28 research outputs found

    Postmodern condition in Knowledge Revolution and lifelong learning

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    μ˜€λŠ˜λ‚  μ§€μ‹ν˜λͺ…κ³Ό ν‰μƒν•™μŠ΅μ˜ 관계λ₯Ό λ…Όν•˜λŠ” λŒ€λΆ€λΆ„μ˜ 논점듀은 λŒ€λΆ€λΆ„ μ§€μ‹μ˜ 양적 생산 ν™•λŒ€μ™€ κ·Έ μ˜λ―Έν•˜λŠ” 것이며, 기쑴의 ν•™κ΅κ΅μœ‘λ§ŒμœΌλ‘œλŠ” μ΄λŸ¬ν•œ μš”κ΅¬λ₯Ό λ§Œμ‘±μ‹œν‚¬ 수 μ—†κΈ° λ•Œλ¬Έμ— λ³€ν™”λœ 지식생산과 μœ ν†΅λ°©μ‹μ˜ 변화에 λŒ€μ²˜ν•˜κΈ° μœ„ν•΄ 보닀 λ§Žμ€ 지식을 보닀 μœ μ—°ν•˜κ²Œ 곡급할 수 μžˆλŠ” ν‰μƒν•™μŠ΅μ΄λΌλŠ” μˆ˜λ‹¨μ΄ ν•„μš”ν•˜λ‹€κ³  μ£Όμž₯ν•œλ‹€. κ·ΈλŸ¬λ‚˜ 보닀 핡심적인 λ…Όμ˜μ˜ 지점은 μ§€μ‹μ˜ 쑴재쑰건 μžμ²΄μ— μ€‘λŒ€ν•œ λ³€ν™”κ°€ μžˆμ—ˆμœΌλ©°, λ˜ν•œ κ·ΈλŸ¬ν•œ 지식을 μƒμ‚°ν•˜κ³  κ΄€λ¦¬ν•˜κ³  ν•™μŠ΅ν•˜λŠ” 양식(mode) μžμ²΄κ°€ 달라져야 ν•œλ‹€λŠ” κ²ƒμ—μ„œ μ°Ύμ•„μ Έμ•Ό ν•œλ‹€. λ‹€μ‹œ λ§ν•΄μ„œ, μ§€μ‹μ΄λž€ 무엇이며, μ–΄λ–»κ²Œ μ‚¬νšŒμ μœΌλ‘œ μƒμ‚°λ˜κ³  관리될 수 μžˆλŠ” 것인가에 λŒ€ν•œ λŒ€λ‹΅λ°©μ‹μ΄ 총체적으둜 λ³€ν™”ν•˜κ³  μžˆλ‹€λŠ” 점을 λ©΄λ°€νžˆ κ²€ν† ν•˜λŠ” 것이닀. 이 논문은 이 λ¬Έμ œμ— λŒ€ν•œ 해닡을 μ‹œλ„ν•œλ‹€. 이에 κ·Όκ±°ν•˜μ—¬ ν•„μžλŠ” μƒˆλ‘œμš΄ ν˜•νƒœμ˜ ν‰μƒκ΅μœ‘μ΄λ‘ κ³Ό 연ꡬλ₯Ό κ΅¬μ„±ν•˜λŠ” 데에 μžˆμ–΄μ„œ ν•„μˆ˜μ μœΌλ‘œ μš”κ΅¬λ˜λŠ” μŸμ λ“€μ„ μ°¨λ‘€λ‘œ κ²€ν† ν•˜μ˜€λ‹€. Recently most of the discussions about the relationship between the emergence of knowledge revolution and the need of lifelong learning system are based on the relationship of the technical rationality, in which the requirement of 'more knowledge' asks for 'more expanded social learning device', called lifelong learning system. In this article, I strongly argue that the rationality is not only superficial but also fails to take the deep level of connections between the two phenomena into consideration. The article is written to argue that the nature of knowledge revolution has to be understood from the respect of the change of the conditions of knowledge, instead of its quantitative explosion, and lifelong learning system evolved to meet the new conditions of knowledge existence, as a new social management system of learning in general. According to the main issue, I explored additional considerations to be taken into account related to construct new appropriate mode of scholastic discourse of lifelong education theory and research building, as follows: First, lifelong learning has to be understood as a 'expanded' mode of social management system of learning, replacing the traditional 'restricted' mode concentrated mostly on schooling. Second, lifelong learning discourse, including the concepts and epistemology, and methodological approaches, are fundamentally based on the emergence of postmodern condition of knowledge and the way in which social learning system deals with it. Third, modern schooling was bound up with the 'double-binding' between the Subject and the Discipline, both of which are intertwined and define one and another. It naturally created and legitimated technical rationality by which social power structure easily intervened into the educational system and imposed the ascribed social reproduction system. Postmodern lifelong learning discourse penetrates the contradiction and tries to de-construct the self-binding confinement of learning subject in decision-making process. Fourth, while technical rationality is the key constraint that determined the way of learning in modern schooling, postmodern lifelong learning abandons the foundationalism in epistemology that has been given by the technical rationality imposed by the modernity itself. Fifth, in consideration with the boundaries of knowledge as the source of power distribution and social control, postmodern lifelong learning has to de-defferentiate the existing knowledge structure in educational theories and action. Apart from the extrinsic boundaries, it has to seek a way in which education research can create its own self-regulatory boundaries derived from the dynamics of co-evolution between the self-organization of social knowledge and the attached learning process

    Conceptual Ecology of Lifelong Learning: Expansion, Interconnection and Evolution

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    이 μ—°κ΅¬λŠ” ν‰μƒν•™μŠ΅(lifelong learning) κ°œλ…μ΄ ν‰μƒκ΅μœ‘Β·μΈμ μžμ›κ°œλ°œ μ˜μ—­μ˜ 경계λ₯Ό λ„˜μ–΄ λ²”ν•™λ¬Έμ μœΌλ‘œ ν™•μž₯λ˜μ–΄κ°€λŠ” ν•œνŽΈ, 이 연ꡬ뢄야λ₯Ό μ€‘μ‹¬μœΌλ‘œ 각 ν•™λ¬ΈλΆ„κ³Όκ°„ μ΄ˆμ—°κ²°μ„±μ„ ν˜•μ„±ν•΄κ°€λŠ” 양상을 λΆ„μ„ν•œλ‹€. λ˜ν•œ 이 κ³Όμ •μ—μ„œ 기쑴의 ν‰μƒκ΅μœ‘ μ—°κ΅¬λΆ„μ•Όμ—μ„œλŠ” λ‚˜νƒ€λ‚˜μ§€ μ•Šλ˜ μƒˆλ‘œμš΄ κ°œλ…μΈ΅μœ„μ  μ°½λ°œμ„±μ΄ μ§„ν™”λ˜μ–΄ λ‚˜μ˜€λŠ” λͺ¨μŠ΅μ„ λ“œλŸ¬λ‚Έλ‹€. μ—°κ΅¬μžλ“€μ€ 이것을 ν‰μƒν•™μŠ΅ κ°œλ…μƒνƒœκ³„μ˜ μ„±μž₯κ³Ό μ§„ν™”λΌλŠ” μ°¨μ›μ—μ„œ μ΄ν•΄ν•˜λ €κ³  ν•œλ‹€. 이λ₯Ό μœ„ν•˜μ—¬ μ—°κ΅¬μžλ“€μ€ μ§€λ‚œ 20λ…„ λ™μ•ˆ κ΅­λ‚΄ 및 κ΅­μ™Έμ˜ ν•™μˆ μ—°κ΅¬ λ°μ΄ν„°λ² μ΄μŠ€μ—μ„œ 'ν‰μƒν•™μŠ΅' ν˜Ήμ€ 'lifelong learning'을 ν‚€μ›Œλ“œλ‘œ μ„€μ •ν•œ ν•™μˆ λ…Όλ¬Έλ“€μ„ μΆ”μΆœν•˜μ—¬ κ·Έ μ£Όμ œμ˜μ—­κ³Ό μ—°κ΅¬λ¬Έμ œλ“€μ„ λΆ„μ„ν•˜μ˜€λ‹€. 연ꡬ κ²°κ³Ό κ΅­μ™Έμ—μ„œμ˜ ν‰μƒν•™μŠ΅μ€ (1) κ΅μœ‘ν•™ 일반 μ˜μ—­μœΌλ‘œ ν™•μž₯λ˜λŠ” ν•œνŽΈ μ‚¬νšŒκ³Όν•™, 생λͺ…κ³Όν•™, 곡학과 μ˜ν•™, 인문학과 ꡐ양학 λ“± 거의 λͺ¨λ“  λΆ„μ•Όλ‘œ κ·Έ μ μš©λ²”μœ„λ₯Ό λ„“ν˜€κ°€κ³  μžˆμ—ˆμœΌλ©°, (2) 핡심 μ—°κ΅¬μ£Όμ œλ“€, μ˜ˆμ»¨λŒ€ λ…ΈμΈλ°œλ‹¬κ³Ό ν•™μŠ΅, MOOCs, μ „λ¬Έκ°€κ³„μ†κ΅μœ‘(μ˜μ‚¬, κ³΅ν•™μž, 건좕가 λ“±) λ“± μ£Όμ œμ™€ κ΄€λ ¨λœ μœ΅ν•©ν•™λ¬Έμ  μ—°κ΅¬λ‘œ λ°œμ „ν•˜κ³  μžˆμ—ˆκ³ , (3) λ‹€λ₯Έ ν•œνŽΈμ—μ„œ 기쑴의 ν•™κ΅ν•™μŠ΅μœΌλ‘œ ν‘œν˜„ν•˜κΈ° μ–΄λ €μ› λ˜ μƒˆλ‘œμš΄ ν•™μŠ΅μ˜ 세계λ₯Ό ν‘œμƒν•˜λŠ” ν”Œλž«νΌ κ°œλ…μœΌλ‘œ μžλ¦¬λ§€κΉ€ν•˜κ³  μžˆμ—ˆλ‹€. 특히 인곡지λŠ₯ λ“±μ˜ κΈ°κ³„ν•™μŠ΅ λΆ„μ•Όμ—μ„œ ν‰μƒν•™μŠ΅ κ°œλ…μ΄ ν™œμš©λ˜λŠ” λͺ¨μŠ΅μ„ κ΄€μ°°ν•˜μ˜€λ‹€. (4) 반면, κ΅­λ‚΄μ˜ 경우 ν‰μƒν•™μŠ΅ μ—°κ΅¬λŠ” 전톡적 ν‰μƒκ΅μœ‘/HRDμ˜μ—­ μ•ˆμ— κ°‡ν˜€μžˆλŠ” 양상을 λ³΄μ˜€μœΌλ©° λ‹€ν•™λ¬Έκ°„ ν™œλ°œν•œ μœ΅ν•©μ—°κ΅¬λ₯Ό 찾아보기 μ–΄λ €μ› λ‹€. 이제 ν‰μƒν•™μŠ΅ κ°œλ…μ€ 더 이상 50λ…„ μ „μ˜ κ·Έ κ°œλ…μ΄ λ¨Έλ¬Ό 수 μ—†μœΌλ©°, ν•™μˆ κ°œλ…μ˜ 리더십도 더 이상 ν‰μƒκ΅μœ‘μ—°κ΅¬μžμ§‘λ‹¨(ν˜Ήμ€ μ„±μΈκ΅μœ‘μ—°κ΅¬μžμ§‘λ‹¨) μ•ˆμ— ν•œμ •λ˜μ–΄μ„œλŠ” μ•ˆ λœλ‹€. ν‰μƒν•™μŠ΅ κ°œλ…μ€ μ‘°λ§Œκ°„ ν˜μ‹ μ  μ—…κ·Έλ ˆμ΄λ“œλ₯Ό ν†΅ν•˜μ—¬ μƒˆλ‘œμš΄ 역할을 λΆ€μ—¬λ°›λŠ” κ°œλ…μœΌλ‘œ κ±°λ“­λ‚  ν•„μš”κ°€ 있으며, μ£Όμš” μœ΅ν•©μ£Όμ œλ“€μ„ ν†΅ν•΄μ„œ 보닀 적극적으둜 μ΄ˆν•™λ¬Έκ°„(transdisciplinary) ν˜‘λ ₯연ꡬλ₯Ό 촉진할 수 μžˆμ–΄μ•Ό ν•œλ‹€. This research aims to investigate the way in which the notion of lifelong learning has expanded beyond the territory of educational researches, created new interconnectivities with other major areas of academic researches, and eventually evolved into a new platform of conceptual emergence. The researchers adopted a complexity perspective to understand this whole process as a part of dynamic conceptual ecologies in evolution. Within this framework, an academic concept, being developed as part of practical reality in the related field, came to existence to obtain a discursive power, or governmentality, adopting Foucaults terminology, which authorizes collective legitimacy to the piecemeal of the fragmented practices, and to provide them justification and social values. To reveal the characteristics, we used two major scholarly databases to select articles whose researches have mainly focused on the notion of 'lifelong learning.' One is SCOPUS scholarly database, the other is Korean research database of RISS. From the two databases, we compared the distribution of the articles whose main theme is related with lifelong learning, both in Korea and overseas. Upon the data collected, we found out that (1) the expansivity and interconnectivity of lifelong learning discourses between various academic fields is far restricted in Korea than overseas; (2) lifelong learning in Korea is more strictly bound within the territory of educational researches, while in overseas more articles were found in the areas such as medicine, engineering, social science, humanities, and others; (3) newly emerging research themes were created especially in the areas of artificial intelligence and machine learning that were standing over the platform of Industry 4.0 or post-humanism. Overall, the notion of lifelong learning today came to be a general and transdisciplinary concept that shares more connectivity and alliances in collective researches to shed new lights on the old phenomena of human learning in a new epoch. Nevertheless, the conceptual sophistication and major upgrade have not been supported enough by the original adult education research group; rather, the clock of the concept stopped at the point when it was first invented. All kinds of cliche and old implications are repeated without further evolution. Adult educators are no longer standing at the center of the academic leadership in this phenomenon.N

    The Universalization of Higher Education and Its Systemic Complexity: The Chemical Transformation to Higher Lifelong Learning Complex System

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    졜근 ν•œκ΅­μ˜ κ³ λ“±κ΅μœ‘μ •μ±…μ˜ μ΄ˆμ μ€ μ–΄λ–»κ²Œ ν•˜λ©΄ λŒ€ν•™κ³΅κΈ‰λŸ‰μ„ 쀄일 수 μžˆμ„μ§€μ— λͺ¨μ•„지고 μžˆλ‹€. 이 논문은 μ΄λŸ¬ν•œ μ ‘κ·Όμ˜ κ·Όμ‹œμ•ˆ ν•œκ³„λ₯Ό μ§€μ ν•˜λ©΄μ„œ, ν•œκ΅­μ˜ λŒ€ν•™μ€ μ²­λ…„κΈ°κ΅μœ‘μ—μ„œλŠ” 과닀곡급일지 λͺ¨λ₯΄μ§€λ§Œ μ—¬μ „νžˆ μ§€μ‹κ²½μ œμ˜ κ³„μ†κ΅μœ‘ μˆ˜μš”μ—λŠ” μ „ν˜€ λŒ€μ²˜ν•˜μ§€ λͺ»ν•˜κ³  μžˆλŠ” 이쀑성을 가지고 μžˆμŒμ„ μ„€λͺ…ν•œλ‹€. 첫째, μ§€λ‚œ 1990λ…„ 이후 μœ λŸ½μ—μ„œ λ‚˜νƒ€λ‚œ μ§€μ‹κ²½μ œμ™€ λŒ€ν•™νŒ½μ°½ ν˜„μƒμ„ ν†΅ν•΄μ„œ λŒ€ν•™λ³΄νŽΈν™”λŠ” 이제 세계적 좔세이며, κ³ λ“±κ΅μœ‘ μ§„ν™”μ˜ 필연적 λ‹¨κ³„λ‘œ κ·œμ •ν•œλ‹€. λ‘˜μ§Έ, κ·ΈλŸ¬ν•œ κ³ λ“±κ΅μœ‘ μˆ˜μš”μ˜ 상당 뢀뢄은 μ§€μ‹κ²½μ œλ₯Ό 배경으둜 ν•˜λŠ” ν‰μƒν•™μŠ΅ μˆ˜μš”μ΄λ©°, λŒ€ν•™μ€ 이제 κ³ λ“±κ΅μœ‘μ²΄μ œ μž„κ³Ό λ™μ‹œμ— ν‰μƒν•™μŠ΅μ²΄μ œλ₯Ό λ™μ‹œμ— κ»΄μ•ˆμ€ 쀑측적 λ³΅ν•©μ²΄λ‘œ λ³€ν™”λ˜μ–΄ κ°€κ³  μžˆμŒμ„ λ…Όμ¦ν•œλ‹€. μ…‹μ§Έ, 이와 달리 μš°λ¦¬λ‚˜λΌμ˜ λŒ€ν•™μ€ μ—¬μ „νžˆ μ²­λ…„μΈ΅ ν•™μŠ΅μžλ₯Ό μ€‘μ‹¬μœΌλ‘œ ν•˜λŠ” 독점적 순혈주의λ₯Ό 지ν–₯ν•˜λ©°, μ „μ²΄μ μœΌλ‘œ 쀑μž₯λ…„μΈ΅ ν•™μŠ΅μž 및 κ³„μ†κ΅μœ‘ μˆ˜μš”λŠ” λŒ€ν•™μ˜ 경계 밖에 ν˜•μ„±λœ κ³ λ“±κ΅μœ‘ λŒ€μ•ˆμ²΄μ œ, μ˜ˆμ»¨λŒ€ μ‚¬μ΄λ²„λŒ€ν•™ 및 학점은행 등에 κ°‡ν˜€ μžˆλ‹€. 이 λ¬Έμ œλŠ” ν‰μƒκ΅μœ‘λ‹¨κ³ΌλŒ€ν•™μ΄λΌλŠ” 단기적 νƒ€ν˜‘λͺ¨ν˜•μœΌλ‘œ ν•΄μ†Œλ˜κΈ° μ–΄λ ΅λ‹€. 결둠적으둜, 이 논문은 ν•œκ΅­μ—μ„œμ˜ λŒ€ν•™ κ³Όλ‹€κ³΅κΈ‰ν˜„μƒμ€ μ²­λ…„μΈ΅ 초기ꡐ윑 λΆ€λ¬Έμ—μ„œλ§Œ λ‚˜νƒ€λ‚˜λŠ” κ²ƒμœΌλ‘œμ„œ, κ³ λ“±κ΅μœ‘ λ³΄νŽΈν™”λ₯Ό ν˜•μ„±ν•˜λŠ” 또 λ‹€λ₯Έ 좕인 μ„±μΈκ³„μ†κ΅μœ‘μ΄λΌλŠ” 차원을 κ°„κ³Όν•˜κ³  μžˆμŒμ„ μ„€λͺ…ν•˜κ³ , κ·Έ λ³΄μ™„μ±…μœΌλ‘œ λŒ€ν•™μ„ κ³ λ“±κ΅μœ‘-ν‰μƒν•™μŠ΅μ΄ μ—°κ²°λœ 포괄적인 κ³ λ“±ν‰μƒν•™μŠ΅λ³΅ν•©μ²΄μ œλ‘œ λ°œμ „μ‹œμΌœ λ‚˜κ°€μ•Ό 함을 μ„€λͺ…ν•œλ‹€. Currently the focus of Koreas higher education policy has been converged on reducing the provision of higher education institutions and the acceptance rates in student numbers. From the viewpoint of the researchers, it is misleading in forcasting the needs as well as forumlating the future stages of higher education in the context of global knowledge competition. The notion that colleges and universities in current Korea are oversupplied is correct only if the dimension of youth initial education is concerned, which counts only those who apply colleges right after finishing upper secondary education, but incorrect if it considers the uprising demands of recurrent and continuing education in the knowledge economy. This paper argues, in this context, three key issues: First, the universalization and universal access to higher education is an inevitable global trend and unreversable in the stage of knowledge economy and learning societies. Second, the universalization is mainly driven by the demand for higher lifelong learning or higher-level continuing education. With both initial and continuing demands, universities are being restructured to meet the multi-level and multi-dimensional functionalities and emerging complexities of sub-systems that embrace the higher education systems and lifelong learning systems at the same time. Third, despite the logical streams, higher education system in Korea is still dominated by the young adults in the ideology, and middle-aged learners and continuing education needs are excluded from the territory, rather re-located outside the territories of universities, caged in a provisional systems like cyber universities and Academic Credit Bank System. In conclusion, this study argues that the higher education system in Korea needs to be re-streered to make the notion of universalization realized with the balance between initial and continuing needs, where a new concept of higher lifelong learning complex system is useful to recapture the newly emerging perspectives beyond a limited scope in this vein.N

    To Live a Exam-Oriented Life: Life Driven by the Habitus formed in System of Entrance Exam Competition

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    이 μ—°κ΅¬μ˜ λͺ©μ μ€ μ€‘λ“±ν•™κ΅μ—μ„œ μ΅œμƒμœ„κΆŒμ„ μ°¨μ§€ν–ˆλ˜ 학생듀이 μž₯기간에 걸친 μž…μ‹œκ²½μŸμ²΄μ œ μ•ˆμ—μ„œμ˜ ν•™μŠ΅μ„ 톡해 ν˜•μ„±ν•œ μ•„λΉ„νˆ¬μŠ€μ˜ 성격이 무엇인지 밝히고, 이 μ•„λΉ„νˆ¬μŠ€κ°€ 쀑등학ꡐ 이후 μΈμƒμ˜ μ§„λ‘œ 결정에 μ–΄λ–€ λ°©μ‹μœΌλ‘œ 영ν–₯을 λ―ΈμΉ˜λŠ”κ°€λ₯Ό λ“œλŸ¬λ‚΄λŠ” 데 μžˆλ‹€. 이λ₯Ό μœ„ν•΄ λŒ€ν•™μ„œμ—΄μ²΄κ³„μ˜ 정점에 μžˆλŠ” μ²œν•˜λŒ€ 쑸업생 μ€‘μ—μ„œ λŒ€ν•™μ‘Έμ—… ν›„ λ°”λ‘œ μ·¨μ§ν•˜κ³  이후 κ²½λ ₯ μ „ν™˜μ„ κ²½ν—˜ν•œ 7λͺ…을 λŒ€μƒμœΌλ‘œ 면담을 μ‹€μ‹œν•˜μ˜€λ‹€. 연ꡬ결과 μž…μ‹œκ²½μŸμ²΄μ œμ— μ„œ 이듀이 ν˜•μ„±ν•œ μ•„λΉ„νˆ¬μŠ€λŠ” 곡뢀와 μžμ‹ μ˜ μ² μ €ν•œ 뢄리, μ‹œν—˜μ„ ν†΅ν•œ ꢌλ ₯ 좔ꡬ, μ „λž΅μ  μ‚¬μΆ˜κΈ° νšŒν”Όκ°€ μ„œλ‘œ κΈ΄λ°€ν•˜κ²Œ μ—°κ²°λœ μ‹œν—˜ν˜• 인간 으둜 λ“œλŸ¬λ‚¬λ‹€. μ΄λŸ¬ν•œ μ‹œν—˜ν˜• μΈκ°„μ΄λΌλŠ” μ•„λΉ„νˆ¬μŠ€λŠ” λŒ€ν•™ μž…μ‹œκ°€ λλ‚œ 후에도 사라지지 μ•Šκ³ , μ²œν•˜λŒ€λΌλŠ” λͺ…μ„±κ³Ό κ²°ν•©ν•˜μ—¬ ν™•λŒ€ μž¬μƒμ‚°λ˜μ—ˆλ‹€. 이듀은 λŒ€ν•™μ„œμ—΄μ²΄κ³„μ˜ 정점에 μžˆλŠ” μ²œν•˜λŒ€μ— μž…ν•™ν•¨μœΌλ‘œμ¨ 쀑등학ꡐ μ‹œκΈ°μ— 일등을 ν•˜λ©΄μ„œ λˆ„λ¦° ꢌλ ₯을 μœ μ§€ν•˜κ³ , μ‹œν—˜μ„ ν†΅ν•œ μΌλ“±μ˜ ꢌλ ₯ ν–₯유 방식이 ν†΅ν•˜μ§€ μ•ŠλŠ” 직μž₯μ—μ„œ 곧 회의λ₯Ό 느끼고 λŒ€ν•™μ›μœΌλ‘œ λŒμ•„κ°€λŠ” 길을 μ„ νƒν•˜μ˜€λ‹€. 이듀은 νŒŒκ³ λ“œλŠ” 곡뢀와 μžμ‹ μ€ λ§žμ§€ μ•ŠλŠ”λ‹€κ³  선을 κΈ‹κ³ , λŒ€ν•™κ³Ό λŒ€ν•™μ›μ—μ„œ κ³΅λΆ€ν•˜λ©΄μ„œλ„ μžμ‹ μ˜ μ‚Άκ³Ό 학문을 계속 λΆ„λ¦¬ν•΄λ‚˜κ°”λ‹€. λ˜ν•œ, 이듀은 μ²œν•˜λŒ€μƒμ΄λΌλŠ” 정체성에 κΈ°λŒ€κ³ , 이에 κ±Έλ§žλŠ” μ‚Άμ˜ μ—…κ·Έλ ˆμ΄λ“œ λ₯Ό μœ„ν•΄ μ‚¬μΆ˜κΈ°μ  μ§ˆλ¬Έμ„ κ³„μ†ν•΄μ„œ νšŒν”Όν•΄λ‚˜κ°”λ‹€. 이 μ—°κ΅¬λŠ” μ€‘λ“±κ΅μœ‘λ‹¨κ³„μ—μ„œ ν˜•μ„±λœ μ‹œν—˜ν˜• μΈκ°„μ΄λΌλŠ” μ•„λΉ„νˆ¬μŠ€κ°€ μƒλ‹Ήν•œ 지속성을 가지며 μ‹œν—˜μ„ 톡해 보닀 μ•ˆμ •μ  μ§€μœ„λ₯Ό λ³΄μƒλ°›λŠ” 생애 경둜λ₯Ό κ³„μ†ν•΄μ„œ μΆ”λ™ν•˜λŠ” 점과 이 μ•„λΉ„νˆ¬μŠ€μ˜ 지속이 μ‹œν—˜μ„ ν†΅ν•œ μ„ λ°œκ³Ό λ³΄μƒμ΄λΌλŠ” μš°λ¦¬μ‚¬νšŒ μ„ λ°œμ‹œμŠ€ν…œκ³Ό λ°€μ ‘ν•˜κ²Œ μ—°κ²°λ˜μ–΄ μžˆλ‹€λŠ” 점을 λ“œλŸ¬λ‚΄μ—ˆλ‹€λŠ” μΈ‘λ©΄μ—μ„œ μ˜λ―Έκ°€ μžˆλ‹€. The aim of this study is to investigate the characteristics of the exam-oriented disposition originated from college entrance competition and its effects on higher education, career, and career switch. The study is based on the interviews of seven alumine who graduated from a top university in Korea; the interview has been recorded and transcribed for extracting key subjects. Throughout the research, exam-oriented habitus, which consists of isolating self from study, pursuing power through scoring high on school tests, and ignoring puberty intentionally, has been found. Yet, the habitus, exam-oriented life, did not disappear even after the graduation from the secondary school; it had been reinforced while interviewees were attending university. This time, interviewees isolated 'themselves' from 'academic work' and self-exploration was postponed again. After their successful entrance into the field of jobs, however, the routine of simple works could not satisfy them. The habitus led them to quit their jobs and to return to graduate schools especially where they can continuously isolate their self from academic work. In the process of returning to graduate school, self exploration did not take place. This research revealed that the exam-oriented habitus which had been shaped during the secondary school did not fade away, but led to the career path which is focused on security which can be attained through test scores, and the habitus is closely related to the Korean societal system where exam is used for social selection

    Lifelong Learning System in Scandinavian Countries: The Old Future

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    λ…Όλ¬Έ μš”μ•½λΆμœ λŸ½ ꡭ가듀은 μ—­μ‚¬μ μœΌλ‘œ ν‰μƒν•™μŠ΅μ΄λΌλŠ” μš©μ–΄λ₯Ό μ‚¬μš©ν•˜κΈ° 이전뢀터 μ‹€μ œλ‘œ ν‰μƒν•™μŠ΅μ„ μ‹€ν˜„ν•˜λŠ” κ΅μœ‘μ •μ±…μ„ κ΅¬μΆ•ν•΄μ˜¨ κ΅­κ°€λ“€λ‘œ, λ…Έλ™μž ν•™μŠ΅μ²΄μ œλ‘œμ„œμ˜ ν•™μŠ΅μ‚¬νšŒμ˜ ν•œ 양상을 보여쀀닀. λΆμœ λŸ½μ—μ„œλŠ” ν‰μƒν•™μŠ΅μ΄ λ…Έλ™μžμ˜ ꢌ리둜 μΈμ‹λ˜μ–΄ μΆ”κ΅¬λ˜μ–΄μ™”μœΌλ©°, λ―Όμ€‘μ˜ 자발적이고 참여적인 ν•™μŠ΅λ¬Έν™” μ†μ—μ„œ μ‚¬νšŒμ •μΉ˜μ  νŠΉμ„±μ΄ λ°œμƒλ˜μ–΄μ™”λ‹€. 이듀 κ΅­κ°€μ—μ„œλŠ” μ΄ˆγ†μ€‘λ“± λ‹¨κ³„μ—μ„œ μƒμ• κΈ°μ΄ˆλŠ₯λ ₯ 및 μžκΈ°μ£Όλ„ ν•™μŠ΅λ ₯을 κ°•μ‘°ν•˜κ³ , κ³ λ“±κ΅μœ‘ λ‹¨κ³„μ—μ„œ λΉ„λŒ€ν•™ κ³ λ“±κ΅μœ‘μ²΄μ œλ₯Ό 적극적으둜 μˆ˜λ¦½ν•˜κ³  있으며, μ΄ˆκΈ°ν•™κ΅κ΅μœ‘κ³Ό μ„±μΈκ³„μ†κ΅μœ‘μ„ ꡬ쑰적으둜 μ—°κ³„ν•˜κ³  μžˆμ„ 뿐 μ•„λ‹ˆλΌ, κ΅­κ°€ κΈ°κ°„ν•™μ œ λ‚΄μ—μ„œ ν‰μƒν•™μŠ΅ 기회λ₯Ό μ œκ³΅ν•˜κ³  μžˆλ‹€. λ˜ν•œ ꡐ윑-고용-λ³΅μ§€μ˜ μ‚Όκ°μ²΄μ œλ₯Ό κΈ΄λ°€ν•˜κ²Œ μ—°κ³„ν•˜λŠ” 적극적인 λ…Έλ™μ‹œμž₯κ΅μœ‘μ„ 펼치고 있으며, μžμΉ˜μ— κΈ°λ°˜ν•œ λΉ„ν˜•μ‹ λ―Όμ€‘κ΅μœ‘μ˜ 전톡 κ°€μš΄λ° 곡ꡐ윑 및 μ„±μΈν•™μŠ΅μ²΄μ œλ₯Ό λ°œμ „μ‹œμΌœμ™”λ‹€. μ΄λŸ¬ν•œ 총체적인 ν‰μƒν•™μŠ΅μ²΄μ œλ₯Ό μœ„ν•΄ 총괄적 μ±…μž„μ„ λ‹΄λ‹Ήν•˜λŠ” λΆ€μ„œκ°€ μ •μ±…μ μœΌλ‘œ μž₯기적이고 톡합적인 κ°œν˜μ„ 주도해 κ°€κ³  μžˆλ‹€. 뢁유럽 λͺ¨ν˜•μ—μ„œ ν‰μƒν•™μŠ΅μ²΄μ œλŠ” μ™„μ „κ³ μš©μ„ 지ν–₯ν•˜λŠ” λ…Έλ™μ‹œμž₯ 및 μ‚¬λ―Όμ£Όμ˜μ  λ³΅μ§€κ΅­κ°€μ²΄κ³„μ˜ 엔진 역할을 ν•˜λ©΄μ„œ, κ·Έ μ•ˆμ— 학ꡐ ꡐ윑체제, λ…Έλ™μ‹œμž₯ ꡐ윑체제, μ‹œλ―Όμ‚¬νšŒ ꡐ윑체제 등을 유기적으둜 μ—°κ³„ν•˜μ—¬ ν¬κ΄„ν•˜κ³  μžˆλŠ” μƒμœ„μ²΄μ œλΌκ³  ν•  수 μžˆλ‹€. Scandinavian countries have been building educational systems and implementing educational policies even before the word of 'lifelong learning' is used. Scandinavian lifelong learning can be characterized by three main aspects. First, in Scandinavian countries, labour workers insisted on having opportunities to learn as their right. Also they have learning culture from the tradition, in which lifelong learning is embedded. Second, Scandinavian educational systems have provided lifelong learning opportunities at every stages. Primary and secondary education draw attention to life skill/key competencies and self-directed learning as the foundation for lifelong learning. At higher education, various non-university higher education systems have been established to give adults learning opportunities. Public school education and adult continuing education are structurally linked. Third, progressive labor market education is developed with triangle system- connection of education, labor market, and welfare. The public and adult education systems in Scandinavian countries have been developed based on the long-established tradition of nonformal popular education, and the ministries of education are leading long-term and integrated reforms. Lifelong learning system in Scandinavian model directs social democratic welfare systems and labor market systems for full employment. Finally, lifelong learning system as an umbrella system includes school education, labor market education, and civil education systems. And these systems are organically and structurally linkaged
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