A community based cross sectional study on feasibility of lay interviewers in ascertaining causes of adult deaths by using verbal autopsy in rural Wardha

Background & objectives: 1) To study the causes of adult (15 years and above) deaths using verbal autopsy (VA) and its socio-demographic characteristics. 2) To study the feasibility of use of the lay interviewer to ascertain causes of adult death using verbal autopsy and a simple algorithm. Methods: The present study was done in Wardha district, Maharashtra, India. Taking into account feasibility, out of 23 villages of Primary Health Centre, Anji, 15 villages were chosen having total population of 14,590. Out of 273 estimated adult deaths during the study period, 209 (77%) could be traced by house to house visit and a lay interviewer, interviewed the close caretakers of the deceased. Both lay interviewer and a physician individually derived their diagnosis using verbal autopsy report and a simplified algorithm. The data was entered and analyzed by using Epi_info 6.04. The inter-observer reliability between the lay interviewer and a physician for each possible diagnosis was assessed by using the Kappa statistics. Considering the diagnosis made by a physician as a gold standard, the diagnostic and predictive accuracy for each diagnosis made by the lay interviewer was calculated. Results: The communicable diseases accounted for 52 percent of the adult deaths while non-communicable for 32 percent and injuries for nine percent deaths. The overall agreement between the lay interviewer and a physician for communicable diseases was found to be good (k = 0.65 + 0.06) and for non-communicable diseases it was found to be excellent (k = 0.80 + 0.06). The lay interviewer using VA performed adequately for individual conditions of public health importance like acute febrile illness, diarrheal diseases, tuberculosis and injuries. Interpretation & conclusions: The present study has been successful to demonstrate feasibility of use of the lay interviewer to provide useful information on population-level estimation of broad causes of adult deaths and its socio-demographic characteristics that are reasonably reliable. The study suggests the possible utility of the method for rural India, where the majority of deaths occur at home. Further research work on development of sensitive and specific yet simple algorithms for lay interviewers to ascertain causes of adult deaths is required

PREVENTION AND MANAGEMENT OF GUDAGATA VIKARA (ANORECTAL DISORDERS)- AYURVEDIC PERSPECTIVE

Gudagata Vikara (Anorectal disorders) refers to ailments of the anus and/ or rectum. Gudagata Vikara includes; Arsha (Haemorrhoids), Bhagandara (Fistula in Ano), Parikartika (Fissure in Ano), Guda Kandu (Pruritus Ani), etc. These are some common disorders in human being. A study by Sharma et al. showed that Hemorrhoids (49%) and fistula-in-ano (27%) were commonest anorectal conditions, mostly affecting the age group 18-45 years. Apathya Ahara and Vihara leads to vitiation of Doshas causing Mandagni and vitiation of Apanavayu resulting in stagnation of Mala in Gudavali which leads to anorectal disorders. In present study a thorough and scientific review of Ahara (diet) and Vihara (lifestyle) has been carried out for the prevention and management of anorectal diseases. Materials and methods: Ayurvedic treaties, text books, Dissertation, Articles from PUBMED, SCOPUS, Google scholar, Mesh, Google search has been searched thoroughly related to the subject. Discussion: Gudagata Vikara, Anorectal Disorders, Ahara (Diet), Vihara (Lifestyle), Dinacharya, Ritucharya, Sadvritta has been discussed. Conclusions: Food articles mentioned in Ayurvedic text are effective in the management of Anorectal diseases. Lifestyle changes according to Dinacharya, Ritucharya and Sadavritta and following do’s and don’ts are effective in the management of Anorectal disease

COMPARATIVE STUDY OF APAMARGA AND KUTAJA PRATISARANIYA KSHARA IN THE MANAGEMENT OF SECOND DEGREE HAEMORRHOIDS (ARSHA)

Arsha (haemorrhoid) is known to mankind as a common anorectal disease. According to Ayurveda Mithyaaaharvihara i.e., unhealthy lifestyle is one of the major aetiological factor of Arsha and it is unavoidable in this busy modern lifestyle due to junk food habits and lack of time. This habit causes vitiation of Doshas which affect digestive fire (Mandagni) and cause constipation. Hence constipation is one of the major causes for hemorrhoid. It is also known as “Mahagadas” which means difficult to cure. Acharya Sushruta has mentioned that Ksharakarma is one of the effective methods of treating Gudarsha. In these research article efforts has been made to treat II0 Haemorrhoids by Ksharakarma. Aim: To evaluate the effect of Apamarg and Kutaj Pratisaaraniya Kshar in the management of hemorrhoids. Materials and methods: An open Randomized comparative clinical study. The entire 40 patients were divided into two groups; Group-A: 20 patients- Application of Apamarg Pratisaaraniya Kshara, Group-B: 20 patients- Application of Kutaj Pratisaraniya Kshara. Observation and Results: According to the Chi-Square test the value obtained was 29.565 and p value was 0.0001 which is highly significantin group A. Conclusion: As per the complete analytical data and observation of the result found in the both group it has been revealed that patient to whom Apamarg Kshar was applied has the better result as compared to the application of Kutaja Kshara

Effect of prostaglandin on reproduction in relation to pituitary gonadal axis in the fish, Cyprinus carpio (L.)

Prostaglandins are a class of fatty acids which are “traditionally” associated with a variety of autocrine and paracrine functions in the vertebrate body. In many fishes, however, F prostaglandins also function as a hormone that stimulates sexual behavior. In the present study, F prostaglandin was used to assess the efficacy on reproductive behavior and spawning in relation to pituitary gonadal axis in the fish, Cyprinus carpio by administering different doses. Early maturity was observed in fish leading to courtship and spawning. The histological study of olfactory lobe, pituitary gland and gonads showed that the prostaglandin is also functioning as potent olfactory stimulants with sex pheromonal activity of the fish. F prostaglandin was metabolized and released into the water where it functions as a sex pheromone, stimulating male and female sexual behavior resulting into spawning. It was concluded that F prostaglandin acts as an inducer for successful breeding in the fish, C. carpio

Status of Growth Monitoring in Anganwadi Centres of a Primary Health Centre, Thirubhuvanai, Puducherry

Purpose: To assess the status of growth monitoring activities and difficulties faced by anganwadi workers (AWWs) at the anganwadi centres (AWCs). Methodology: A survey was conducted among AWWs under a rural Primary Health Centre. Structured observations on weight measurement were made using a check list. Secondary data on record keeping and maintenance was collected. Findings: Study participants (n=20) had a 24 (± 10.25) years of experience in Integrated Child Development Services and underwent training once in two years. For advising mothers of malnourished children, deworming and immunization was not mentioned by majority AWWs. In AWCs, children less than 6 month were weighed on bathroom scale and not by Salter’s scale. Unclothing the child before weighing was practiced by only 10% AWWs. Nonfunctional weighing machine was the major problem reported by AWWs. Conclusion: There were gaps in the growth monitoring activities in AWCs of a PHC, Thirubhuvanai which needs to be tackled

Efficient Real Time Vehicles Detection Approach for Complex Urban Traffic Management

Vehicles now a day are becoming very necessary part of our life this is leading to increase in congested traffic conditions around the world. With our research in this domain of vehicle detection with image processing we are focusing on detection of vehicles. This is then combined with car size detection. Our approach is to first work on the feature of four wheeler i.e., windshield of the car. Then to work with saliency generation of the region of interest which will be containing only windshield part for the vehicles in the frame. With conversion of this frame into HSV color model. From HSV the saturation value within certain limit is kept for the segmentation then on from that leading to the detection of the vehicles in the given frame. Vehicle size detection we have considered eagle eye view for taking out area and on the basis of that deciding threshold for the vehicles into different categories. Categories of vehicles include small, medium, large vehicles for four wheelers

Malware Defense in Mobile Network using Dynamic Analysis of Android Application

Today Android has the biggest market share as compared to other operating system for smart phone. As users are continuously increasing day by day the Security is one of the main concerns for Smartphone users. As the features and power of Smartphone are increase, so that they has their vulnerability for attacks by Malwares. But the android is the operating system which is more secure than any other operating systems available for Smart phones. The Android operating system has very few restrictions for developers and it will increase the security risk for end users. I am proposing an android application which is able to perform dynamic analysis on android program. To perform this analysis i have to deploy the android application, In this proposed system I am going to deploy android application on a cloud. This application executes automatically without any human interaction. It automatically detects malware by using pattern matching algorithm. If malware get detected then user get inform that particular application is malicious and restrict the user from installing application. DOI: 10.17762/ijritcc2321-8169.150315

Review of Malware Defense in Mobile Network using Dynamic Analysis of Android Application

Today Android has the biggest market share as compared to other operating system for smart phone. As users are continuously increasing day by day the Security is one of the main concerns for Smartphone users. As the features and power of Smartphone are increase, so that they has their vulnerability for attacks by Malwares. But the android is the operating system which is more secure than any other operating systems available for Smart phones. The Android operating system has very few restrictions for developers and it will increase the security risk for end users. In this paper we have reviewed android security model, application level security in android and its security issues

An Approach of Initiating Geriatric Screening OPD at the Rural Health Training Centre of SMVMCH, Pondicherry

Objectives: To study the common chronic health problems among the elderly patients attending in recently initiated geriatric screening OPD at the RHTC. Material and Methods: Since one year, screening OPD has been started at RHTC of SMVMCH, for old patients (>60 years), twice a week. A team of trained medical interns, a post-graduate, a faculty in Community Medicine and a counselor screen and counsel the elderly patients for common medical and mental health problems. The screening tool is structured and has been adopted for patients of geriatric OPD at RHTC. The screening tool consist of General Health Questionnaire (GHQ-5), Psychosis screening, Alzheimer’s disease (AD8) questionnaire and checklist of common medical conditions. Patients were screened for early detection of health problems followed by counseling them/their caregivers and referral to specialty OPD for further care. Results: Total 512 elderly patients were screened over 4 months period from the start of geriatric OPD. Out of them, 276 (54%) and 117 (23%) were between the age group of 60-65 years and 66-70 years respectively. Among them 387 (75%) were below poverty line and 68 (13.3%) were having some kind of health insurance. GHQ score indicates that 255 (50%) patients had a score more than one and it was significantly higher among females compared to males. About 76 (16.8%) elderly had a score of > 1 for psychosis, out of which only 12 (14%) were referred to the higher centre. AD8 score shows 204 (40%) patients attended the clinic having a score more than 1 and it is significantly higher among females compared to males. Counseling for caregivers was given only in 13 (6%) of the patients with high AD8 score. Common chronic conditions present among them were joint pains (310, 60%), visual disturbances (247, 48%), hearing difficulty (120, 23.4%) and hypertension (107, 21%). Conclusion: The proportion of people with AD8 score more than 1 is high and most common chronic condition seen is joint pain. The action component of the clinic such as referral of dementia patients, psychosis patients and counseling of their care-givers need to be strengthened