22,653 research outputs found
Exploring the cellular accumulation of metal complexes
Transition metal complexes offer great potential as diagnostic and therapeutic agents, and a growing number of biological applications have been explored. To be effective, these complexes must reach their intended target inside the cell. Here we review the cellular accumulation of metal complexes, including their uptake, localization, and efflux. Metal complexes are taken up inside cells through various mechanisms, including passive diffusion and entry through organic and metal transporters. Emphasis is placed on the methods used to examine cellular accumulation, to identify the mechanism(s) of uptake, and to monitor possible efflux. Conjugation strategies that have been employed to improve the cellular uptake characteristics of metal complexes are also described
Velocity Tails for Inelastic Maxwell Models
We study the velocity distribution function for inelastic Maxwell models,
characterized by a Boltzmann equation with constant collision rate, independent
of the energy of the colliding particles. By means of a nonlinear analysis of
the Boltzmann equation, we find that the velocity distribution function decays
algebraically for large velocities, with exponents that are analytically
calculated.Comment: 4 pages, 2 figure
MEXIT: Maximal un-coupling times for stochastic processes
Classical coupling constructions arrange for copies of the \emph{same} Markov
process started at two \emph{different} initial states to become equal as soon
as possible. In this paper, we consider an alternative coupling framework in
which one seeks to arrange for two \emph{different} Markov (or other
stochastic) processes to remain equal for as long as possible, when started in
the \emph{same} state. We refer to this "un-coupling" or "maximal agreement"
construction as \emph{MEXIT}, standing for "maximal exit". After highlighting
the importance of un-coupling arguments in a few key statistical and
probabilistic settings, we develop an explicit \MEXIT construction for
stochastic processes in discrete time with countable state-space. This
construction is generalized to random processes on general state-space running
in continuous time, and then exemplified by discussion of \MEXIT for Brownian
motions with two different constant drifts.Comment: 28 page
Integrability of generalized (matrix) Ernst equations in string theory
The integrability structures of the matrix generalizations of the Ernst
equation for Hermitian or complex symmetric -matrix Ernst potentials
are elucidated. These equations arise in the string theory as the equations of
motion for a truncated bosonic parts of the low-energy effective action
respectively for a dilaton and - matrix of moduli fields or for a
string gravity model with a scalar (dilaton) field, U(1) gauge vector field and
an antisymmetric 3-form field, all depending on two space-time coordinates
only. We construct the corresponding spectral problems based on the
overdetermined -linear systems with a spectral parameter and the
universal (i.e. solution independent) structures of the canonical Jordan forms
of their matrix coefficients. The additionally imposed conditions of existence
for each of these systems of two matrix integrals with appropriate symmetries
provide a specific (coset) structures of the related matrix variables. An
equivalence of these spectral problems to the original field equations is
proved and some approach for construction of multiparametric families of their
solutions is envisaged.Comment: 15 pages, no figures, LaTeX; based on the talk given at the Workshop
``Nonlinear Physics: Theory and Experiment. III'', 24 June - 3 July 2004,
Gallipoli (Lecce), Italy. Minor typos, language and references corrections.
To be published in the proceedings in Theor. Math. Phy
Efficient decoupling schemes with bounded controls based on Eulerian orthogonal arrays
The task of decoupling, i.e., removing unwanted interactions in a system
Hamiltonian and/or couplings with an environment (decoherence), plays an
important role in controlling quantum systems. There are many efficient
decoupling schemes based on combinatorial concepts like orthogonal arrays,
difference schemes and Hadamard matrices. So far these (combinatorial)
decoupling schemes have relied on the ability to effect sequences of
instantaneous, arbitrarily strong control Hamiltonians (bang-bang controls). To
overcome the shortcomings of bang-bang control Viola and Knill proposed a
method called Eulerian decoupling that allows the use of bounded-strength
controls for decoupling. However, their method was not directly designed to
take advantage of the composite structure of multipartite quantum systems. In
this paper we define a combinatorial structure called an Eulerian orthogonal
array. It merges the desirable properties of orthogonal arrays and Eulerian
cycles in Cayley graphs (that are the basis of Eulerian decoupling). We show
that this structure gives rise to decoupling schemes with bounded-strength
control Hamiltonians that can be applied to composite quantum systems with few
body Hamiltonians and special couplings with the environment. Furthermore, we
show how to construct Eulerian orthogonal arrays having good parameters in
order to obtain efficient decoupling schemes.Comment: 8 pages, revte
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