28 research outputs found
Postmodern condition in Knowledge Revolution and lifelong learning
μ€λλ μ§μνλͺ
κ³Ό νμνμ΅μ κ΄κ³λ₯Ό λ
Όνλ λλΆλΆμ λ
Όμ λ€μ λλΆλΆ μ§μμ μμ μμ° νλμ κ·Έ μλ―Ένλ κ²μ΄λ©°, κΈ°μ‘΄μ νκ΅κ΅μ‘λ§μΌλ‘λ μ΄λ¬ν μꡬλ₯Ό λ§μ‘±μν¬ μ μκΈ° λλ¬Έμ λ³νλ μ§μμμ°κ³Ό μ ν΅λ°©μμ λ³νμ λμ²νκΈ° μν΄ λ³΄λ€ λ§μ μ§μμ λ³΄λ€ μ μ°νκ² κ³΅κΈν μ μλ νμνμ΅μ΄λΌλ μλ¨μ΄ νμνλ€κ³ μ£Όμ₯νλ€. κ·Έλ¬λ λ³΄λ€ ν΅μ¬μ μΈ λ
Όμμ μ§μ μ μ§μμ μ‘΄μ¬μ‘°κ±΄ μ체μ μ€λν λ³νκ° μμμΌλ©°, λν κ·Έλ¬ν μ§μμ μμ°νκ³ κ΄λ¦¬νκ³ νμ΅νλ μμ(mode) μμ²΄κ° λ¬λΌμ ΈμΌ νλ€λ κ²μμ μ°Ύμμ ΈμΌ νλ€. λ€μ λ§ν΄μ, μ§μμ΄λ 무μμ΄λ©°, μ΄λ»κ² μ¬νμ μΌλ‘ μμ°λκ³ κ΄λ¦¬λ μ μλ κ²μΈκ°μ λν λλ΅λ°©μμ΄ μ΄μ²΄μ μΌλ‘ λ³ννκ³ μλ€λ μ μ λ©΄λ°ν κ²ν νλ κ²μ΄λ€. μ΄ λ
Όλ¬Έμ μ΄ λ¬Έμ μ λν ν΄λ΅μ μλνλ€. μ΄μ κ·Όκ±°νμ¬ νμλ μλ‘μ΄ ννμ νμκ΅μ‘μ΄λ‘ κ³Ό μ°κ΅¬λ₯Ό ꡬμ±νλ λ°μ μμ΄μ νμμ μΌλ‘ μꡬλλ μμ λ€μ μ°¨λ‘λ‘ κ²ν νμλ€.
Recently most of the discussions about the relationship between the emergence of knowledge revolution and the need of lifelong learning system are based on the relationship of the technical rationality, in which the requirement of 'more knowledge' asks for 'more expanded social learning device', called lifelong learning system. In this article, I strongly argue that the rationality is not only superficial but also fails to take the deep level of connections between the two phenomena into consideration. The article is written to argue that the nature of knowledge revolution has to be understood from the respect of the change of the conditions of knowledge, instead of its quantitative explosion, and lifelong learning system evolved to meet the new conditions of knowledge existence, as a new social management system of learning in general. According to the main issue, I explored additional considerations to be taken into account related to construct new appropriate mode of scholastic discourse of lifelong education theory and research building, as follows: First, lifelong learning has to be understood as a 'expanded' mode of social management system of learning, replacing the traditional 'restricted' mode concentrated mostly on schooling. Second, lifelong learning discourse, including the concepts and epistemology, and methodological approaches, are fundamentally based on the emergence of postmodern condition of knowledge and the way in which social learning system deals with it. Third, modern schooling was bound up with the 'double-binding' between the Subject and the Discipline, both of which are intertwined and define one and another. It naturally created and legitimated technical rationality by which social power structure easily intervened into the educational system and imposed the ascribed social reproduction system. Postmodern lifelong learning discourse penetrates the contradiction and tries to de-construct the self-binding confinement of learning subject in decision-making process. Fourth, while technical rationality is the key constraint that determined the way of learning in modern schooling, postmodern lifelong learning abandons the foundationalism in epistemology that has been given by the technical rationality imposed by the modernity itself. Fifth, in consideration with the boundaries of knowledge as the source of power distribution and social control, postmodern lifelong learning has to de-defferentiate the existing knowledge structure in educational theories and action. Apart from the extrinsic boundaries, it has to seek a way in which education research can create its own self-regulatory boundaries derived from the dynamics of co-evolution between the self-organization of social knowledge and the attached learning process
Conceptual Ecology of Lifelong Learning: Expansion, Interconnection and Evolution
μ΄ μ°κ΅¬λ νμνμ΅(lifelong learning) κ°λ
μ΄ νμκ΅μ‘Β·μΈμ μμκ°λ° μμμ κ²½κ³λ₯Ό λμ΄ λ²νλ¬Έμ μΌλ‘ νμ₯λμ΄κ°λ ννΈ, μ΄ μ°κ΅¬λΆμΌλ₯Ό μ€μ¬μΌλ‘ κ° νλ¬ΈλΆκ³Όκ° μ΄μ°κ²°μ±μ νμ±ν΄κ°λ μμμ λΆμνλ€. λν μ΄ κ³Όμ μμ κΈ°μ‘΄μ νμκ΅μ‘ μ°κ΅¬λΆμΌμμλ λνλμ§ μλ μλ‘μ΄ κ°λ
μΈ΅μμ μ°½λ°μ±μ΄ μ§νλμ΄ λμ€λ λͺ¨μ΅μ λλ¬λΈλ€. μ°κ΅¬μλ€μ μ΄κ²μ νμνμ΅ κ°λ
μνκ³μ μ±μ₯κ³Ό μ§νλΌλ μ°¨μμμ μ΄ν΄νλ €κ³ νλ€. μ΄λ₯Ό μνμ¬ μ°κ΅¬μλ€μ μ§λ 20λ
λμ κ΅λ΄ λ° κ΅μΈμ νμ μ°κ΅¬ λ°μ΄ν°λ² μ΄μ€μμ 'νμνμ΅' νΉμ 'lifelong learning'μ ν€μλλ‘ μ€μ ν νμ λ
Όλ¬Έλ€μ μΆμΆνμ¬ κ·Έ μ£Όμ μμκ³Ό μ°κ΅¬λ¬Έμ λ€μ λΆμνμλ€. μ°κ΅¬ κ²°κ³Ό κ΅μΈμμμ νμνμ΅μ (1) κ΅μ‘ν μΌλ° μμμΌλ‘ νμ₯λλ ννΈ μ¬νκ³Όν, μλͺ
κ³Όν, 곡νκ³Ό μν, μΈλ¬Ένκ³Ό κ΅μν λ± κ±°μ λͺ¨λ λΆμΌλ‘ κ·Έ μ μ©λ²μλ₯Ό λνκ°κ³ μμμΌλ©°, (2) ν΅μ¬ μ°κ΅¬μ£Όμ λ€, μ컨λ λ
ΈμΈλ°λ¬κ³Ό νμ΅, MOOCs, μ λ¬Έκ°κ³μκ΅μ‘(μμ¬, 곡νμ, 건μΆκ° λ±) λ± μ£Όμ μ κ΄λ ¨λ μ΅ν©νλ¬Έμ μ°κ΅¬λ‘ λ°μ νκ³ μμκ³ , (3) λ€λ₯Έ ννΈμμ κΈ°μ‘΄μ νκ΅νμ΅μΌλ‘ νννκΈ° μ΄λ €μ λ μλ‘μ΄ νμ΅μ μΈκ³λ₯Ό νμνλ νλ«νΌ κ°λ
μΌλ‘ μ리맀κΉνκ³ μμλ€. νΉν μΈκ³΅μ§λ₯ λ±μ κΈ°κ³νμ΅ λΆμΌμμ νμνμ΅ κ°λ
μ΄ νμ©λλ λͺ¨μ΅μ κ΄μ°°νμλ€. (4) λ°λ©΄, κ΅λ΄μ κ²½μ° νμνμ΅ μ°κ΅¬λ μ ν΅μ νμκ΅μ‘/HRDμμ μμ κ°νμλ μμμ 보μμΌλ©° λ€νλ¬Έκ° νλ°ν μ΅ν©μ°κ΅¬λ₯Ό μ°Ύμ보기 μ΄λ €μ λ€.
μ΄μ νμνμ΅ κ°λ
μ λ μ΄μ 50λ
μ μ κ·Έ κ°λ
μ΄ λ¨Έλ¬Ό μ μμΌλ©°, νμ κ°λ
μ 리λμλ λ μ΄μ νμκ΅μ‘μ°κ΅¬μμ§λ¨(νΉμ μ±μΈκ΅μ‘μ°κ΅¬μμ§λ¨) μμ νμ λμ΄μλ μ λλ€. νμνμ΅ κ°λ
μ μ‘°λ§κ° νμ μ μ
κ·Έλ μ΄λλ₯Ό ν΅νμ¬ μλ‘μ΄ μν μ λΆμ¬λ°λ κ°λ
μΌλ‘ κ±°λλ νμκ° μμΌλ©°, μ£Όμ μ΅ν©μ£Όμ λ€μ ν΅ν΄μ λ³΄λ€ μ κ·Ήμ μΌλ‘ μ΄νλ¬Έκ°(transdisciplinary) νλ ₯μ°κ΅¬λ₯Ό μ΄μ§ν μ μμ΄μΌ νλ€.
This research aims to investigate the way in which the notion of lifelong learning has expanded beyond the territory of educational researches, created new interconnectivities with other major areas of academic researches, and eventually evolved into a new platform of conceptual emergence. The researchers adopted a complexity perspective to understand this whole process as a part of dynamic conceptual ecologies in evolution. Within this framework, an academic concept, being developed as part of practical reality in the related field, came to existence to obtain a discursive power, or governmentality, adopting Foucaults terminology, which authorizes collective legitimacy to the piecemeal of the fragmented practices, and to provide them justification and social values. To reveal the characteristics, we used two major scholarly databases to select articles whose researches have mainly focused on the notion of 'lifelong learning.' One is SCOPUS scholarly database, the other is Korean research database of RISS. From the two databases, we compared the distribution of the articles whose main theme is related with lifelong learning, both in Korea and overseas. Upon the data collected, we found out that (1) the expansivity and interconnectivity of lifelong learning discourses between various academic fields is far restricted in Korea than overseas; (2) lifelong learning in Korea is more strictly bound within the territory of educational researches, while in overseas more articles were found in the areas such as medicine, engineering, social science, humanities, and others; (3) newly emerging research themes were created especially in the areas of artificial intelligence and machine learning that were standing over the platform of Industry 4.0 or post-humanism. Overall, the notion of lifelong learning today came to be a general and transdisciplinary concept that shares more connectivity and alliances in collective researches to shed new lights on the old phenomena of human learning in a new epoch. Nevertheless, the conceptual sophistication and major upgrade have not been supported enough by the original adult education research group; rather, the clock of the concept stopped at the point when it was first invented. All kinds of cliche and old implications are repeated without further evolution. Adult educators are no longer standing at the center of the academic leadership in this phenomenon.N
The Universalization of Higher Education and Its Systemic Complexity: The Chemical Transformation to Higher Lifelong Learning Complex System
μ΅κ·Ό νκ΅μ κ³ λ±κ΅μ‘μ μ±
μ μ΄μ μ μ΄λ»κ² νλ©΄ λν곡κΈλμ μ€μΌ μ μμμ§μ λͺ¨μμ§κ³ μλ€. μ΄ λ
Όλ¬Έμ μ΄λ¬ν μ κ·Όμ κ·Όμμ νκ³λ₯Ό μ§μ νλ©΄μ, νκ΅μ λνμ μ²λ
κΈ°κ΅μ‘μμλ κ³Όλ€κ³΅κΈμΌμ§ λͺ¨λ₯΄μ§λ§ μ¬μ ν μ§μκ²½μ μ κ³μκ΅μ‘ μμμλ μ ν λμ²νμ§ λͺ»νκ³ μλ μ΄μ€μ±μ κ°μ§κ³ μμμ μ€λͺ
νλ€. 첫째, μ§λ 1990λ
μ΄ν μ λ½μμ λνλ μ§μκ²½μ μ λνν½μ°½ νμμ ν΅ν΄μ λν보νΈνλ μ΄μ μΈκ³μ μΆμΈμ΄λ©°, κ³ λ±κ΅μ‘ μ§νμ νμ°μ λ¨κ³λ‘ κ·μ νλ€. λμ§Έ, κ·Έλ¬ν κ³ λ±κ΅μ‘ μμμ μλΉ λΆλΆμ μ§μκ²½μ λ₯Ό λ°°κ²½μΌλ‘ νλ νμνμ΅ μμμ΄λ©°, λνμ μ΄μ κ³ λ±κ΅μ‘체μ μκ³Ό λμμ νμνμ΅μ²΄μ λ₯Ό λμμ κ»΄μμ μ€μΈ΅μ 볡ν©μ²΄λ‘ λ³νλμ΄ κ°κ³ μμμ λ
Όμ¦νλ€. μ
μ§Έ, μ΄μ λ¬λ¦¬ μ°λ¦¬λλΌμ λνμ μ¬μ ν μ²λ
μΈ΅ νμ΅μλ₯Ό μ€μ¬μΌλ‘ νλ λ
μ μ μνμ£Όμλ₯Ό μ§ν₯νλ©°, μ 체μ μΌλ‘ μ€μ₯λ
μΈ΅ νμ΅μ λ° κ³μκ΅μ‘ μμλ λνμ κ²½κ³ λ°μ νμ±λ κ³ λ±κ΅μ‘ λμ체μ , μ컨λ μ¬μ΄λ²λν λ° νμ μν λ±μ κ°ν μλ€. μ΄ λ¬Έμ λ νμκ΅μ‘λ¨κ³Όλνμ΄λΌλ λ¨κΈ°μ ννλͺ¨νμΌλ‘ ν΄μλκΈ° μ΄λ ΅λ€. κ²°λ‘ μ μΌλ‘, μ΄ λ
Όλ¬Έμ νκ΅μμμ λν κ³Όλ€κ³΅κΈνμμ μ²λ
μΈ΅ μ΄κΈ°κ΅μ‘ λΆλ¬Έμμλ§ λνλλ κ²μΌλ‘μ, κ³ λ±κ΅μ‘ 보νΈνλ₯Ό νμ±νλ λ λ€λ₯Έ μΆμΈ μ±μΈκ³μκ΅μ‘μ΄λΌλ μ°¨μμ κ°κ³Όνκ³ μμμ μ€λͺ
νκ³ , κ·Έ 보μμ±
μΌλ‘ λνμ κ³ λ±κ΅μ‘-νμνμ΅μ΄ μ°κ²°λ ν¬κ΄μ μΈ κ³ λ±νμνμ΅λ³΅ν©μ²΄μ λ‘ λ°μ μμΌ λκ°μΌ ν¨μ μ€λͺ
νλ€.
Currently the focus of Koreas higher education policy has been converged on reducing the provision of higher education institutions and the acceptance rates in student numbers. From the viewpoint of the researchers, it is misleading in forcasting the needs as well as forumlating the future stages of higher education in the context of global knowledge competition. The notion that colleges and universities in current Korea are oversupplied is correct only if the dimension of youth initial education is concerned, which counts only those who apply colleges right after finishing upper secondary education, but incorrect if it considers the uprising demands of recurrent and continuing education in the knowledge economy. This paper argues, in this context, three key issues: First, the universalization and universal access to higher education is an inevitable global trend and unreversable in the stage of knowledge economy and learning societies. Second, the universalization is mainly driven by the demand for higher lifelong learning or higher-level continuing education. With both initial and continuing demands, universities are being restructured to meet the multi-level and multi-dimensional functionalities and emerging complexities of sub-systems that embrace the higher education systems and lifelong learning systems at the same time. Third, despite the logical streams, higher education system in Korea is still dominated by the young adults in the ideology, and middle-aged learners and continuing education needs are excluded from the territory, rather re-located outside the territories of universities, caged in a provisional systems like cyber universities and Academic Credit Bank System. In conclusion, this study argues that the higher education system in Korea needs to be re-streered to make the notion of universalization realized with the balance between initial and continuing needs, where a new concept of higher lifelong learning complex system is useful to recapture the newly emerging perspectives beyond a limited scope in this vein.N
To Live a Exam-Oriented Life: Life Driven by the Habitus formed in System of Entrance Exam Competition
μ΄ μ°κ΅¬μ λͺ©μ μ μ€λ±νκ΅μμ μ΅μμκΆμ μ°¨μ§νλ νμλ€μ΄ μ₯κΈ°κ°μ κ±ΈμΉ μ
μκ²½μ체μ μμμμ νμ΅μ ν΅ν΄ νμ±ν μλΉν¬μ€μ μ±κ²©μ΄ 무μμΈμ§ λ°νκ³ , μ΄ μλΉν¬μ€κ° μ€λ±νκ΅ μ΄ν μΈμμ μ§λ‘ κ²°μ μ μ΄λ€ λ°©μμΌλ‘ μν₯μ λ―ΈμΉλκ°λ₯Ό λλ¬λ΄λ λ° μλ€. μ΄λ₯Ό μν΄ λνμμ΄μ²΄κ³μ μ μ μ μλ μ²νλ μ‘Έμ
μ μ€μμ λνμ‘Έμ
ν λ°λ‘ μ·¨μ§νκ³ μ΄ν κ²½λ ₯ μ νμ κ²½νν 7λͺ
μ λμμΌλ‘ λ©΄λ΄μ μ€μνμλ€. μ°κ΅¬κ²°κ³Ό μ
μκ²½μ체μ μ μ μ΄λ€μ΄ νμ±ν μλΉν¬μ€λ 곡λΆμ μμ μ μ² μ ν λΆλ¦¬, μνμ ν΅ν κΆλ ₯ μΆκ΅¬, μ λ΅μ μ¬μΆκΈ° ννΌκ° μλ‘ κΈ΄λ°νκ² μ°κ²°λ μνν μΈκ° μΌλ‘ λλ¬λ¬λ€. μ΄λ¬ν μνν μΈκ°μ΄λΌλ μλΉν¬μ€λ λν μ
μκ° λλ νμλ μ¬λΌμ§μ§ μκ³ , μ²νλλΌλ λͺ
μ±κ³Ό κ²°ν©νμ¬ νλ μ¬μμ°λμλ€. μ΄λ€μ λνμμ΄μ²΄κ³μ μ μ μ μλ μ²νλμ μ
νν¨μΌλ‘μ¨ μ€λ±νκ΅ μκΈ°μ μΌλ±μ νλ©΄μ λλ¦° κΆλ ₯μ μ μ§νκ³ , μνμ ν΅ν μΌλ±μ κΆλ ₯ ν₯μ λ°©μμ΄ ν΅νμ§ μλ μ§μ₯μμ 곧 νμλ₯Ό λλΌκ³ λνμμΌλ‘ λμκ°λ κΈΈμ μ ννμλ€. μ΄λ€μ νκ³ λλ 곡λΆμ μμ μ λ§μ§ μλλ€κ³ μ μ κΈκ³ , λνκ³Ό λνμμμ 곡λΆνλ©΄μλ μμ μ μΆκ³Ό νλ¬Έμ κ³μ λΆλ¦¬ν΄λκ°λ€. λν, μ΄λ€μ μ²νλμμ΄λΌλ μ 체μ±μ κΈ°λκ³ , μ΄μ κ±Έλ§λ μΆμ μ
κ·Έλ μ΄λ λ₯Ό μν΄ μ¬μΆκΈ°μ μ§λ¬Έμ κ³μν΄μ ννΌν΄λκ°λ€. μ΄ μ°κ΅¬λ μ€λ±κ΅μ‘λ¨κ³μμ νμ±λ μνν μΈκ°μ΄λΌλ μλΉν¬μ€κ° μλΉν μ§μμ±μ κ°μ§λ©° μνμ ν΅ν΄ λ³΄λ€ μμ μ μ§μλ₯Ό 보μλ°λ μμ κ²½λ‘λ₯Ό κ³μν΄μ μΆλνλ μ κ³Ό μ΄ μλΉν¬μ€μ μ§μμ΄ μνμ ν΅ν μ λ°κ³Ό 보μμ΄λΌλ μ°λ¦¬μ¬ν μ λ°μμ€ν
κ³Ό λ°μ νκ² μ°κ²°λμ΄ μλ€λ μ μ λλ¬λ΄μλ€λ μΈ‘λ©΄μμ μλ―Έκ° μλ€.
The aim of this study is to investigate the characteristics of the exam-oriented disposition originated from college entrance competition and its effects on higher education, career, and career switch. The study is based on the interviews of seven alumine who graduated from a top university in Korea; the interview has been recorded and transcribed for extracting key subjects. Throughout the research, exam-oriented habitus, which consists of isolating self from study, pursuing power through scoring high on school tests, and ignoring puberty intentionally, has been found. Yet, the habitus, exam-oriented life, did not disappear even after the graduation from the secondary school; it had been reinforced while interviewees were attending university. This time, interviewees isolated 'themselves' from 'academic work' and self-exploration was postponed again. After their successful entrance into the field of jobs, however, the routine of simple works could not satisfy them. The habitus led them to quit their jobs and to return to graduate schools especially where they can continuously isolate their self from academic work. In the process of returning to graduate school, self exploration did not take place. This research revealed that the exam-oriented habitus which had been shaped during the secondary school did not fade away, but led to the career path which is focused on security which can be attained through test scores, and the habitus is closely related to the Korean societal system where exam is used for social selection
Lifelong Learning System in Scandinavian Countries: The Old Future
λ
Όλ¬Έ μμ½λΆμ λ½ κ΅κ°λ€μ μμ¬μ μΌλ‘ νμνμ΅μ΄λΌλ μ©μ΄λ₯Ό μ¬μ©νκΈ° μ΄μ λΆν° μ€μ λ‘ νμνμ΅μ μ€ννλ κ΅μ‘μ μ±
μ ꡬμΆν΄μ¨ κ΅κ°λ€λ‘, λ
Έλμ νμ΅μ²΄μ λ‘μμ νμ΅μ¬νμ ν μμμ 보μ¬μ€λ€. λΆμ λ½μμλ νμνμ΅μ΄ λ
Έλμμ κΆλ¦¬λ‘ μΈμλμ΄ μΆκ΅¬λμ΄μμΌλ©°, λ―Όμ€μ μλ°μ μ΄κ³ μ°Έμ¬μ μΈ νμ΅λ¬Έν μμμ μ¬νμ μΉμ νΉμ±μ΄ λ°μλμ΄μλ€. μ΄λ€ κ΅κ°μμλ μ΄γμ€λ± λ¨κ³μμ μμ κΈ°μ΄λ₯λ ₯ λ° μκΈ°μ£Όλ νμ΅λ ₯μ κ°μ‘°νκ³ , κ³ λ±κ΅μ‘ λ¨κ³μμ λΉλν κ³ λ±κ΅μ‘체μ λ₯Ό μ κ·Ήμ μΌλ‘ μ립νκ³ μμΌλ©°, μ΄κΈ°νκ΅κ΅μ‘κ³Ό μ±μΈκ³μκ΅μ‘μ ꡬ쑰μ μΌλ‘ μ°κ³νκ³ μμ λΏ μλλΌ, κ΅κ° κΈ°κ°νμ λ΄μμ νμνμ΅ κΈ°νλ₯Ό μ 곡νκ³ μλ€. λν κ΅μ‘-κ³ μ©-볡μ§μ μΌκ°μ²΄μ λ₯Ό κΈ΄λ°νκ² μ°κ³νλ μ κ·Ήμ μΈ λ
Έλμμ₯κ΅μ‘μ νΌμΉκ³ μμΌλ©°, μμΉμ κΈ°λ°ν λΉνμ λ―Όμ€κ΅μ‘μ μ ν΅ κ°μ΄λ° 곡κ΅μ‘ λ° μ±μΈνμ΅μ²΄μ λ₯Ό λ°μ μμΌμλ€. μ΄λ¬ν μ΄μ²΄μ μΈ νμνμ΅μ²΄μ λ₯Ό μν΄ μ΄κ΄μ μ±
μμ λ΄λΉνλ λΆμκ° μ μ±
μ μΌλ‘ μ₯κΈ°μ μ΄κ³ ν΅ν©μ μΈ κ°νμ μ£Όλν΄ κ°κ³ μλ€. λΆμ λ½ λͺ¨νμμ νμνμ΅μ²΄μ λ μμ κ³ μ©μ μ§ν₯νλ λ
Έλμμ₯ λ° μ¬λ―Όμ£Όμμ 볡μ§κ΅κ°μ²΄κ³μ μμ§ μν μ νλ©΄μ, κ·Έ μμ νκ΅ κ΅μ‘체μ , λ
Έλμμ₯ κ΅μ‘체μ , μλ―Όμ¬ν κ΅μ‘체μ λ±μ μ κΈ°μ μΌλ‘ μ°κ³νμ¬ ν¬κ΄νκ³ μλ μμ체μ λΌκ³ ν μ μλ€.
Scandinavian countries have been building educational systems and implementing educational policies even before the word of 'lifelong learning' is used. Scandinavian lifelong learning can be characterized by three main aspects. First, in Scandinavian countries, labour workers insisted on having opportunities to learn as their right. Also they have learning culture from the tradition, in which lifelong learning is embedded. Second, Scandinavian educational systems have provided lifelong learning opportunities at every stages. Primary and secondary education draw attention to life skill/key competencies and self-directed learning as the foundation for lifelong learning. At higher education, various non-university higher education systems have been established to give adults learning opportunities. Public school education and adult continuing education are structurally linked. Third, progressive labor market education is developed with triangle system- connection of education, labor market, and welfare. The public and adult education systems in Scandinavian countries have been developed based on the long-established tradition of nonformal popular education, and the ministries of education are leading long-term and integrated reforms. Lifelong learning system in Scandinavian model directs social democratic welfare systems and labor market systems for full employment. Finally, lifelong learning system as an umbrella system includes school education, labor market education, and civil education systems. And these systems are organically and structurally linkaged