59 research outputs found

    ๋ฆฌ๋น„์˜ค ์‚ฐ์†Œ๋„ค์˜ '์ข…์กฑ์„ฑ์„ ์ƒ์‹คํ•œ ํ‘์ธ์„ฑ: ๋ธŒ๋ผ์งˆ์˜ ์ธ์ข… ๊ตฌ์„ฑํ•˜๊ธฐ' : ์ •์ฒด์„ฑ์€ ์žˆ์œผ๋‚˜ ์ •์น˜์„ฑ์€ ์—†๋Š” ํ‘์ธ ๋ฌธํ™”

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    ์›์ €์˜ ์ œ๋ชฉ์€ Blackness without Ethnicity: Constructing Race in Brazil, ์œผ๋กœ 2003๋…„ Palgrave Macmillan(New York)์—์„œ ์ถœํŒ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค.์ข…์กฑ ์ง‘๋‹จ ์—†๋Š” ํ‘์ธ๋จ(Blackness without ethnicity)์€ ์ด ์ฑ…์—์„œ ์ œ๊ณตํ•˜๋Š” ๋…ผ์˜์˜ ํ•ต์‹ฌ์„ ์ž˜ ํ‘œํ˜„ํ•œ ๊ตฌ์ ˆ์ด๋‹ค. ๋ธŒ๋ผ์งˆ์—์„œ๋Š” ํ‘์ธ ์ƒ์ง• ๋ฐ ์ •์ฒด์„ฑ์ด ์ข…์กฑ, ์ธ์ข…์  ์ง‘๋‹จ์  ๊ฒฐ์ง‘๋ ฅ ์—†์ด ์กด์žฌํ•œ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด๋‹ค. ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ์ฃผ์žฅ์€ ๋ฏธ๊ตญ ํ‘์ธ์„ ์—ฐ๊ตฌํ•œ ํ•™์ž๋“ค์—๊ฒŒ๋Š” ํฐ ์ถฉ๊ฒฉ์œผ๋กœ ๋‹ค๊ฐ€์˜ฌ ๊ฒƒ์ด๋‹ค. ๊ณผ์—ฐ ๋ธŒ๋ผ์งˆ์˜ ํ‘์ธ ๋ฌธํ™”๋Š” ๋ฌธํ™”์  ์ •์ฒด์„ฑ์„ ๋„˜์–ด์„œ๋Š” ๊ทธ ์ด์ƒ์˜ ๊ฒฐ์ง‘๋ ฅ์„ ๊ฐ€์ง€์ง€ ์•Š๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ผ๊นŒ? ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์ด๊ฒƒ์ด ํ˜„์žฌ ๋ธŒ๋ผ์งˆ ์‚ฌํšŒ ํ˜„์ƒ์„ ์ดํ•ดํ•˜๋Š”๋ฐ ์–ด๋–ค ์˜๋ฏธ๊ฐ€ ์žˆ๋Š”๊ฐ€? ์ด ์ฑ…์€ ์ดํƒœ๋ฆฌ ์ถœ์‹  ์ธ๋ฅ˜ํ•™์ž๊ฐ€ ๋ธŒ๋ผ์งˆ์— ์‹ญ์—ฌ ๋…„์— ๊ฑธ์ณ ์ฒด๋ฅ˜ํ•˜๋ฉด์„œ ์ถ•์ ํ•œ ์ž๋ฃŒ๋ฅผ ๊ธฐ๋ฐ˜์œผ๋กœ ์“ด ๋ฏผ์กฑ์ง€์ด๋‹ค. ๋ชจ๋“  ์žฅ์—์„œ ์ผ๊ด€์„ฑ ์žˆ๊ฒŒ ๊ด€ํ†ตํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋Š” ํ•ต์‹ฌ์  ์ฃผ์ œ๋Š” ๋ฐ”๋กœ ๋ธŒ๋ผ์งˆ์—์„œ ํ‘์ธ์ด๋ž€ ์–ด๋–ค ์˜๋ฏธ๊ฐ€ ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ฐ€๋ผ๋Š” ์งˆ๋ฌธ์œผ๋กœ ์š”์•ฝ๋œ๋‹ค. ์ €์ž๋Š” ๋ธŒ๋ผ์งˆ์—์„œ ํ‘์ธ๋จ(blackness)์˜ ์˜๋ฏธ๋ฅผ ์„œ๊ตฌ์ฒ˜๋Ÿผ ๋‹จ์ผํ•œ ์ง‘๋‹จ์„ฑ์„ ๊ฐ€์ง€๋Š” ์ธ์ข…์ด ์•„๋‹ˆ๋ผ ๋ฌธํ™”์  ์ •์ฒด์„ฑ์œผ๋กœ ๊ทœ์ •ํ•œ๋‹ค. ์ €์ž๋Š” ์ผ์ƒ์ƒํ™œ์—์„œ ์ธ์ข… ๊ตฌ๋ถ„์˜ ์–‘์ƒ, ์•„ํ”„๋ฆฌ์นด ๋ฌธํ™”์˜ ํŠน์งˆ์ด ์ด์šฉ๋˜๊ณ  ์ƒํ’ˆํ™”๋˜๋Š” ํ˜„์ƒ, ๋ธŒ๋ผ์งˆ ๋ฐ”์ด์•„ ์ง€๋ฐฉ์˜ ํ‘์ธ ๋ฌธํ™”์— ์ „์ง€๊ตฌํ™”๊ฐ€ ๋ฏธ์น˜๋Š” ์˜ํ–ฅ, ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ๊ทธ ๋ฐ–์—๋„ ๋ฆฌ์šฐ๋ฐ์ž๋„ค์ด๋ฃจ์™€ ๋ฐ”์ด์•„์˜ ํŽ‘ํฌ ์Œ์•… ๋ฐ ์ถค๊ณผ ๊ฐ™์€ ๋Œ€์ค‘๋ฌธํ™”์˜ ๋น„๊ต, ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ๋” ๋‚˜์•„๊ฐ€ ๋ฐ”์ด์•„๋งŒ์ด ์•„๋‹ˆ๋ผ ๋„ค๋œ๋ž€๋“œ ์•”์Šคํ…Œ๋ฅด๋‹ด์˜ ํ•˜์œ„๊ณ„์ธต ํ‘์ธ ์ฒญ๋…„๋“ค์˜ ๊ฒฝํ—˜์„ ๋น„๊ตํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๋ณธ ์„œํ‰์„ ํ†ตํ•ด์„œ ์ด ์ฑ…์˜ ํ•ต์‹ฌ์  ๋‚ด์šฉ์„ ๋‘ ๊ฐ€์ง€ ์†Œ์ฃผ์ œ๋กœ ๋‚˜๋ˆ„์–ด ์š”์•ฝํ•™, ๊ฒ€ํ† ํ•ด๋ณธ ํ›„ ์ฑ…์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๋น„ํŒ์  ์‹œ๊ฐ ๋ฐ ๊ฐ•์ , ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์—ฌํƒ€ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์™€ ์—ฐ๊ด€์„ฑ์„ ๋…ผ์˜ํ•  ๊ฒƒ์ด๋‹ค

    ๊ฒฝ๊ณ„์˜ ์–ธ์–ดํ™”์™€ ์†Œํ†ต

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    ๋ณธ ํŠน์ง‘์˜ ๋…ผ๋ฌธ๋“ค์€ ๋ชจ๋‘ ํ•œ๊ตญ ์‚ฌํšŒ์˜ ๋‹ค์–‘ํ•œ ์–ธ์–ด ์‚ฌ์šฉ ํ˜„์ƒ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์–ธ์–ด์ธ๋ฅ˜ํ•™์  ์—ฐ๊ตฌ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ์ด๋‹ค. ์ด ๋…ผ๋ฌธ๋“ค์€ ์ด๋ก , ์—ฐ๊ตฌ ์ฃผ์ œ ๋ฐ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ ๋Œ€์ƒ์˜ ์ธก๋ฉด์—์„œ ํ˜„์žฌ๊นŒ์ง€ ์‹œ๋„๋˜์ง€ ์•Š์•˜๋˜ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋“ค๋กœ ๊ตญ๋‚ด ์–ธ์–ด์ธ๋ฅ˜ํ•™ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๊ฐ€ ํ•œ์ธต ๋” ์„ฑ์ˆ™๋˜์–ด ๊ฐ€๋Š” ๋ชจ์Šต์„ ๋ณด์—ฌ์ค€๋‹ค. ์ฃผ๋ชฉํ•  ์ ์ด๋ผ๋ฉด ํŠน์ง‘์— ์‹ค๋ฆฐ ๋„ค ํŽธ์˜ ๋…ผ๋ฌธ๋“ค์ด ๋ชจ๋‘ ์–ธ์–ด์ธ๋ฅ˜ํ•™์ด ์ œ๊ณตํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ๋ถ„์„์  ๋ช…๋ฃŒ์„ฑ๊ณผ ์ด๋ก ์  ํ™•์žฅ ๊ฐ€๋Šฅ์„ฑ์—์„œ ํ•œ ๋ฐœ์ง ๋” ๋‚˜์•„๊ฐ”๋‹ค๋Š” ์ ์ด๋‹ค. ๋ณธ ์„œ๋ฌธ์—์„œ๋Š” ๋„ค ํŽธ์˜ ๋…ผ๋ฌธ๋“ค์„ ํฌ๊ด„ํ•˜๋Š” ํ•ต์‹ฌ ์ฃผ์ œ๋ฅผ ๊ฒฝ๊ณ„์˜ ์–ธ์–ดํ™”์™€ ์†Œํ†ต์ด๋ผ๊ณ  ๊ทœ์ •ํ•˜์—ฌ, ์–ธ์–ด์ธ๋ฅ˜ํ•™์ด ์–ด๋–ป๊ฒŒ ๊ธฐํ˜ธ์˜ ์กด์žฌ๋ก ์—์„œ ์ธ๊ฐ„์˜ ์ธ์‹๋ก ์— ์ด๋ฅด๊ธฐ๊นŒ์ง€, ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ๋ฏธ์‹œ์  ์ƒํ˜ธ์ž‘์šฉ์—์„œ ๊ฑฐ์‹œ์  ์‚ฌํšŒ ๊ตฌ์กฐ๊นŒ์ง€๋ฅผ ์—ฐ๊ฒฐ์‹œํ‚ฌ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š”์ง€ ๊ฐ„๋žตํžˆ ์†Œ๊ฐœํ•˜๊ณ ์ž ํ•œ๋‹ค

    ๊ณผํ…Œ๋ง๋ผ์—์„œ ๋งˆ์•ผ์˜ ์˜๋ฏธ๋ฅผ ์ดํ•ดํ•˜๊ธฐ๊นŒ์ง€

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    ํ•„์ž๊ฐ€ ๊ณผํ…Œ๋ง๋ผ๋ฅผ ์ฒ˜์Œ ๋ฐฉ๋ฌธํ•œ ๊ฒƒ์€ 1997๋…„ 12์›” ๋ง์ด์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๋ผํ‹ด์•„๋ฉ”๋ฆฌ์นด๋ฅผ ๋ฐฉ๋ฌธํ•œ ๊ฒƒ์€ ๊ทธ๊ฒŒ ์ฒ˜์Œ์€ ์•„๋‹ˆ์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ณผํ…Œ๋ง๋ผ๋กœ ๊ฐ€๊ธฐ ์ „์—๋Š” ํ•„์ž๊ฐ€ ๋ฐ•์‚ฌ๊ณผ์ •์„ ๋ฐŸ๊ณ  ์žˆ๋˜ ๋‰ด์š•์ฃผ๋ฆฝ๋Œ€ ์ธ๋ฅ˜ํ•™๊ณผ ์˜ ํ˜„์žฅํ•™๊ต(field school) ํ”„๋กœ๊ทธ๋žจ์˜ ์ผํ™˜์œผ๋กœ ๋‹ˆ์นด๋ผ๊ณผ์—์„œ ํ•œ ํ•™๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ๋ณด๋‚ธ ์ ์ด ์žˆ์—ˆ๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์ด๋‹ค. ๋‚ด๊ฐ€ ๊ทธํ† ๋ก ๊ฟˆ๊พธ์–ด์˜ค๋˜ ๊ทธ ๋จผ ๊ณณ. ๋‚˜๋Š” ํ•œ๊ตญ์—์„œ ๊ฐ€๊ธ‰์  ๊ณต๊ฐ„์ ์œผ๋กœ, ๋ฌธํ™”์ ์œผ๋กœ ๋ฉ€๋ฆฌ ๋–จ์–ด ์ง„ ๊ณณ์—์„œ ์ธ๋ฅ˜ํ•™์ž์˜ ๊ฟˆ์„ ํŽผ์น˜๊ณ  ์‹ถ์—ˆ๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์— ๋ผํ‹ด์•„๋ฉ”๋ฆฌ์นด, ๊ทธ ์ค‘์—์„œ๋„ ํ•„์ž์˜ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ ์ฃผ์ œ์— ์ ํ•ฉํ•œ ๊ณผํ…Œ๋ง๋ผ๋ฅผ ํ˜„์ง€(field) ๋กœ ์„ ํƒํ–ˆ๋‹ค

    `๋†๋‹ด` ๋ฐ `๊ณ๋ง`์˜ ๊ตฌ์กฐ์™€ ์‚ฌ์šฉ์–‘์‹

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    ํ•™์œ„๋…ผ๋ฌธ(์„์‚ฌ)--์„œ์šธ๋Œ€ํ•™๊ต ๋Œ€ํ•™์› :์ธ๋ฅ˜ํ•™๊ณผ ์ธ๋ฅ˜ํ•™์ „๊ณต,1995.Maste

    Structuring Web Data using Labeled Tree Model

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    Maste

    Double Bind Between Racialization and Ethnicization: A Study of Mayan Identities in Guatemala

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    ๊ณผํ…Œ๋ง๋ผ์˜ ์‚ฌํšŒ์™€ ๋ฌธํ™”์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์ด์ œ๊นŒ์ง€์˜ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋“ค์„ ๋ณด๋ฉด ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์ž๋“ค์˜ ์ฃผ์š” ๊ด€์‹ฌ์ด ๋Œ€๊ฐœ ๊ณผํ…Œ๋ง๋ผ์˜ ํŠน์ˆ˜ํ•œ ์—ญ์‚ฌ, ์ •์น˜์  ์กฐ๊ฑด ์†์—์„œ ์†Œ์ˆ˜ ๋ฏผ์กฑ์ธ ๋งˆ์•ผ(Maya)์ธ๋“ค์˜ ์ •์ฒด์„ฑ์ด ์–ด๋–ป๊ฒŒ ํ˜•์„ฑ๋˜์–ด์™”๋Š”๊ฐ€์— ์ง‘์ค‘๋˜์–ด ์žˆ์Œ์„ ์•Œ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค(๊ฐ€๋ น Warren 1978; Hawkins 1984; Smith 1990b; Carmack 1995). ์ด๋Š” ๊ณผํ…Œ๋ง๋ผ์˜ ๋‚ด์ „ ๋ฐ ์ตœ๊ทผ ๋งˆ์•ผ ์›์ฃผ๋ฏผ ์šด๋™ ๋“ฑ ์—ญ๋™์ ์ธ ์ •์น˜์  ์ƒํ™ฉ์— ๋งˆ์•ผ์ธ๋“ค์˜ ์ •์ฒด์„ฑ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์‚ฌํšŒ๊ณผํ•™์  ์—ฐ๊ตฌ ๋ฐ ์ •์น˜์  ๋ถ„์„์„ ์š”๊ตฌํ–ˆ๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์ด๋ผ ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์„ ๊ฒƒ์ด๋‹ค. ๋งˆ์•ผ ์ •์ฒด์„ฑ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์‚ฌํšŒ๊ณผํ•™์  ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์™€ ์ •์น˜์  ๋ถ„์„๋“ค์€ ํฌ๊ฒŒ ๋‹ค์Œ๊ณผ ๊ฐ™์ด ๊ตฌ๋ถ„๋  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์ฒซ์งธ, ๋งˆ์•ผ๋ผ๋Š” ์‚ฌํšŒ์  ๋ฒ”์ฃผ๋ฅผ ๊ฒฝ์ œ์  ๊ณ„๊ธ‰์œผ๋กœ ๊ทœ์ •ํ•œ๋‹ค(Martinez Pelรกez 1971). ๋งˆ์•ผ ์ธ๋””์–ธ๊ณผ ๋ผ๋””๋…ธ(Ladino)๋ผ๋Š” ์ƒ์ดํ•œ ์ข…์กฑ ์ง‘๋‹จ(ethnic group)์ด ๊ฐ๊ธฐ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ๊ณ„๊ธ‰์— ์†ํ•˜๊ธฐ๋„ ํ•œ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด ๊ทธ ๋…ผ์ง€์ด๋‹ค. ์ฆ‰ ๊ฐ€๊ณ„ ์ˆ˜์ž… ๋ฐ ์ƒ์‚ฐ ์–‘์‹์˜ ํ†ต์ œ๋Š” ๋งˆ์•ผ์ธ์ด๋ƒ ๋ผ๋””๋…ธ์ด๋ƒ์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ ์ ˆ๋Œ€์ ์œผ๋กœ ์ฐจ๋ณ„ํ™”๋œ๋‹ค๋Š” ์ฃผ์žฅ์ด๋‹ค. ๋‘˜์งธ, ๋ฌธํ™”์  ํŠน์งˆ๋“ค์—๋งŒ ์ดˆ์ ์„ ๋งž์ถ”์–ด "๋งˆ์•ผ"๋ฅผ ์ข…์กฑ ์ •์ฒด์„ฑ์—๋งŒ ๊ตญํ•œ๋œ ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ๋ณธ ๊ฒƒ์ด ์žˆ๋‹ค(Hawkins 1984; Fischer 2001). ๋งˆ์•ผ์ธ๋“ค์˜ ๋ฌธํ™”์  ํŠน์งˆ๋“ค์€ ํŠน์ˆ˜ํ•œ ์—ญ์‚ฌ์  ๊ณผ์ • ์†์—์„œ ๋ผ๋””๋…ธ ๋ฌธํ™”์— ๋Œ€์‘ํ•˜์—ฌ ํ˜•์„ฑ ๋ฐ ๊ณ ์ฐฉํ™”๋˜์—ˆ๊ฑฐ๋‚˜(Hawkins 1984), ์‹œ๋Œ€๊ฐ€ ๋ณ€ํ•ด๋„ ๋ถˆ๋ณ€ํ•˜๋Š” ๋งˆ์•ผ ๋ฌธํ™”๋งŒ์˜ ํŠน์ •์ด ์žˆ๋‹ค(Fischer 2001)๋Š” ์ฃผ์žฅ์ด ๊ทธ๊ฒƒ์ด๋‹ค. ์ด๋Š” ์˜ค๋Š˜๋‚  ๋ฒ”๋งˆ์•ผ ์šด๋™(pan-maya movements) ํ˜น์€ ์ข…์กฑ์žฌ์ƒ์šด๋™(ethnic revitalization movements)์ด๋ผ ์นญํ•ด์ง€๋Š” ๋งˆ์•ผ์›์ฃผ๋ฏผ ์šด๋™์— ์ฃผ์š”ํ•œ ์ด๋ก ์  ๊ทผ๊ฑฐ๋ฅผ ์ œ๊ณตํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค. In Guatemala the stereotypic dichotomy that distinguishes Maya from ladino is often linked to cultural and social discrimination and a system of racial ranking. This paper demonstrates the construction of the dichotomy of ladino vs. Indian and double bind ideologies reflected in discourses about Maya. Specifically, I analyze racializing and ethnicizing discourses about Mayan Indians in Guatemala. Racializing discourse makes boundaries among groups in natural terms, whereas ethnicizing discourse makes boundaries in cultural terms. Mayan Indians try to break with the stigmatized ethnic past, but they assign "true" Maya identity to their nostalgic past. Projecting ladinos' dichotomous ideology between primitive vs. cultural onto Mayas double-bound identities, Mayans reproduce the discourse of ladinization and ethnostalgia. The stereotypic dichotomy erases the differences among Mayan Indians, creating a homogeneous group. In conclusion, Maya-ness includes both negative and positive aspects that result in the state of double bind; one is low class and the other valorized authenticity. I argue that the coexistence of racializing and ethnicizing discourses regarding Maya identity reflects the ethnoracial stratification in Guatemala and it is reproduced in Mayan Indians' self-perception

    The Emergence of the Discource of 'Indigenous Peoples' and the Reified Concept of 'Culture': A Case of Guatemala

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    This paper explores the way in which the notion of 'indigenous peoples' is created in the transnational context and is adopted in a local context such as Guatemala. I utilize discourse analysis with post-structural perspectives to look at how social categories are created and deployed through textualization. In Guatemala, in 1995 the convention concerning indigenous peoples' rights passed. With the adoption of the Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples, Guatemala now sees the expansion of Pan-Mayan movement whose main aim is to unite diverse Mayan indigenous groups. I argue that the discourses of indigeneity is politicized, as is in any other countries where indigenous movements are taking place. In Quatemala, one of the ways in which the discourse of indigeneity is articulated is the use of a particular concept of 'culture'. The reified concept of 'culture' is closely connected to the category of indigenous peoples, as is found in academic, activist, and political discourses. Once produced, the text fixes the meaning of notions such as 'indigenous peoples' or 'culure'
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