy bar «Gold F25 ApiSpeis Light») for 2 months. The control group-1 included 32 schoolchildren and students, non-athletes, with normal endothelium-dependent vasodilatation function of the brachial artery (EDVD BA) at the peak of the reactive hyperemia test (RHT). Control group-2, 30 athletes who did not take SANP, was formed for the comparison with the main group after taking SANP. For all individuals, we evaluated the level of EDVD, endothelium-dependent vasoconstriction (EDVC BA) at the peak of the hyperventilation test (HVT), the coefficients (C) of the endothelial sensitivity to shear stress and the blood flow velocity (Vps) of the BA at the peak of the RHT and HVT, the endothelial sensitivity index (ESI), and the maximum load (Wmax), the anaerobic threshold time (ATT). We also did general and biochemical blood tests. Results: the earliest manifestation of endothelial dysfunction is a decrease in sensitivity to shear stress during RHT and HVT resulting from endotheliocyte overstrain which can be assessed with ESI (sensitivity 80.9%, specificity 99.4 The EDVD diagnostic significance was 5.6 times lower than that of EIS, while 10.5% of athletes with over 10% EDVD actually had ED, with a predominant vasospasm and high cardiovascular risk. After the course of SANP in the main group, EDVD increased by 70%, EDVC decreased by 2.2 times, and the ESI increased by 2.3 times, against the background of improved performance. Total cholesterol decreased by 13%, triglycerides by 17%, cortisol by 14%, lactate by 25%. Red blood cell and mineral levels increased. A correlation was found between an increase in ATT a decrease in cortisol (r=-0.53; p<0.0001), an increase in red blood cells (r=0.62; p<0.0001), and an increase in Vps in BA during of hyperventilation with an increase in Wmax (r=0.52; p<0.0001). Conclusions: ED is the main factor of cardiovascular risk, limiting working capacity and forming a spastic type of regional hemodynamics of young athletes. The ESI criterion enables the detection of a decrease in the endothelial sensitivity to shear stress during a hyperventilation test, which causes the predominant vasospasm. Th e tested SANP can be used in the system of biomedical support for young athletes

Dehydration of young athletes: diagnostic methods, correction of blood rheology, water-electrolyte and acid-base balance using an isotonic specialized drink based on apian and herbal components

Objective. To evaluate the hydration in young athletes after a 1-month intake of a specialized isotonic drink for children based on apian and herbal components F25 IsoDrink Light (IsoDrink-L).Materials and methods. From 76 young athletes under 18 years old, of which 70 from the Ugra boarding school of the Olympic reserve of Khanty-Mansiysk (ice hockey, swimming, skiing, biathlon) and 6 highly qualified swimmers from the St. Petersburg Swimming Center Petersburg, the main group included 42 athletes with a monthly course of IsoDrink-L. The control group included 34 people who used college rehydration methods (water and regularly purchased isotonic “X”). Hydration was studied using an impedance assessment of body composition, including the calculation of the total amount of fluid (TAF), as well as intracellular and extracellular fluid (Intracell. fluid and Extracell. fluid), the Extracell. fluid/TAF ratio and a survey of participants about the method of rehydration (water or isotonic). The biochemical composition of blood, specific gravity and color of morning urine before and after a monthly course of isotonics were also evaluated.Results. Bioimpedance measurement of the amount and ratio of body water in combination with an assessment of hematocrit, sodium, potassium, urea and lactate in the blood, as well as the specific gravity and color of morning urine made it possible to detect dehydration in all athletes before taking isotonic. The picture of dehydration in the form of cellular hyperhydration, extracellular hypohydration, hyponatremia, hypovolemia, blood “thickening and acidification” was detailed. A monthly course of isotonic demonstrated its efficiency, dehydration in athletes was eliminated. In the control group, no positive dynamics were noted, which raised the question of the inefficiency of the isotonic “X” and the harmfulness of water, which in 95 % of cases was used as a means of rehydration. The high efficiency of IsoDrink-L and the bioimpedance method was confirmed by the inverse correlation of Extracell. fluid/TAF with the level of hematocrit (r = –0.71; p < 0.0001) and lactate (r = –0.56; p < 0.0001), Extracell. fluid with the level of hematocrit (r = –0.65; p < 0.0001) and lactate (r = –0.56; p < 0.0001). The ratios of Extracell. fluid/TAF with the specific gravity of urine (r = –0.74; p < 0.0001) and its color (r = –0.65; p < 0.0001), as well as direct correlations of the Intracellular fluid with the specific gravity of urine (r = 0.79; p < 0.0001) and its color (r = 0.87; p < 0.0001).Conclusion. Uncontrolled hydration, especially with water, does not allow maintaining a balance of sodium and fluid in young athletes, as a result of which there is intracellular hyperhydration, extracellular hypohydration, hyponatremia, polycythemic hypovolemia, worsening of blood rheology, its thickening and acidification. Up to 95 % of young athletes perform rehydration with water, not suspecting that this only enhances dehydration. Up to 5 % of highly qualified young athletes use isotonics, not knowing if they are effective. Isotonic F25 IsoDrink Light entered the FMBA Formula as a specialized isotonic drink for young athletes of the Russian national teams

Revisiting the need for optimization of psychological interventions in the medical service system for elite athletes

Objective: revelation of disadaptation among Russian elite athletesof necessity to optimize psychological interventions among biomedical support system for elite athletes. All participants were athletes of several Russian national teams, among them cyclic sports, game sports, complex coordination sports, and combat sports. Materials and methods: data obtained from 1176 elite athletes during extended medical examinations (EME) within the period from 2015 to 2018 were studied. Results: research reveals the relationship between psychical adaptation and athletes’ gender, age, level of experience, and sport-related specifics. Conclusions: athletes of various Russian national teams (from juniors to elite) suffer from notable disadaptation. Thereupon the necessity of changes to the existing system of psychophysiological interventions within national teams (namely: development of preventive treatment programs and correction of disadaptation programs) verify its importance

Combination of increased situational anxiety and endothelial dysfunction in young athletes as a condition for microcirculation spasm: assessment methods and correction using a specialized honey bar-candy

Objective: study of psychoemotional-volitional sphere and endothelium-dependent factors of cardiovascular risk, the level of performance and recovery time in athletes before and after a 2-month intake of a specialized athlete’s nutrition product (SANP) honey bar-candy “Gold F25 ApiSpeis Light”.Materials and methods: the main group of 58 athletes (under the age of 18) used SANP for 2 months. Control group-1 included 32 schoolchildren and students, not athletes, to assess the age limits of endothelium-dependent vasodilation, blood composition and the presence of risk factors for atherosclerosis in young athletes. The control group-2 included 30 young athletes under 18 years old without the use of SANP to compare the indicators in the main group before and after taking the honey bar. The psycho-emotional sphere was studied using the Spielberger-Hanin scale of anxiety and WAM testing: Well-being, Activity and Mood. In addition, the maximum achieved load, maximum oxygen consumption, time to reach the threshold of anaerobic metabolism, systolic blood pressure, heart rate, neurovegetative stress index and recovery time after exercise were determined. Also, tests with reactive hyperemia (TRH) and hyperventilation (TGV) on the brachial artery were performed to assess endothelium-dependent vasodilation and vasoconstriction, conjunctival biomicroscopy on a slit lamp with calibrometry of arterioles and venules, general and biochemical blood tests.Results: the normalization of situational anxiety, psychoemotional stress and hyperfunction of the sympathoadrenal system was established. There was a decrease in the levels of cortisol, neurovegetative stress index, improvement of well-being, activity and mood against the background of elimination of endothelial dysfunction, improved performance and reduced recovery time after work. The analysis of multiple canonical correlations revealed a close relationship between the psychoemotional state, endothelial dysfunction and microcirculation spasm (R = 0.86; p < 0.0001).Conclusion: it has been proven that a combination of increased situational anxiety, neurovegetative overexertion, hyperfunction of the sympathoadrenal system and endothelial dysfunction can form a spastic type of peripheral circulation and provoke the onset of arterial hypertension. It was found that the course intake of honey ingot has anti-stress, antioxidant, erythropoietic, vasodilating and antispastic effects, improves performance and recovery after stress. Ingot “Gold F25 ApiSpeis Light” is included in the FMBA Formulary as a specialized product for the nutrition of young athletes of the Russian national teams

Vaccination as an immune system status optimization tool for the high-performance sports: review

Objective: consideration of the importance of vaccination as a preventive measure of support the athlets immunne system in conditions of extreme physical exertion and increased epidemic risks.Materials and methods: analysis of local and foreign dates of immunocorrection and vaccination problems.Results: the presented review provides an integral assessment of the transitory immunosuppression, developing by the intensive training and competitive activities — exercise-induced immunosuppression. These dates described as an “open window” syndrome and characterized by an increased risk of viral and/or bacterial infection with predominant damage of the upper respiratory tract and gastrointestinal tract. Widespread immunoprophylaxis provides an effective and relatively safe method of infectious control at risk groups including athletes.Conclusion: Vaccines of National Immunization Schedule and Epidemiological Immunization Schedule provide complex impact to the athletes immune status in wide variety of physical and psychological stresses. Vaccination increases the ability of specific and nonspecific resistance to infections that provide significant prevention of the “open window” syndrome

On the use of glutamine-containing specialty foods in sports

Glutamine (GLN) and glutamic acid (GLA) are involved in many metabolic processes, from nucleotide synthesis to nerve impulse conduction; GLN is also an energy substrate for immunocompetent cells, making it an important link in the immune response. In stressful situations, which include significant physical activity, plasma levels of GLN and GLA decrease as a result of the amino acid being actively consumed in many biochemical reactions. GLN deficiency can lead to a number of negative manifestations in athletes and adversely affect athletic performance. The purpose of this work was to study the effects of glutamine deficiency and the possible replenishment of the deficiency by the consumption of exogenous forms of the substance when using glutamine-containing products; special attention was paid to the study of transient decrease in immune function as a relevant factor that impairs the mode of sports training

The effect of preventive immunotherapy on indicators of cellular immunity of high-class martial art athletes depending on the level of sporting achievements

Objective: to evaluatethe preventive immunotherapy's (PIT) influence on indicators of cellular immunity of highly qualified combat athletes, depending on the level of sporting achievements. Materials and methods: research included 79 sportsmen with average age of 25,2 years, average weight 76,9 kg, sports experience no less than 10 years and sports rank no less than master of sports. Participants were stratified by the level of achievements in sports. The group 1 with highest level of achievements consisted of 31 sportsmen, each of who earned victory or a prize place on biggest international competitions (such as championships of Europe, World and Olympic Games). Remaining 48 participants didn't have such achievements, but theywere a part of national team (Group 2). PIT included probiotic - Fervital, a complex preparation of omega 3-6-9 fatty acids, vitamin-mineral complex - the Alphabet-biorhythm; antioxidant complex - Ubigold Q10 (coenzyme Q + vitamin E); antihypoxant - Hypoxen; sedative - Novo-Passit; adaptogenic drug - Gerimax Ginseng; polyenzyme complex - Wobenzym. Results: there was a great balance of cellular immunity in the group 1 before the PIT due to the higher content of CD4+ and CD19+ cells. A statistically significant increase in the relative content of CD3+ and CD8+ cells and a decrease in the relative and absolute content of CD16+ cells was detected against the background of PIT in the group l. But the group 2, on the contrary, showed an increase in the relative and absolute content of CD16+ cells. Conclusions: the obtained results showed a different reaction in the both groups to the conducted preventive immunotherapy, which, apparently, was due to the initial difference in the biochemical, genetic, psychological potential of athletes of these two groups

Biochemical indicators of sports achievements in highly qualified wrestlers

Objective: to conduct comparative analysis of blood biochemical parameters (urea, ALT, AST, creatinkinase, cortisol, testosterone and testosterone / cortisol ratio) in groups of high­class wrestlers with different levels of sports achievements.Materials and methods: male athletes (n = 78), members of the Russian national team in one of the types of wrestling (the average age is 25.2 (21.5–28.9) years, the average weight is 76.9 (68.4–83.4) kg) were recruited to this study. The examined athletes were divided into two groups according to their sporting achievements. The first one — SHA group (super­high achievements) which included athletes (n = 19) who had victories and prizes at the largest international competitions (European, World, Olympic Games), and the second group — MNT group (members of the national team) which included athletes that did not have similar achievements (n = 59). The following biochemical parameters were studied: urea, creatine kinase, ALT, AST, testosterone, cortisol, anabolic index (AI).Results: the absolute values of all metabolites in the examined athletes were within the reference intervals. Statistically significant differences in most of the biochemical parameters were revealed between the compared groups in terms of the level of sports achievements. The SHA group showed a statistically significant shift in relation to MNT group, in direction of increasing the level of metabolites that characterize the predominance of anabolic processes — ALT, testosterone, AI. Metabolite levels, increase which reflects catabolic processes activity and inadequate or insufficient adaptation processes, in the SHA group were significantly lower than in the MNT group. The above changes of the absolute values of biochemical parameters were confirmed by correlation analysis.Conclusions: the obtained results allow us to state the optimal adaptation of this sport, the adequacy of metabolic processes in the group of highly qualified athletes

ДЕГИДРИРОВАНИЕ ЭТАНОЛА В АЦЕТАЛЬДЕГИД В ПРИСУТСТВИИ МЕДНЫХ НАНЕСЕННЫХ КАТАЛИЗАТОРОВ НА ОСНОВЕ УГЛЕРОДНЫХ МАТЕРИАЛОВ

The process of ethanol dehydrogenation to acetaldehyde upon different copper supported on carbon catalysts has been studied. Different carbon materials – activated carbon Norit, carbon-carbon composite sibunit and activated carbon fibers (ACF) – were used as a support for the catalyst. The BET surface area as well as the porous structure of the materials were determined with the use of N2 adsorption-desorption technique. The catalysts prepared by wetness impregnation contained 5% of Cu. The effect of the carrier texture on the distribution of active metal has been shown using scanning electron microscopy. Copper deposited on ACF was well distributed in comparison with the other supports studied and had an average particle size of 20 nm. This led to higher activity of the 5% Cu/ACF catalyst. Besides, it appeared more selective in the process of dehydrogenation.Исследован процесс дегидрирования этилового спирта в присутствии медьсодержащих каталитических систем на основе различных углеродных материалов. Показано влияние структуры носителя на распределение активного компонента

Влияние предварительного окисления углеродного носителя на активность нанесенного медьсодержащего катализатора дегидрирования этанола

Copper supported catalysts based on preliminary oxidized carbon fibers have been studied. Nitric acid and hydrogen peroxide have been used for prior oxidation treatment of the supports. To characterize this materials N<sub>2</sub> adsorption-desorption and titration technics were used. Compared to nonoxidized activated carbon fibers, no significant changes in the texture of the modified supports were found, while there were differences in surface functionalities. Cupper supported catalysts were prepared by wetness impregnation and characterized by TPR, SEM. The influence of different surface functional groups on the distribution of active metal has been discussed. Besides, the catalysts were tested in the process of ethanol dehydrogenation. Cupper supported on activated carbon fibers preliminary oxidized with HNO<sub>3</sub> appeared to be more active in the process, although less stable at high temperatures. The reasons of the loss of activity have been also discussed.Исследованы медные катализаторы на основе активированных углеродных волокон, при-меняемые в процессе дегидрирования этанола. Показано влияние предварительной окислительной обработки (азотной кислотой или перекисью водорода) носителя на свойства каталитических систем