3 research outputs found

    The characteristics of the frame apartments supply to solve the problems of slum and squatter settlement in Seoul

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    ํ•™์œ„๋…ผ๋ฌธ (์„์‚ฌ)-- ์„œ์šธ๋Œ€ํ•™๊ต ๋Œ€ํ•™์› : ํ˜‘๋™๊ณผ์ • ๋„์‹œ์„ค๊ณ„ํ•™์ „๊ณต, 2016. 2. ์ตœ๋ง‰์ค‘.์Šฌ๋Ÿผ์ด ๋Œ€์„ธ์ธ๊ฐ€? ํ˜„์žฌ ๊ฐœ๋ฐœ๋„์ƒ๊ตญ์€ ๊ธ‰์†ํ•œ ๋„์‹œํ™”์— ๋”ฐ๋ฅธ ์ฃผํƒ, ์ธํ”„๋ผ ๋ถ€์กฑ ๋“ฑ์˜ ๋„์‹œ๋ฌธ์ œ๋ฅผ ๊ฒช๊ณ  ์žˆ๋Š”๋ฐ, ๋„์‹œํ™”์— ๋”ฐ๋ฅธ ๋ถˆ๋Ÿ‰์ฃผ๊ฑฐ์ง€์˜ ํ™•์‚ฐ์œผ๋กœ ์ „ ์„ธ๊ณ„ ๋„์‹œ์ธ๊ตฌ์˜ 1/3์ด ์Šฌ๋Ÿผ(slum)๊ณผ ๋ฌดํ—ˆ๊ฐ€์ •์ฐฉ์ง€(squatter)์— ๊ฑฐ์ฃผํ•˜๋Š” ๋“ฑ ๊ฐœ๋ฐœ๋„์ƒ๊ตญ์˜ ์ฃผํƒ๋ฌธ์ œ๋Š” ๋งค์šฐ ์‹ฌ๊ฐํ•œ ์ƒํ™ฉ์ด๋‹ค. ํ•œ๊ตญ๋„ ์ง€๊ธˆ์˜ ๊ฐœ๋ฐœ๋„์ƒ๊ตญ์ฒ˜๋Ÿผ ๊ณผ๊ฑฐ ๊ธ‰์†ํ•œ ๋„์‹œํ™”๊ณผ์ •์—์„œ ์‹ฌ๊ฐํ•œ ์ฃผํƒ๋‚œ์„ ๊ฒช์—ˆ๋Š”๋ฐ, 1965๋…„ ์„œ์šธ์˜ ์ฃผํƒ๋ถ€์กฑ๋ฅ ์€ 50%์— ์œก๋ฐ•ํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ์„œ์šธ์‹œ๋Š” ์ด์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๋Œ€์ฑ…์œผ๋กœ ๋Œ€๋‹จ์ง€ ์กฐ์„ฑ๊ณ„ํš์— ์˜ํ•œ ์ด์ฃผ ์ •๋ฆฌ, ํ˜„์ง€๊ฐœ๋Ÿ‰ ์ •๋ฆฌ, ๊ณจ์กฐ์•„ํŒŒํŠธ๋กœ ๊ฑด๋ฆฝ ์ •๋ฆฌํ•œ๋‹ค๋Š” ๋‚ด์šฉ์˜ ๋ถˆ๋Ÿ‰๊ฑด๋ฌผ ์ •๋ฆฌ๊ณ„ํš์„ 1967๋…„์— ๋ฐœํ‘œํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ์ด ์ค‘ ๊ณจ์กฐ์•„ํŒŒํŠธ ๊ฑด๋ฆฝ ์ •๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ํ›„์— ์‹œ๋ฏผ์•„ํŒŒํŠธ ๊ฑด๋ฆฝ ์‚ฌ์—…์œผ๋กœ ๋ฐœ์ „ํ•˜์˜€๋Š”๋ฐ ์ด ๋ฐฉ์‹์€ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ๊ฐœ๋ฐœ๋„์ƒ๊ตญ์—์„œ๋Š” ์‰ฝ๊ฒŒ ์‹œ๋„๋˜์ง€ ์•Š์•˜๋˜ ๋ฐฉ์‹์ž„์„ ์•Œ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์ด์— ๋ณธ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋Š” ๋ฌดํ—ˆ๊ฐ€ ๋ถˆ๋Ÿ‰์ฃผ๊ฑฐ์ง€ ๋ฌธ์ œ ํ•ด๊ฒฐ ๋ฐฉ์•ˆ์œผ๋กœ์จ ์‹œ๋ฏผ์•„ํŒŒํŠธ ๊ฑด๋ฆฝ์‚ฌ์—…์„ ์žฌ์กฐ๋ช…ํ•˜๊ณ ์ž ๊ฐœ๋ฐœ๋„์ƒ๊ตญ์—์„œ ๊ณผ๊ฑฐ์—์„œ ํ˜„์žฌ๊นŒ์ง€ ์Šฌ๋Ÿผ์— ์ ‘๊ทผํ•œ ๋ฐฉ์‹๋“ค์„ ์œ ํ˜•ํ™”ํ•˜๊ณ  ์ด๋ฅผ ๋ฐ”ํƒ•์œผ๋กœ ์‹œ๋ฏผ์•„ํŒŒํŠธ๊ฐ€ ๊ฐ€์ง€๊ณ  ์žˆ๋Š” ํŠน์„ฑ์„ ์ •์ฑ…์ , ๋ฌผ๋ฆฌ์ , ๊ฒฝ์ œ์  ์ธก๋ฉด์—์„œ ๋ถ„์„ํ•˜์˜€์œผ๋ฉฐ ์ด๋Š” ๋‹ค์Œ๊ณผ ๊ฐ™๋‹ค. ์ฒซ์งธ, 1970๋…„๋Œ€ ์ค‘๋ฐ˜๊นŒ์ง€ ๋Œ€๋ถ€๋ถ„์˜ ๊ฐœ๋ฐœ๋„์ƒ๊ตญ์—์„œ๋Š” ๋ถˆ๋ฒ•์  ์ ์œ ์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ๋ฐฉ์น˜์™€ ๊ฐ•์ œํ‡ด๊ฑฐ์˜ ๋ฐฉ์‹์œผ๋กœ ๋Œ€์‘ํ–ˆ์—ˆ๊ณ , 1970๋…„๋Œ€ ํ›„๋ฐ˜๋ถ€ํ„ฐ๋Š” ์ž์กฐ(Self-help)์ฃผํƒ์œผ๋กœ ์ธ์‹๋œ Site and Services"ํ”„๋กœ์ ํŠธ์˜ ํ™•๋Œ€์™€ ํ•จ๊ป˜ ๋Œ€๊ทœ๋ชจ ์ •์ฐฉ์ง€์กฐ์„ฑ ์ด์ฃผ๋ฐฉ์‹์ด ์‹ค์‹œ๋˜์–ด์™”๋‹ค. ์ด ์ž์กฐ์ฃผํƒ ๋ฐฉ์‹์€ 1970๋…„ UN์„ธ๋ฏธ๋‚˜์—์„œ ํ™•๋Œ€ ์‹ค์‹œํ•˜๋Š”๋ฐ ์˜๊ฒฌ์ผ์น˜๋ฅผ ๋ณธ ํ›„ ์ง€๋‚œ 25๋…„ ๊ฐ„ ๊ฐœ๋ฐœ๋„์ƒ๊ตญ ์ฃผํƒ์ •์ฑ…์— ์žˆ์–ด ๊ฐ€์žฅ ์ผ๋ฐ˜์ ์ธ ์œ ํ˜•์œผ๋กœ ์ž๋ฆฌ ์žก์•˜๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋Ÿฐ๋ฐ ์‹œ๋ฏผ์•„ํŒŒํŠธ ๋ถ€์ง€ ๋ฐ ๊ธฐ๋ฐ˜์‹œ์„ค ๊ณต๊ธ‰์˜ ํŠน์„ฑ์„ ๋ถ„์„ํ•œ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ ์ด ์ž์กฐ์ฃผํƒ์˜ ๋ถ€์ง€(site)์™€ ์„œ๋น„์Šค(services) ๊ฐœ๋…์„ ๋‚ดํฌํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ฌ๋‹ค. ์‹œ๋ฏผ์•„ํŒŒํŠธ ๋ถ€์ง€์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด์„œ๋Š” ์‹œ์—์„œ ์†Œ์œ ๊ถŒ์„ ๊ฐ€์ง€๊ณ  ์žˆ๋˜ ์ž…์ฃผ์ž๋“ค์—๊ฒŒ ์žฅ๊ธฐ ํ† ์ง€์ด์šฉ๊ถŒ์„ ์ธ์ •ํ•œ ํ˜•์‹์ด์—ˆ๊ณ , ๊ธฐ๋ฐ˜์‹œ์„ค์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด์„œ๋Š” ์‹œ๋น„๋ณด์กฐ๋กœ ์ง„์ž…๋กœ ๋ฐ ๋ถ€์ง€์กฐ์„ฑ๊ณต์‚ฌ, ์˜ฅ์™ธ ์ƒยทํ•˜์ˆ˜๋„ ๊ณต์‚ฌ๋ฅผ ์ œ๊ณตํ•˜์˜€๋˜ ๊ฒƒ์„ ํ™•์ธํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๋‘˜์งธ, ์‹œ๋ฏผ์•„ํŒŒํŠธ ๊ฑด๋ฆฝ์‚ฌ์—…์„ ์ž์กฐ์ฃผํƒ์˜ ๋ฐฉ์‹์œผ๋กœ ์ดํ•ด๋ฅผ ํ•ด๋ณด๋ฉด ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ๋‚˜๋ผ์˜ ์‚ฌ๋ก€๋“ค๊ณผ๋Š” ๋‹ค๋ฅด๊ฒŒ ์ˆ˜์ง์ ์œผ๋กœ ์ง‘์ ํ•œ ๊ฒƒ์ด ๋…ํŠนํ•˜๋‹ค. ์ด ์š”์ธ์„ ์‚ดํŽด๋ณด๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด ๋‹น์‹œ ๋ฌดํ—ˆ๊ฐ€ ๋ถˆ๋Ÿ‰์ฃผํƒ ๋™์ˆ˜์™€ ์„œ์šธ์‹œ์—์„œ ์†Œ์œ ํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์—ˆ๋˜ ๋Œ€์ง€์˜ ๊ทœ๋ชจ๋ฅผ ๋น„๊ตํ•˜์˜€๊ณ , ์‹œ๋ฏผ์•„ํŒŒํŠธ ๊ณต๊ธ‰๋ฉด์ ์˜ ํ‰๊ท ์ธ ์•ฝ 11.71ํ‰์„ ์ œ๊ณตํ•œ๋‹ค๊ณ  ๊ฐ€์ •ํ•˜์—ฌ ํ•„์š”๋ฉด์ ์„ ์‚ฐ์ •ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๊ทธ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ ์กฐ์‚ฌ ๋Œ€์ƒ์ด์—ˆ๋˜ ํšŒํ˜„์ง€๊ตฌ, ๋ถ์•„ํ˜„์ง€๊ตฌ, ์‚ฐ์ฒœ์ง€๊ตฌ์—์„œ ๋ชจ๋‘์—์„œ 5์ธต ์ด์ƒ์œผ๋กœ ๊ฑด๋ฆฝํ•ด์•ผ๋งŒ ํ•„์š”ํ•œ ๋ฉด์ ์ด ํ™•๋ณด ๊ฐ€๋Šฅํ•œ ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚˜ ๊ธฐ์กด์˜ ์ €๋ฐ€๋„ ์†Œํ˜• ๋‹จ๋…์ฃผํƒ์ง€ ์กฐ์„ฑ์œผ๋กœ๋Š” ๋‹น์‹œ์˜ ์ฃผํƒ๋ถ€์กฑํ˜„์ƒ์„ ํ•ด๊ฒฐํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์—†์—ˆ๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์— ์„œ์šธ์‹œ์—์„œ ํ•œ์ •๋œ ๊ณต์œ ์ง€ ๋‚ด์— ๊ฐ€๊ธ‰์  ๋งŽ์€ ์„ธ๋Œ€๋ฅผ ํ˜„์ง€์ •์ฐฉ ์‹œํ‚ค๊ณ ์ž ์ˆ˜์ง์ ์œผ๋กœ ์ง‘์ ํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฐฉ์‹์„ ์‹œ๋„ํ•œ ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ํ•ด์„ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์…‹์งธ, ์‹œ๋ฏผ์•„ํŒŒํŠธ ๊ฑด๋ฆฝ์‚ฌ์—…์€ ๊ณต์‚ฌ๋ณ„๋กœ ๊ตฌ๋ถ„ํ•˜์—ฌ ์‹œ์—์„œ ๊ณจ์กฐ ๋ฐ ์™ธ๋ฒฝ๊ณต์‚ฌ๋ฅผ ๋‹ด๋‹นํ•˜๊ณ  ์ž…์ฃผ์ž๊ฐ€ ๋‚ด๋ถ€๊ณต์‚ฌ๋ฅผ ๋‹ด๋‹นํ•˜๋„๋ก ํ•˜์˜€๋Š”๋ฐ ์ด ๊ณจ์กฐ ๋ฐ ์™ธ๋ฒฝ์— ํ•ด๋‹นํ•˜๋Š” ๊ณต์‚ฌ๋น„์— ๋Œ€ํ•˜์—ฌ ์„œ์šธ์‹œ๋Š” 15๋…„๊ฐ„ ์—ฐ๋ฆฌ 8%๋กœ ์œต์ž๋ฅผ ์ œ๊ณตํ•˜์—ฌ ์ž…์ฃผ์ž๋กœ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ๋งค์›” ์•ฝ 2,300์›์”ฉ ์ƒํ™˜ํ•˜๋„๋ก ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๋‹น์‹œ ์‹œ์ค‘๊ธˆ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ์—ฐ 30%, ์‚ฌ์ฑ„๊ธˆ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ์—ฐ 50%๋ฅผ ์ƒํšŒํ•˜๋Š” ์ƒํ™ฉ์ด์—ˆ๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์— ์„œ์šธ์‹œ์˜ ์ €๋ฆฌ ์œต์ž์ •์ฑ…์€ ์ƒ๋‹นํ•œ ๋ณด์กฐ์˜€์Œ์„ ์•Œ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์ž…์ฃผ์ž๊ฐ€ ๋ถ€๋‹ดํ•˜์˜€๋˜ ์›” 2,300์›์€ ๋‹น์‹œ ๊ฐ€๊ตฌ์†Œ๋“๊ณผ ๋น„๊ตํ•  ๋•Œ ์ง€๋ถˆ๊ฐ€๋Šฅํ–ˆ์„ ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ๋ถ„์„๋˜์—ˆ์ง€๋งŒ ์•„ํŒŒํŠธ๋กœ ๊ฑฐ์ฃผ์ง€๋กœ ์˜ฎ๊ธฐ๋ฉด์„œ ํŒ์ž์ง‘์—์„œ ๊ฐ€๋Šฅํ–ˆ๋˜ ์ž„๋Œ€๋ฃŒ ์ˆ˜์ต์ด ์—†์–ด์ง„ ์ , ๋˜ํ•œ ์›” ์ƒํ™˜๊ธˆ๊ณผ ๋‚ด๋ถ€๊ณต์‚ฌ๋น„ ๋“ฑ์œผ๋กœ ์ง€์ถœ์ด ์ฆ๊ฐ€๋œ ์ ์œผ๋กœ ์ธํ•ด ์ผ๋ถ€์—์„œ ์ž…์ฃผ๊ถŒ์„ ๋งค๋งคํ•œ ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ํ™•์ธ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์ด์ƒ์—์„œ ๋…ผ์˜ํ•œ ๋ฐ”๋ฅผ ํ† ๋Œ€๋กœ ๋ฌดํ—ˆ๊ฐ€ ๋ถˆ๋Ÿ‰์ฃผ๊ฑฐ์ง€์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๊ธ€๋กœ๋ฒŒํ•œ ์ ‘๊ทผ์œผ๋กœ ํ•œ๊ตญ์˜ ์‹œ๋ฏผ์•„ํŒŒํŠธ ๊ณต๊ธ‰ ์ •์ฑ…์„ ์žฌ์กฐ๋ช…ํ•ด๋ณด๋ฉด ์ž์กฐ์ฃผํƒ์˜ ๋ฐฉ์‹์„ ๊ณ ๋ฐ€ํ™”ํ•œ ์‹œ๋„์˜€๋˜ ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ํ•ด์„ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ์‹œ๊ฐ์€ ์ด์ œ๊นŒ์ง€์˜ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋“ค์—์„œ ํ•œ์ •์ ์ด์—ˆ๋˜ ์‹œ๋ฏผ์•„ํŒŒํŠธ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ํ•ด์„์„ ๊ตญ์ œ์ ์ธ ๋งฅ๋ฝ์—์„œ ์ดํ•ดํ•˜๊ณ  ์ผ๋ฐ˜ํ™” ํ–ˆ๋‹ค๋Š” ์ ์—์„œ ์ค‘์š”ํ•œ ์˜๋ฏธ๋ฅผ ์ง€๋‹Œ๋‹ค. ๋ณธ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•ด ํ˜„์žฌ ์ฃผํƒ๋ถ€์กฑ๋ฌธ์ œ๋ฅผ ๊ฒช๊ณ  ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ฐœ๋ฐœ๋„์ƒ๊ตญ์˜ ์ €์†Œ๋“์ธต์„ ๋Œ€์ƒ์œผ๋กœ ํ•œ ๊ณต๋™์ฃผํƒ ์ •์ฑ…์— ์ฐธ๊ณ ๊ฐ€ ๋  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ํฌ๋งํ•˜๋ฉฐ ํ–ฅํ›„ ๊ฐ ๋‚˜๋ผ๊ฐ€ ์ฒ˜ํ•œ ์ƒํ™ฉ๊ณผ ๊ทธ์— ๋งž๋Š” ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์ธ์ง€๋ฅผ ์‹ค์ฆ์ ์œผ๋กœ ๋ถ„์„ํ•˜๋Š” ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๊ฐ€ ์ง€์†๋˜๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ๊ธฐ๋Œ€ํ•œ๋‹ค. ์ฃผ์š”์–ด : ๊ฐœ๋ฐœ๋„์ƒ๊ตญ, ์„œ์šธ, ๋ฌดํ—ˆ๊ฐ€ ์ •์ฐฉ์ง€, ์ž์กฐ์ฃผํƒ, ์‹œ๋ฏผ์•„ํŒŒํŠธUrbanization has appeared more clearly in developing countries than developed countries. Developing countries are experiencing urban problems such as housing shortage and lack of infrastructure due to rapid urbanization. Housing problem in developing countries is very serious that around one-third of the world's urban population lives in slums and squatter settlements. Seoul also went through serious urban problems in 1960s during the rapid urbanization process just like developing countries in now, the housing shortage in 1965 in Seoul was nearly 50%. Therefore, the city announced plans of slum clearance such as resettlement, in-situ improvement, and frame apartments in 1967. The plan of Si-mim apartments was based on the plan of frame apartments. This approach hasn't been tried easily in any other developing countries. Therefore, the purpose of this study is to refocus the construction of Si-min apartments as a solution of slums and squatter settlements to classify past and present approaches to slums in developing countries. The characteristics of the apartments were analysed in terms of policy, physical, and economic, and the results are as follows. Firstly, negligence and eviction predominated in most developing countries until the mid-1970s. But solutions had been discussed in the international community since the early 1970s and "Site and Services" project which was recognized as a self-help housing program stemmed from the late 1970s. This self-help housing scheme has become the most common type of housing policies in developing countries over the past 25 years after it was decided to expand at the UN conference. This concept of Site and Services" was indicated through the analysis of land and infrastructure supply of Si-min apartment. The city held ownership of the land but permitted a long-term land usage to the tenants and provided the infrastructure such as construction of the site, outdoor ramp, water supply, and sewage system. Secondly, understanding Si-min apartments by way of self-help housing projects, vertical integration is unique and different from practices of other countries. To look at the cause of this feature, it was required to compare the size of the land owned by the city with the area occupied by squatter, and then the required area was calculated assuming that approximately 38.71ใŽก which is the average size per household in the apartments is provided to the tenants. As a result, the required area was fitted by building more than five stories in all targeted districts, Hoehyeon, Bukahhyeon and Sancheon. Thus it can be interpreted that the city had attempted the way of vertically integrated to accommodate tenants as many as possible within a limited public land. Thirdly, the process of Si-min apartment construction was divided that the city was in charge of framing and exterior wall construction and tenants were in charge of the interior construction. The city provided loan at 8% annual interest for 15 years and monthly repayment was approximately 2,300 won. This low-interest loan policy was substantial subsidy because the market interest rate was 30% and the private loan interest rate was higher than 50% per year at that time. The monthly repayment, approximately 2,300 won, was affordable when compared to household income. Nevertheless, some of the residents sold the right of residence because the rental income was not available any more after moving into the apartment and the spending increased due to the repayment and the cost of interior construction. Based on above, refocusing the plan of Si-min apartments construction as an approach to slums, it can be interpreted as a densification of self-help housing program. This view is important that Seoul Si-min apartment was understood and generalized in a global context although it was limited to analysis in previous studies. Hope the results of this study is useful to the public housing policy for low-income people in developing countries and look forward to future studies to analyze that the approach of Si-min apartments would be appropriate in circumstances of each countries. keywords : Developing Countries, Housing Shortage, Seoul, Self-help Housing Program, Frame Apartmentโ… . ์„œ ๋ก  1 1. ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์˜ ๋ฐฐ๊ฒฝ ๋ฐ ๋ชฉ์  1 2. ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์˜ ๋ฒ”์œ„ ๋ฐ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ• 4 โ…ก. ๋ฌดํ—ˆ๊ฐ€ ๋ถˆ๋Ÿ‰์ฃผ๊ฑฐ์ง€ ๋ฌธ์ œ ๋ฐ ์„ ํ–‰์—ฐ๊ตฌ ๊ณ ์ฐฐ 7 1. ๊ณผ๊ฑฐ์—์„œ ํ˜„์žฌ๊นŒ์ง€ ์Šฌ๋Ÿผ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์ ‘๊ทผ 7 1) ๊ฐœ๋ฐœ๋„์ƒ๊ตญ 7 2) ํ•œ๊ตญ 14 2. ์„ ํ–‰์—ฐ๊ตฌ ๊ณ ์ฐฐ 19 โ…ข. ์‹œ๋ฏผ์•„ํŒŒํŠธ ๊ฑด๋ฆฝ์‚ฌ์—… ๊ธฐ๋ณธ๊ณ„ํš 21 1. ์‹œ๋ฏผ์•„ํŒŒํŠธ ๊ฑด๋ฆฝ์˜ ๋ฐฐ๊ฒฝ 21 1) ๋„์‹œ์ฃผํƒ๋‚œ์˜ ์‹ฌํ™” 21 2) ๋ฌดํ—ˆ๊ฐ€ ๋ถˆ๋Ÿ‰์ฃผ๊ฑฐ์ง€์˜ ํ™•์‚ฐ 23 3) ์•„ํŒŒํŠธ์˜ ๋ณด๊ธ‰ 25 2. 69์‹œ๋ฏผ์•„ํŒŒํŠธ ๊ฑด๋ฆฝ์‚ฌ์—… ๊ธฐ๋ณธ๊ณ„ํš 28 1) ๊ธฐ๋ณธ๊ณ„ํš์˜ ์ฃผ์š”๋‚ด์šฉ 28 2) ๊ธฐ๋ณธ๊ณ„ํš์˜ ๋ณ€๊ฒฝ 34 โ…ฃ. ์‹œ๋ฏผ์•„ํŒŒํŠธ ๊ณต๊ธ‰์˜ ํŠน์„ฑ 39 1. ์ •์ฑ…์  ํŠน์„ฑ 39 1) ํ˜„์ง€์ •์ฐฉ์˜ ๊ฐœ๋… 39 2) ์ž์กฐ์ฃผํƒ์˜ ๊ฐœ๋… 42 2. ๋ฌผ๋ฆฌ์  ํŠน์„ฑ 46 3. ๊ฒฝ์ œ์  ํŠน์„ฑ 52 1) ๊ณต๊ธ‰์ž ์ธก๋ฉด 52 2) ์ˆ˜์š”์ž ์ธก๋ฉด 56 4. ์†Œ๊ฒฐ 62 โ…ค. ๊ฒฐ๋ก  65 โ…ฅ. ์ฐธ๊ณ ๋ฌธํ—Œ 69 Abstract 73Maste

    ๋ชจ๋”๋‹ˆ์ฆ˜, ์‚ฌํšŒ์ฃผ์˜, ํ†ต์น˜์˜ ๋„์‹œ๊ณ„ํš์˜ ๊ท ํ˜•๊ณผ ๊ท ์—ด

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    ํ•™์œ„๋…ผ๋ฌธ(๋ฐ•์‚ฌ) -- ์„œ์šธ๋Œ€ํ•™๊ต๋Œ€ํ•™์› : ๊ณต๊ณผ๋Œ€ํ•™ ํ˜‘๋™๊ณผ์ • ๋„์‹œ์„ค๊ณ„ํ•™์ „๊ณต, 2023. 2. ๋ฐ•์ธ๊ถŒ.It is confirmed that North Korea is the country that is physically closest but psychologically the most distant to us. This study can be said to have begun to narrow this mental distance. Based on similarities with South Korea, it is an attempt to understand the city of an unfamiliar country through communal housing, which has become a universal residence in North Korea. The majority of North Koreans, like South Koreans, live in communal housing. In particular, in the urban area of Pyongyang, 9 out of 10 people live in communal housing and 6 out of 10 people live in apartments. It is a higher figure than Seoul, and it is possible to estimate how overwhelming the ratio of apartment and communal housing is in the urban area of Pyongyang. Therefore, North Korean communal housing is enough to be illuminated as a subject of research, but related research is lacking. Studies so far have revealed the limitations of analysis based only on the theory of socialist urban planning. In interpreting the formation and change of communal housing in North Korea, the theoretical framework was limited to socialist principles. Therefore, this study looked into communal housing in North Korea through a model combining the following three perspectives. Modernism urban planning in the most general aspect, socialist urban planning in the general aspect of socialist countries, although somewhat special to us, and government of urban planning in the special situation of North Korea's three-generation hereditary dictatorship system are combined. It is an attempt at a more comprehensive interpretation of forming and change North Korean communal housing regarding the balance, imbalances and cracks of the forces of the three axes through the structured relationship of the components of each theory. From the perspective of modernism urban planning, major cities in North Korea experienced rapid urbanization after the Korean War until the 1970s. It was confirmed that this was related to the heavy industry priority policy. In the case of Pyongyang, even now, compared to other cities, the population growth is steep. It was confirmed that this was also the result of the light industry growth policy that had been pursued since the 1970s. In order to respond to such rapid urbanization, after the Korean War, North Korea built a standard housing type of low-rise communal housing called Oirangsik (single corridor access) based on the model of the Soviet Union and East Germany, and supplied a large amount of housing. After that, from the 1970s, communal housing in North Korea began to become high-rise. Since the late 1980s, it has been shown to be horizontally large in terms of the length of the block, building, and the width of the central road of the apartment complex. In this way, it can be evaluated as a natural result of modernism urban planning that the distribution of communal housing mainly in high-rise apartments in order to resolve the concentration of population due to restoration projects and industrial promotion in cities devastated after the war. Le Corbusier's style of modernism, aiming for functionally standardized housing, was the most suitable solution to the challenges demanded by North Korea in this era. This can also be seen as being in line with the development of apartments in South Korea in response to rapid urbanization since the 1970s. From the perspective of socialist urban planning, an important characteristic of North Korea's communal housing plan is the grouping of everyday spaces to realize socialist life. North Korean communal living area was planned based on the concept of Soguyeok (micro district), which was assumed as a spatial basic unit to organize the collective communal life of residents in socialist urban planning. Accordingly, from the late 1950s, the structure of housing + public facilities was formalized. Ideological and cultural facilities, distribution facilities, communal cooking facilities, and communal production facilities were established as public facilities. Along with this, Inminban and Women's Union were organized to manage communal life. Official practices and networks have been formed and strengthened, and collectivist norms and values that residents must have, have been learned and promoted. Therefore, in North Korea under the planned economy, the physical environment of communal housing and service facilities was created, and the organizational system was established. The living space, collective practice, and the network of (re)produced relationships have repeatedly formed and developed. From the perspective of urban planning of governance, the three regimes in North Korea have strengthened the rationality of governance by utilizing the construction of large-scale communal housing as a way to meet the immediate needs of the times. The Kim Il-sung regime put up the banner of constructing vast communal dwellings in order to restore urban functions that had been devastated by the Korean War. A large number of communal dwellings were quickly supplied through standardization of design and assembly of construction methods. This responded to the people's demand for housing and played a role in giving legitimacy to the fledgling Kim Il-sung regime. On the other hand, the Kim Jong-il regime needed a strategy to highlight creativity and diversity, different from monotonous communal housing due to the quantitative demands of the previous period. Creating unique and new forms of communal housing and visually highlighting it became the most effective way to imprint him as a successor to the people and reveal his qualities as a ruler. It can be seen as a natural development that the Kim Jong-un regime made the declaration of a civilized socialist country to build and enjoy world-class civilization to the people struggling with economic difficulties. The leader's vision to turn the socialist country into a civilized country through the development of science and technology creates an ostentatious and splendid symbolic landscape and enhances the readability of government through the effect of large-scale communal housing construction that can transform the urban landscape. Overall, from the perspective of weakening the balance and cracking, it can be said that communal housing in North Korea under the planned economy system has been balanced by shifting the center of power to modernist urban planning, governance urban planning, and socialist urban planning. However, the economic crisis of the 1990s markedly weakened the power of socialist urban planning and triggered a crack. As a result, communal housing faces significant practical, relational, and physical changes. The disintegration of the distribution system weakened the official practice and network of relations from the government, and brought a change that reduced public facilities that contained it. On the contrary, the dynamics of the market mechanism have greatly increased. Private practice, which was thoroughly controlled under the planned economy system, sprung up spontaneously and led to great changes in formalizing the operation of the market. The network of private relationships tends to overwhelm the network of official relationships by embracing the network of communal relationships. This can be interpreted as the market economy system replacing the planned economy system and playing a role as a mediator of social networks. This implies that the role of the market space as an intermediary space for the network will increase if market transactions are further liberalized in the future. In addition, the government's obligation to supply housing is selectively fulfilled due to reduced capacity. The government's policy change to make up for the reduced housing supply through the market is diversifying the subjects of housing supply. This shows that the center of power is being divided into the private market economy system. In the future, it is confirmed that the population will continue to be concentrated in Pyongyang City as the capital and because of its symbolism beyond that. This will continue to supply large-scale and high-rise communal housing under the banner of the current regimes civilized socialist country. Moreover, in a situation where the socialist system and the market economy system coexist, tower-type apartment housing with a small number of households on the same floor is preferred as a role of protecting private practice, and such a high-rise apartment housing policy is expected to gain more momentum. In the future, as the weakening of socialism continues, it is predicted that the power of urban planning of modernism, governance, and market economy will move toward a new balance point.๋ถํ•œ์€ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ์™€ ๋ฌผ๋ฆฌ์ ์œผ๋กœ ๊ฐ€์žฅ ๊ฐ€๊นŒ์šฐ๋ฉด์„œ๋„ ์‹ฌ๋ฆฌ์ ์œผ๋กœ๋Š” ๊ฐ€์žฅ ๋จผ ๊ตญ๊ฐ€์ž„์ด ํ™•์ธ๋œ๋‹ค. ๋ณธ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋Š” ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ์‹ฌ์  ๊ฑฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ์„ ์ขํ˜€๋ณด๊ณ ์ž ์‹œ์ž‘๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค๊ณ  ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๋‚จํ•œ๊ณผ์˜ ์œ ์‚ฌ์„ฑ์„ ํ† ๋Œ€๋กœ ๋ถํ•œ์˜ ๋ณดํŽธ์  ์ฃผ๊ฑฐ๋กœ ์ž๋ฆฌ ์žก์€ ๊ณต๋™์ฃผ๊ฑฐ๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•˜์—ฌ ๋‚ฏ์„  ๊ตญ๊ฐ€์˜ ๋„์‹œ๋ฅผ ์ดํ•ดํ•˜๊ณ ์ž ์‹œ๋„ํ•œ ๊ฒƒ์ด๋‹ค. ๋ถํ•œ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค๋„ ๋‚จํ•œ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค๊ณผ ๊ฐ™์ด ๋Œ€๋‹ค์ˆ˜๊ฐ€ ๊ณต๋™์ฃผ๊ฑฐ์— ์‚ด๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค. ํŠนํžˆ, ํ‰์–‘ ๋„์‹œ์ง€์—ญ์˜ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ์—๋Š” ์—ด๋ช… ์ค‘ ์•„ํ™‰๋ช…์ด ๊ณต๋™์ฃผํƒ์—, ์—ด๋ช… ์ค‘ ์—ฌ์„ฏ๋ช…์ด ์•„ํŒŒํŠธ์— ์‚ด๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์ด๋Š” ์„œ์šธ๋ณด๋‹ค๋„ ๋” ๋†’์€ ์ˆ˜์น˜์ด๋‹ค. ์ด์— ๋ถํ•œ ๊ณต๋™์ฃผ๊ฑฐ๊ฐ€ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์˜ ๋Œ€์ƒ์œผ๋กœ ์กฐ๋ช…๋˜๊ธฐ์— ์ถฉ๋ถ„ํ•˜๋‚˜ ๊ด€๋ จ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋Š” ๋ถ€์กฑํ•˜๊ธฐ๋งŒ ํ•˜๋‹ค. ์ง€๊ธˆ๊นŒ์ง€์˜ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋“ค์€ ์‚ฌํšŒ์ฃผ์˜ ๋„์‹œ๊ณ„ํš์˜ ์ด๋ก ์—๋งŒ ๊ทผ๊ฑฐํ•˜์—ฌ ๋ถ„์„ํ•˜๋Š” ํ•œ๊ณ„๋ฅผ ๋“œ๋Ÿฌ๋ƒˆ๋‹ค. ๋ถํ•œ ๊ณต๋™์ฃผ๊ฑฐ์˜ ํ˜•์„ฑ๊ณผ ๋ณ€ํ™”๋ฅผ ํ•ด์„ํ•จ์— ์žˆ์–ด ์ด๋ก ์  ํ‹€์ด ์‚ฌํšŒ์ฃผ์˜์  ์›๋ฆฌ์—๋งŒ ๋จธ๋ฌผ๋Ÿฌ ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด๋‹ค. ๋”ฐ๋ผ์„œ ๋ณธ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋Š” ๊ฐ€์žฅ ๋ณดํŽธ์ ์ธ ์ธก๋ฉด์—์„œ ๋ชจ๋”๋‹ˆ์ฆ˜ ๋„์‹œ๊ณ„ํš, ์šฐ๋ฆฌ์—๊ฒ ๋‹ค์†Œ ํŠน์ˆ˜ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ์‚ฌํšŒ์ฃผ์˜ ๊ตญ๊ฐ€์˜ ์ผ๋ฐ˜์  ์ธก๋ฉด์—์„œ ์‚ฌํšŒ์ฃผ์˜ ๋„์‹œ๊ณ„ํš, ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ๋ถํ•œ์˜ 3๋Œ€ ์„ธ์Šต ๋…์žฌ์ฒด์ œ๋ผ๋Š” ํŠน์ˆ˜ํ•œ ์ƒํ™ฉ์—์„œ ํ†ต์น˜์˜ ๋„์‹œ๊ณ„ํš์˜ ์„ฑ๊ฒฉ์ด ๊ฒฐํ•ฉ๋œ ๋ชจํ˜•์„ ํ†ตํ•˜์—ฌ ๋ถํ•œ์˜ ๊ณต๋™์ฃผ๊ฑฐ๋ฅผ ๋“ค์—ฌ๋‹ค๋ณด์•˜๋‹ค. ๊ฐ ์ด๋ก ์˜ ๊ตฌ์„ฑ์š”์†Œ๋“ค์˜ ๊ตฌ์กฐํ™”๋œ ๊ด€๊ณ„๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•˜์—ฌ ์„ธ ๊ฐ€์ง€ ์ถ•์˜ ํž˜์ด ๊ท ํ˜•์„ ์ด๋ฃจ๊ฑฐ๋‚˜ ๋ถˆ๊ท ํ˜• ๋ฐ ๊ท ์—ด์„ ๊ฒช์œผ๋ฉฐ ๋ถํ•œ ๊ณต๋™์ฃผ๊ฑฐ๋ฅผ ํ˜•์„ฑํ•˜๊ณ  ๋ณ€ํ™”๋ฅผ ์ผ์œผํ‚ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์— ๊ด€ํ•˜์—ฌ ๋ณด๋‹ค ํฌ๊ด„์ ์ด๊ณ  ์ข…ํ•ฉ์ ์ธ ํ•ด์„์„ ์‹œ๋„ํ•œ ๊ฒƒ์ด๋‹ค. ๋ชจ๋”๋‹ˆ์ฆ˜ ๋„์‹œ๊ณ„ํš์˜ ๊ด€์ ์—์„œ, ์ „ํ›„ ๋ถํ•œ์˜ ์ฃผ์š” ๋„์‹œ๋“ค์€ 1970๋…„๋Œ€๊นŒ์ง€ ๊ธ‰์†ํ•œ ๋„์‹œํ™” ํ˜„์ƒ์„ ๊ฒช์—ˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ, ์ด๋Š” ์ค‘๊ณต์—… ์šฐ์„  ์ •์ฑ…๊ณผ ๊ด€๋ จ์ด ์žˆ์Œ์ด ํ™•์ธ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ํ‰์–‘์‹œ์˜ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ, ํ˜„์žฌ๊นŒ์ง€๋„ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ๋„์‹œ๋“ค์— ๋น„ํ•˜์—ฌ ๊ฐ€ํŒŒ๋ฅธ ์ธ๊ตฌ ์„ฑ์žฅ์„ ๋ณด์ด๋Š”๋ฐ, ์ด ์—ญ์‹œ 1970๋…„๋Œ€ ์ดํ›„๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ์ถ”์ง„๋œ ๊ฒฝ๊ณต์—… ๋ณ‘ํ–‰ ์„ฑ์žฅ ์ •์ฑ…์˜ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ์ž„์ด ํ™•์ธ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์ด์™€ ๊ฐ™์€ ๊ธ‰์†ํ•œ ๋„์‹œํ™”์— ๋Œ€์‘ํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•˜์—ฌ ์ „ํ›„ ๋ถํ•œ์€ ์†Œ๋ จ๊ณผ ๋™๋…์˜ ๋ชจ๋ธ์„ ๋ฐ”ํƒ•์œผ๋กœ ํ•œ ์ €์ธต ์™ธ๋ž‘์‹(ํŽธ๋ณต๋„์‹)์˜ ํ‘œ์ค€์ฃผ๊ฑฐ์œ ํ˜•์„ ๊ตฌ์ถ•ํ•˜์—ฌ ๋Œ€๋Ÿ‰์˜ ์ฃผ๊ฑฐ๋ฅผ ๊ณต๊ธ‰ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์ดํ›„, 1970๋…„๋Œ€๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ๋ถํ•œ์˜ ๊ณต๋™์ฃผ๊ฑฐ๋Š” ๊ณ ์ธตํ™”ํ•˜๊ธฐ ์‹œ์ž‘ํ•˜์˜€์œผ๋ฉฐ, 1980๋…„๋Œ€ ํ›„๋ฐ˜๋ถ€ํ„ฐ๋Š” ๊ณต๋™์ฃผ๊ฑฐ ๋‹จ์ง€์˜ ๋ธ”๋ก ๊ธธ์ด, ์ฃผ๋™์˜ ๊ธธ์ด, ์ค‘์‹ฌ ๊ฐ€๋กœํญ์˜ ์ธก๋ฉด์—์„œ๋„ ์ˆ˜ํ‰์ ์ธ ๋Œ€ํ˜•ํ™”๋ฅผ ๋ณด์ด๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ฌ๋‹ค. ์ด์ฒ˜๋Ÿผ ์ „ํ›„ ์ดˆํ† ํ™”๋œ ๋„์‹œ์—์„œ ์ง„ํ–‰๋œ ๋ณต๊ตฌ์‚ฌ์—…๊ณผ ์‚ฐ์—… ์ง„ํฅ์œผ๋กœ ์ธํ•œ ์ธ๊ตฌ ์ง‘์ค‘์„ ํ•ด์†Œํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด ๊ณ ์ธต์•„ํŒŒํŠธ ์œ„์ฃผ์˜ ๊ณต๋™์ฃผ๊ฑฐ๋ฅผ ๋ณด๊ธ‰ํ•œ ๊ฒƒ์€ ๋ชจ๋”๋‹ˆ์ฆ˜ ๋„์‹œ๊ณ„ํš์˜ ๋‹น์—ฐํ•œ ๊ท€๊ฒฐ์ด๋ผ ํ‰๊ฐ€ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๊ธฐ๋Šฅ ์ค‘์‹ฌ์˜ ํ‘œ์ค€ํ™”๋œ ์ฃผํƒ์„ ์ง€ํ–ฅํ•œ ๋ฅด ๊ผฌ๋ฅด๋ท”์ œ ์‹์˜ ๋ชจ๋”๋‹ˆ์ฆ˜ ๊ณ„ํš์€ ์ด ์‹œ๋Œ€ ๋ถํ•œ์ด ์š”๊ตฌํ•˜๋Š” ๊ณผ์ œ๋ฅผ ํ•ด๊ฒฐํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฐ€์žฅ ์ ํ•ฉํ•œ ํ•ด๋ฒ•์ด์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์ด๋Š” 1970๋…„๋Œ€ ์ดํ›„ ๋‚จํ•œ์—์„œ ๊ธ‰์†ํ•œ ๋„์‹œํ™”์— ๋Œ€์‘ํ•˜์—ฌ ์•„ํŒŒํŠธ ๊ฐœ๋ฐœ์„ ์ถ”์ง„ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋œ ๊ฒƒ๊ณผ ๊ถค๋ฅผ ๊ฐ™์ดํ•œ๋‹ค๊ณ ๋„ ๋ณผ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์‚ฌํšŒ์ฃผ์˜ ๋„์‹œ๊ณ„ํš์˜ ๊ด€์ ์—์„œ, ๋ถํ•œ ๊ณต๋™์ฃผ๊ฑฐ ๊ณ„ํš์˜ ํ•ต์‹ฌ์  ํŠน์„ฑ์€ ์‚ฌํšŒ์ฃผ์˜์  ์‚ถ์˜ ๊ตฌํ˜„์„ ์œ„ํ•ด ์ผ์ƒ๊ณต๊ฐ„์„ ์ง‘๋‹จํ™”ํ•œ ์ ์ด๋‹ค. ๋ถํ•œ ๊ณต๋™์ฃผ๊ฑฐ์ง€๋Š” ์‚ฌํšŒ์ฃผ์˜ ๋„์‹œ๊ณ„ํš์—์„œ ์ฃผ๋ฏผ์˜ ์ง‘๋‹จ๊ณต๋™์ƒํ™œ์„ ์กฐ์งํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•˜์—ฌ ๊ณต๊ฐ„์ ์ธ ๊ธฐ์ดˆ๋‹จ์œ„๋กœ ์ƒ์ •ํ•œ ์†Œ๊ตฌ์—ญ(๋งˆ์ดํฌ๋กœ ๋””์ŠคํŠธ๋ฆญํŠธ) ๊ฐœ๋…์„ ๋ฐ”ํƒ•์œผ๋กœ ๊ณ„ํš๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์ด์— 1950๋…„๋Œ€ ํ›„๋ฐ˜๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ์ฃผํƒ+๊ณต์šฉ์‹œ์„ค(๋ด‰์‚ฌ์‹œ์„ค)์˜ ๊ตฌ์กฐ๋กœ ์ •์‹ํ™”๋˜์—ˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ, ๊ณต์šฉ์‹œ์„ค๋กœ์„œ ์‚ฌ์ƒยท๊ต์–‘์‹œ์„ค, ๋ฐฐ๊ธ‰์‹œ์„ค, ๊ณต๋™ ์ทจ์‚ฌ์‹œ์„ค, ๊ณต๋™ ์ƒ์‚ฐ์‹œ์„ค ๋“ฑ์ด ์ž๋ฆฌ ์žก๊ฒŒ ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์ด์™€ ํ•จ๊ป˜ ๊ณต๋™์ƒํ™œ์˜ ์šด์˜์„ ์œ„ํ•ด ์ธ๋ฏผ๋ฐ˜, ์—ฌ์„ฑ๋™๋งน ๋“ฑ์ด ์กฐ์ง๋˜์–ด ๊ณต์‹์  ์‹ค์ฒœ ๋ฐ ๊ด€๊ณ„๋ง์„ ํ˜•์„ฑยท๊ฐ•ํ™”ํ•˜๋ฉฐ ์ฃผ๋ฏผ๋“ค์ด ๊ฐ–์ถ”์–ด์•ผ ํ•  ์ง‘๋‹จ์ฃผ์˜์  ๊ทœ๋ฒ”๊ณผ ๊ฐ€์น˜๊ด€์„ ํ•™์Šตํ•˜๊ณ  ์žฅ๋ คํ•ด์™”๋‹ค. ๋”ฐ๋ผ์„œ ๊ณ„ํš๊ฒฝ์ œ ํ•˜์— ๋ถํ•œ์—์„œ๋Š” ๊ณต๋™์ฃผ๊ฑฐ์™€ ๋ด‰์‚ฌ์‹œ์„ค์ด๋ผ๋Š” ๋ฌผ๋ฆฌ์  ํ™˜๊ฒฝ์„ ์กฐ์„ฑํ•˜๊ณ  ์ธ๋ฏผ๋ฐ˜, ์—ฌ์„ฑ๋™๋งน์ด๋ผ๋Š” ์กฐ์ง์ฒด๊ณ„๋ฅผ ๊ตฌ์ถ•ํ•˜์—ฌ, ์ƒํ™œ๊ณต๊ฐ„๊ณผ ์ง‘๋‹จ์  ์‹ค์ฒœ, ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ๊ทธ๊ฒƒ์„ ํ†ตํ•ด (์žฌ)์ƒ์‚ฐ๋œ ๊ด€๊ณ„๋ง์ด ํ˜•์„ฑ๊ณผ ๋ฐœ์ „์„ ๊ฑฐ๋“ญํ•ด์™”๋‹ค๊ณ  ํ‰๊ฐ€ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ํ†ต์น˜์˜ ๋„์‹œ๊ณ„ํš์˜ ๊ด€์ ์—์„œ, ๋ถํ•œ์˜ 3๋Œ€ ์ฒด์ œ๋Š” ๋‹น๋ฉดํ•œ ์‹œ๋Œ€์  ์š”๊ตฌ๋ฅผ ์ถฉ์กฑ์‹œํ‚ค๋Š” ๋ฐฉํŽธ์œผ๋กœ ๋Œ€๊ทœ๋ชจ ๊ณต๋™์ฃผ๊ฑฐ ๊ฑด์„ค์„ ํ™œ์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ ํ†ต์น˜ํ•ฉ๋ฆฌ์„ฑ์„ ๊ฐ•ํ™”ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๊น€์ผ์„ฑ ์ฒด์ œ๋Š” ํ•œ๊ตญ์ „์Ÿ์œผ๋กœ ์ธํ•˜์—ฌ ์ดˆํ† ํ™”๋œ ๋„์‹œ ๊ธฐ๋Šฅ์˜ ๋ณต๊ตฌ๋ฅผ ์œ„ํ•˜์—ฌ ๋ฐฉ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๊ณต๋™์ฃผ๊ฑฐ์˜ ๊ฑด์„ค์„ ๊ธฐ์น˜๋กœ ๋‚ด๊ฑธ์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์„ค๊ณ„์˜ ํ‘œ์ค€ํ™” ๋ฐ ๊ทœ๊ฒฉํ™”, ๊ฑด์„ค ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์˜ ์กฐ๋ฆฝํ™”๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•˜์—ฌ ๋Œ€๋Ÿ‰์˜ ๊ณต๋™์ฃผ๊ฑฐ๋ฅผ ์‹ ์†ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๊ณต๊ธ‰ํ•˜์˜€๋˜ ์ ์€ ์ธ๋ฏผ๋“ค์˜ ์ฃผํƒ์ˆ˜์š”์— ๋Œ€์‘ํ•˜์—ฌ ์‹ ์ƒ ๊น€์ผ์„ฑ ์ฒด์ œ์— ์ •๋‹น์„ฑ์„ ๋ถ€์—ฌํ•˜๋Š” ์—ญํ• ์„ ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๊น€์ •์ผ ์ฒด์ œ๋Š” ์ด์ „ ์‹œ๊ธฐ์˜ ์–‘์  ์š”๊ตฌ๋กœ ์ธํ•œ ๋‹จ์กฐ๋กญ๊ณ  ํš์ผํ™”๋œ ๊ณต๋™์ฃผ๊ฑฐ์™€ ์ฐจ๋ณ„๋˜๋Š” ๋…์ฐฝ์„ฑ๊ณผ ๋‹ค์–‘์„ฑ์„ ๋ถ€๊ฐํ•˜๋Š” ์ „๋žต์ด ํ•„์š”ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ํŠน์ƒ‰์žˆ๊ณ  ์ƒˆ๋กœ์šด ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ ๊ฐ€์ง€์˜ ํ˜•์‹์˜ ๊ณต๋™์ฃผ๊ฑฐ๋ฅผ ๋งŒ๋“ค์–ด๋‚ด๊ณ  ์‹œ๊ฐ์ ์œผ๋กœ ๋ถ€๊ฐํ•œ ์ ์€ ์ธ๋ฏผ์—๊ฒŒ ํ›„๊ณ„์ž๋กœ์„œ ๋ณธ์ธ์„ ๊ฐ์ธ์‹œํ‚ค๊ณ  ํ†ต์น˜์ž๋กœ์„œ์˜ ์ž์งˆ์„ ๋“œ๋Ÿฌ๋‚ด๋Š”๋ฐ ๊ฐ€์žฅ ํšจ๊ณผ์ ์ธ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์ด ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๊น€์ •์€ ์ฒด์ œ์—์„œ๋Š” ๊ณ ๋‚œ์˜ ํ–‰๊ตฐ์„ ๊ฒช์€ ์ธ๋ฏผ๋“ค์—๊ฒŒ ์„ธ๊ณ„์  ์ˆ˜์ค€์˜ ๋ฌธ๋ช…์„ ๊ฑด์„คํ•˜๊ณ  ์ด๋ฅผ ํ–ฅ์œ ํ•˜๋„๋ก ํ•˜๊ฒ ๋‹ค๋Š” ์ทจ์ง€์—์„œ ์‚ฌํšŒ์ฃผ์˜ ๋ฌธ๋ช…๊ตญ์„ ํ‘œ๋ช…ํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๊ณผํ•™๊ธฐ์ˆ ์˜ ๋ฐœ์ „์„ ํ†ตํ•ด ์‚ฌํšŒ์ฃผ์˜ ์กฐ๊ตญ์„ ๋ฌธ๋ช…๊ตญ์œผ๋กœ ์ด๋ฃฉํ•˜๊ฒ ๋‹ค๋Š” ์ง€๋„์ž์˜ ๋น„์ „์€ ๋„์‹ฌ์˜ ๊ฒฝ๊ด€์„ ์ „๋ณ€์‹œํ‚ฌ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ๋Œ€๊ทœ๋ชจ ๊ณต๋™์ฃผ๊ฑฐ ๊ฑด์„ค์˜ ํšจ๊ณผ์— ํž˜์ž…์–ด ๊ณผ์‹œ์ ์ด๋ฉด์„œ ํ™”๋ คํ•œ ์ƒ์ง•๊ฒฝ๊ด€์„ ์—ฐ์ถœํ•˜๋ฉฐ ํ†ต์น˜์  ๊ฐ€๋…์„ฑ์„ ๋†’์ด๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์ข…ํ•ฉํ•˜๋ฉด, ๊ณ„ํš๊ฒฝ์ œ ์ฒด์ œํ•˜์— ๋ถํ•œ์˜ ๊ณต๋™์ฃผ๊ฑฐ๋Š” ์ง€์†์ ์œผ๋กœ ๋งˆ์ฃผํ•œ ๋„์‹œํ™” ๋ฌธ์ œ์— ๋Œ€๋Ÿ‰๊ณต๊ธ‰์œผ๋กœ ๋งž์„  ๋ชจ๋”๋‹ˆ์ฆ˜ ๋„์‹œ๊ณ„ํš, ์ธ๋ฏผ์˜ ์ฃผํƒ์ˆ˜์š”์— ๋Œ€์‘ํ•˜๊ณ  ์ง€๋„์ž์˜ ์ž์งˆ์„ ๋ถ€๊ฐํ•˜์—ฌ ์ฒด์ œ์˜ ์ •๋‹น์„ฑ์— ํž˜์„ ์‹ค์–ด์ค€ ํ†ต์น˜์˜ ๋„์‹œ๊ณ„ํš, ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์‚ฌํšŒ์ฃผ์˜์  ์‚ถ์„ ๊ตฌํ˜„ํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•˜์—ฌ ์ง‘๋‹จ๊ณต๋™์ƒํ™œ์˜ ์ฃผ๊ฑฐ์œ ํ˜•์„ ์ ๊ทน์ ์œผ๋กœ ์ด์‹ํ•œ ์‚ฌํšŒ์ฃผ์˜ ๋„์‹œ๊ณ„ํš ๋“ฑ ์„ธ ๊ฐ€์ง€ ๋„์‹œ๊ณ„ํš ์ด๋…์ด ๊ท ํ˜•์„ ์ด๋ฃจ์–ด ํ˜•์„ฑ๋˜๊ณ  ๋ฐœ์ „๋ผ์™”๋‹ค๊ณ  ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋Ÿฐ๋ฐ 1990๋…„๋Œ€ ๊ฒฝ์ œ๋‚œ์€ ์‚ฌํšŒ์ฃผ์˜ ๋„์‹œ๊ณ„ํš์˜ ํž˜์„ ํ˜„์ €ํžˆ ์•ฝํ™”์‹œํ‚ค๋ฉฐ ๊ท ์—ด์„ ์ด‰๋ฐœํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์ด์— ๊ณต๋™์ฃผ๊ฑฐ๋Š” ์‹ค์ฒœ์ , ๊ด€๊ณ„๋ง์ , ๋ฌผ๋ฆฌ์  ํฐ ๋ณ€ํ™”๋ฅผ ๋งž์ดํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋œ๋‹ค. ๋ฐฐ๊ธ‰์ œ์˜ ์™€ํ•ด๋Š” ๊ตญ๊ฐ€๋กœ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ์˜ ๊ณต์‹์  ์‹ค์ฒœ๊ณผ ๊ด€๊ณ„๋ง์„ ์•ฝํ™”์‹œ์ผฐ๊ณ  ์ด๋ฅผ ๋‹ด์•„๋‚ด๋˜ ๊ณต์šฉ์‹œ์„ค๋“ค์„ ์ถ•์†Œ์‹œํ‚ค๋Š” ๋ณ€ํ™”๋ฅผ ๊ฐ€์ ธ์™”๋‹ค. ๋ฐ˜๋ฉด ์‹œ์žฅ๊ธฐ์ œ์˜ ๋™๋ ฅ์€ ํฌ๊ฒŒ ์ฆ๊ฐ€ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๊ณ„ํš๊ฒฝ์ œ ์ฒด์ œํ•˜์— ์ฒ ์ €ํžˆ ํ†ต์ œ๋˜์—ˆ๋˜ ์‚ฌ์œ ์  ์‹ค์ฒœ์ด ์ž์ƒํ•˜์—ฌ ์‹œ์žฅ์˜ ์šด์˜์„ ๊ณต์‹ํ™”ํ•˜๋Š” ํฐ ๋ณ€ํ™”๋ฅผ ์ด๋Œ์–ด๋ƒˆ๋‹ค. ์‚ฌ์œ ์  ๊ด€๊ณ„๋ง์€ ๊ณต๋™์ฒด์  ๊ด€๊ณ„๋ง์„ ํฌ์„ญํ•˜๋ฉฐ ๊ณต์‹์  ๊ด€๊ณ„๋ง์„ ์••๋„ํ•˜๋Š” ์–‘์ƒ์„ ๋ณด์ด๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์ด๋Š” ์‹œ์žฅ๊ฒฝ์ œ ์ฒด์ œ๊ฐ€ ๊ณ„ํš๊ฒฝ์ œ๋ฅผ ๋Œ€์ฒดํ•˜์—ฌ ์‚ฌํšŒ์  ๊ด€๊ณ„๋ง์˜ ๋งค๊ฐœ๋กœ์„œ ์—ญํ• ํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ํ•ด์„ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ํ–ฅํ›„ ์‹œ์žฅ๊ฑฐ๋ž˜๊ฐ€ ๋ณด๋‹ค ์ž์œ ํ™”ํ•  ๊ฒฝ์šฐ ๊ด€๊ณ„๋ง์˜ ๋งค๊ฐœ๊ณต๊ฐ„์œผ๋กœ์„œ ์‹œ์žฅ๊ณต๊ฐ„์˜ ์—ญํ• ์€ ์ฆ๋Œ€๋  ๊ฒƒ์„ ์‹œ์‚ฌํ•œ๋‹ค. ๋˜ํ•œ ๊ตญ๊ฐ€์˜ ์ฃผํƒ ๊ณต๊ธ‰ ์˜๋ฌด๋Š” ์—ฌ๋ ฅ์ด ๊ฐ์†Œํ•œ ์ƒํ™ฉ์—์„œ ์„ ๋ณ„์ ์œผ๋กœ ์ด๋ฃจ์–ด์ง€๊ณ  ์žˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ, ๊ฐ์†Œํ•œ ์ฃผํƒ ๊ณต๊ธ‰๋ ฅ์„ ์‹œ์žฅ์„ ํ†ตํ•ด ๋ฉ”์šฐ๊ณ ์ž ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ตญ๊ฐ€์˜ ์ •์ฑ…๋ณ€ํ™”๋Š” ์ฃผํƒ ๊ณต๊ธ‰์˜ ์ฃผ์ฒด๋ฅผ ๋‹ค์–‘ํ™”์‹œํ‚ค๋ฉฐ ๋ฏผ๊ฐ„์˜ ์‹œ์žฅ๊ฒฝ์ œ ์ฒด์ œ๋กœ ํž˜์˜ ์ค‘์‹ฌ์ด ๋‚˜๋‰˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์Œ์„ ์‹œ์‚ฌํ•œ๋‹ค. ์•ž์œผ๋กœ ํ‰์–‘์‹œ๋Š” ์ˆ˜๋„๋กœ์„œ, ๋˜ ์ด๋ฅผ ๋„˜์–ด์„œ๋Š” ์ƒ์ง•์„ฑ์œผ๋กœ ์ธํ•˜์—ฌ ์ง€์†์ ์œผ๋กœ ์ธ๊ตฌ๊ฐ€ ์ง‘์ค‘๋  ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ์˜ˆ์ƒ๋œ๋‹ค. ์ด๋Š” ํ˜„ ์ฒด์ œ์˜ ์‚ฌํšŒ์ฃผ์˜ ๋ฌธ๋ช…๊ตญ์˜ ๊ธฐ์น˜ ์•„๋ž˜ ๊ณ ์ธตํ™”ํ•œ ๋Œ€๊ทœ๋ชจ์˜ ๊ณต๋™์ฃผ๊ฑฐ๋ฅผ ์ง€์†์ ์œผ๋กœ ๊ณต๊ธ‰ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ํ•  ๊ฒƒ์ด๋‹ค. ๋”์šฑ์ด ์‚ฌํšŒ์ฃผ์˜ ์ฒด์ œ์™€ ์‹œ์žฅ๊ฒฝ์ œ ์ฒด์ œ๊ฐ€ ๋ณ‘์กดํ•˜๋Š” ์ƒํ™ฉ์—์„œ, ๊ฐ™์€ ์ธต ์„ธ๋Œ€์ˆ˜๊ฐ€ ์ ์€ ํƒ€์›Œํ˜• ๊ณต๋™์ฃผ๊ฑฐ๋Š” ์‚ฌ์œ ์  ์‹ค์ฒœ์„ ๋ณดํ˜ธํ•ด์ฃผ๋Š” ์—ญํ• ๋กœ์„œ ์„ ํ˜ธ๋˜์–ด ์ด์™€ ๊ฐ™์€ ์ดˆ๊ณ ์ธต ๊ณต๋™์ฃผ๊ฑฐ ์ •์ฑ…์€ ๋ณด๋‹ค ํƒ„๋ ฅ์„ ๋ฐ›์„ ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ์˜ˆ์ƒ๋œ๋‹ค. ํ–ฅํ›„ ์‚ฌํšŒ์ฃผ์˜์˜ ์•ฝํ™”๊ฐ€ ์ง€์†๋˜๋Š” ๊ฐ€์šด๋ฐ ๋ชจ๋”๋‹ˆ์ฆ˜, ํ†ต์น˜์˜ ๋„์‹œ๊ณ„ํš๊ณผ ์‹œ์žฅ๊ฒฝ์ œ์˜ ๋„์‹œ๊ณ„ํš์ด ์ƒˆ๋กœ์šด ๊ท ํ˜•์ ์„ ๋งŒ๋“ค์–ด๋‚ผ ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ์ „๋งํ•ด ๋ณธ๋‹ค.์ œ 1 ์žฅ ์„œ ๋ก  1 ์ œ 1 ์ ˆ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์˜ ๋ฐฐ๊ฒฝ ๋ฐ ๋ชฉ์  1 1. ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์˜ ๋ฐฐ๊ฒฝ 1 2. ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์˜ ๋ชฉ์  4 ์ œ 2 ์ ˆ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์˜ ๋ฒ”์œ„ ๋ฐ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•, ์šฉ์–ด์˜ ์‚ฌ์šฉ 6 1. ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์˜ ๋ฒ”์œ„ 6 2. ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์˜ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ• 7 3. ์šฉ์–ด์˜ ์‚ฌ์šฉ 9 ์ œ 3 ์ ˆ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์˜ ๊ตฌ์„ฑ 11 ์ œ 2 ์žฅ ์ด๋ก ์  ๊ณ ์ฐฐ ๋ฐ ๋ถ„์„ํ‹€ 14 ์ œ 1 ์ ˆ ๋ชจ๋”๋‹ˆ์ฆ˜ ๋„์‹œ๊ณ„ํš 14 1. ์‚ฐ์—…ํ™”์— ๋”ฐ๋ฅธ ๋„์‹œ๋ฌธ์ œ์™€ ๋ชจ๋”๋‹ˆ์ฆ˜ ๋„์‹œ๊ณ„ํš์˜ ํƒœ๋™ 14 2. ์ฃผํƒ์˜ ํ‘œ์ค€ํ™” ๋ฐ ํ•ฉ๋ฆฌํ™” 15 3. ๋Œ€๋Ÿ‰์ƒ์‚ฐ์„ ์œ„ํ•œ ์ง‘ํ•ฉ์ฃผํƒ์˜ ์ œ์•ˆ 17 4. ํ”„๋ฆฌ์บ์ŠคํŠธ์ฝ˜ํฌ๋ฆฌํŠธ ํŒจ๋„ ์‹œ์Šคํ…œ์˜ ๋„์ž… 19 ์ œ 2 ์ ˆ ์‚ฌํšŒ์ฃผ์˜ ๋„์‹œ๊ณ„ํš 20 1. ์‚ฌํšŒ์ฃผ์˜ ํ˜๋ช…๊ณผ ๋„์‹œ๊ณต๊ฐ„์˜ ์žฌํŽธ 20 2. ์‚ฌํšŒ์ฃผ์˜ ์ฃผํƒ๊ณ„ํš: ์ผ์ƒ๊ณต๊ฐ„์˜ ๊ฐœ์กฐ 23 3. ์‚ฌํšŒ์ฃผ์˜ ๋„์‹œ๊ณ„ํš 27 4. ์‚ฌํšŒ์ฃผ์˜ ์ฒด์ œ์˜ ์œ„๊ธฐ์™€ ์‹ค์ฒœ ๋ฐ ๊ด€๊ณ„๋ง์˜ ๋ณ€ํ™” 31 ์ œ 3 ์ ˆ ํ†ต์น˜์˜ ๋„์‹œ๊ณ„ํš 34 1. ํ†ต์น˜์„ฑ 34 2. ๊ณต๋™์ฃผ๊ฑฐ ๊ณต๊ธ‰์ˆ  37 3. ๊ณต๋™์ฃผ๊ฑฐ ์ƒํ™œ์ˆ  40 4. ๊ณต๋™์ฃผ๊ฑฐ ๊ฒฝ๊ด€์ˆ  43 ์ œ 4 ์ ˆ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์˜ ์ฐจ๋ณ„์„ฑ๊ณผ ๋ถ„์„์˜ ํ‹€ 46 1. ์„ ํ–‰์—ฐ๊ตฌ์˜ ๊ฒ€ํ†  46 2. ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์˜ ์ฐจ๋ณ„์„ฑ 52 3. ๋ถ„์„์˜ ํ‹€ 53 ์ œ 3 ์žฅ ๋ชจ๋”๋‹ˆ์ฆ˜: ์ „ํ›„ ๋„์‹œํ™”์™€ ์‚ฐ์—…ํ™”์˜ ์ง€์› 56 ์ œ 1 ์ ˆ ๋ถํ•œ์˜ ๋„์‹œํ™” ํ˜„์ƒ 56 1. ํ•œ๊ตญ์ „์Ÿ๊ณผ ๋„์‹œ์˜ ํŒŒ๊ดด 56 2. ์ „ํ›„ ๊ธ‰์†ํ•œ ๋„์‹œํ™” ํ˜„์ƒ 58 3. ํ‰์–‘์œผ๋กœ์˜ ์ง€์†์ ์ธ ์ธ๊ตฌ ์œ ์ž… 60 ์ œ 2 ์ ˆ ๋ถํ•œ์˜ ์‚ฐ์—…์ •์ฑ… 65 1. ์ „ํ›„ ์ค‘๊ณต์—… ์šฐ์„  ์ •์ฑ… ์ถ”์ง„ 65 2. 1970๋…„๋Œ€ ์ดํ›„ ๊ฒฝ๊ณต์—… ๋ณ‘ํ–‰ ์„ฑ์žฅ ์ถ”์ง„ 66 3. ํ‰์–‘๊ณต์—…์ง€๊ตฌ: ๋ถํ•œ ์ตœ๋Œ€์˜ ๊ณต์—…์ง€๊ตฌ 68 ์ œ 3 ์ ˆ ๊ณต๋™์ฃผ๊ฑฐ์˜ ์‹ ์†ํ•œ ๊ณต๊ธ‰ 72 1. 1970๋…„๋Œ€๊นŒ์ง€์˜ ๊ธ‰์†ํ•œ ๋„์‹œํ™”์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๋Œ€์‘ 72 2. 1980๋…„๋Œ€ ํ‰์–‘์˜ ์ง€์†์ ์ธ ์ธ๊ตฌ์ง‘์ค‘์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๋Œ€์‘ 78 ์ œ 4 ์ ˆ ์†Œ๊ฒฐ 86 ์ œ 4 ์žฅ ์‚ฌํšŒ์ฃผ์˜: ์ง‘๋‹จ์  ๊ณต๋™์ƒํ™œ์˜ ์กฐ์งํ™” 89 ์ œ 1 ์ ˆ ๋ถํ•œ ์ฃผํƒ์†Œ๊ตฌ์—ญ ๋ฐ ๊ณต์šฉ์‹œ์„ค 89 1. ๋ถํ•œ ์ฃผํƒ์†Œ๊ตฌ์—ญ์˜ ์‚ฌํšŒ์ฃผ์˜์  ๋„์‹œ ๊ณต๊ฐ„์  ํŠน์„ฑ 90 2. ์ฃผํƒ์†Œ๊ตฌ์—ญ๊ณ„ํš์ด ์ ์šฉ๋œ ์‚ฌ๋ก€ 96 3. ์ฃผํƒ์†Œ๊ตฌ์—ญ์˜ ์ตœ๊ทผ ์‚ฌ๋ก€ 99 ์ œ 2 ์ ˆ ์‚ฌํšŒ์ฃผ์˜ ๊ณต๋™์ƒํ™œ์˜ ์กฐ์ง, ๊ตฌ์กฐ ๋ฐ ์—ญํ•  103 1. ๋ถํ•œ์˜ ์ƒ์• ์ฃผ๊ธฐ์  ์ง‘๋‹จยท์กฐ์ง์ƒํ™œ 103 2. ์ธ๋ฏผ๋ฐ˜๊ณผ ์—ฌ์„ฑ๋™๋งน์˜ ๊ตฌ์กฐ ๋ฐ ์—ญํ•  105 ์ œ 3 ์ ˆ ๊ณ„ํš๊ฒฝ์ œ ํ•˜ ๊ณต๋™์ƒํ™œ์˜ ๊ณต๊ฐ„์  ์‹ค์ฒœ 109 1. ์„ค๋ฌธ์กฐ์‚ฌ ๋ฐ ์‹ฌ์ธต๋ฉด๋‹ด ์ž๋ฃŒ์˜ ๊ตฌ์„ฑ 109 2. ๋ด‰์‚ฌ์‹œ์„ค์—์„œ์˜ ๊ณต๊ฐ„์  ์‹ค์ฒœ 112 ์ œ 4 ์ ˆ ์†Œ๊ฒฐ 122 ์ œ 5 ์žฅ ํ†ต์น˜: ๊ถŒ์œ„์ฃผ์˜ ์ฒด์ œ์˜ ํ†ต์น˜ํ•ฉ๋ฆฌ์„ฑ ๊ฐ•ํ™” 125 ์ œ 1 ์ ˆ ์ž๋ฃŒ์˜ ๊ตฌ์„ฑ 125 1. ๋ถ„์„์˜ ๋Œ€์ƒ 125 2. ์ •๊ถŒ๋ณ„ ๊ณต๋™์ฃผ๊ฑฐ ๊ด€๋ จ ๊ธฐ์‚ฌ์˜ ๋นˆ๋„ 128 ์ œ 2 ์ ˆ ๊น€์ผ์„ฑ ์ฒด์ œ: ์ „ํ›„ ์‹ ์†ํ•œ ์ฃผ๊ฑฐ๊ณต๊ธ‰์„ ํ†ตํ•œ ํ†ต์น˜ํ•ฉ๋ฆฌ์„ฑ์˜ ๊ฐ•ํ™” 129 1. ๊น€์ผ์„ฑ ์‹œ๊ธฐ ๊ณต๋™์ฃผ๊ฑฐ๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•œ ์ง€ํ–ฅ์  129 2. ๊น€์ผ์„ฑ ์‹œ๊ธฐ ๋กœ๋™์‹ ๋ฌธ ๊ณต๋™์ฃผ๊ฑฐ ๊ด€๋ จ ๊ธฐ์‚ฌ์˜ ๋ถ„์„ 130 3. ๊ณต๋™์ฃผ๊ฑฐ์˜ ๋Œ€๋Ÿ‰๊ณต๊ธ‰๊ณผ ํ†ต์น˜์ •๋‹น์„ฑ์˜ ํ™•๋ณด 135 ์ œ 3 ์ ˆ ๊น€์ •์ผ ์ฒด์ œ: ๋‹ค์–‘ํ™”ํ•œ ์ƒ์ง•๊ฒฝ๊ด€์„ ํ†ตํ•œ ํ†ต์น˜ํ•ฉ๋ฆฌ์„ฑ์˜ ๊ฐ•ํ™” 138 1. ๊น€์ •์ผ ์‹œ๊ธฐ ๊ณต๋™์ฃผ๊ฑฐ๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•œ ์ง€ํ–ฅ์  138 2. ๊น€์ •์ผ ์‹œ๊ธฐ ๋กœ๋™์‹ ๋ฌธ ๊ณต๋™์ฃผ๊ฑฐ ๊ด€๋ จ ๊ธฐ์‚ฌ์˜ ๋ถ„์„ 141 3. ๋…์ฐฝ์ ์ด๊ณ  ๋‹ค์–‘ํ™”ํ•œ ๊ณต๋™์ฃผ๊ฑฐ ๊ฒฝ๊ด€์„ ํ†ตํ•œ ํ†ต์น˜์ •๋‹น์„ฑ์˜ ํ™•๋ณด 146 ์ œ 4 ์ ˆ ๊น€์ •์€ ์ฒด์ œ: ์‚ฌํšŒ์ฃผ์˜ ๋ฌธ๋ช…๊ตญ์˜ ์ƒ์ง•๊ฒฝ๊ด€์„ ํ†ตํ•œ ํ†ต์น˜ํ•ฉ๋ฆฌ์„ฑ์˜ ๊ฐ•ํ™” 153 1. ๊น€์ •์€ ์‹œ๊ธฐ ๊ณต๋™์ฃผ๊ฑฐ๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•œ ์ง€ํ–ฅ์  153 2. ๊น€์ •์€ ์‹œ๊ธฐ ๋กœ๋™์‹ ๋ฌธ ๊ณต๋™์ฃผ๊ฑฐ ๊ด€๋ จ ๊ธฐ์‚ฌ์˜ ๋ถ„์„ 156 3. ์‚ฌํšŒ์ฃผ์˜ ๋ฌธ๋ช…๊ตญ, ๊ณผํ•™๊ธฐ์ˆ  ์ค‘์‹œ ์‚ฌ์ƒ์ด ๋ฌผ์งˆํ™”๋œ ๊ณต๋™์ฃผ๊ฑฐ๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•œ ํ†ต์น˜์ •๋‹น์„ฑ์˜ ํ™•๋ณด 163 ์ œ 5 ์ ˆ ์†Œ๊ฒฐ 170 ์ œ 6 ์žฅ ๊ท ํ˜•์˜ ์•ฝํ™”์™€ ๊ท ์—ด 174 ์ œ 1 ์ ˆ ๊ฒฝ์ œ๋‚œ ์ดํ›„ ๊ณต๊ฐ„์  ์‹ค์ฒœ ๋ฐ ์‚ฌํšŒ์  ๊ด€๊ณ„๋ง์˜ ๋ณ€ํ™” 174 1. ์ œ๋„์˜ ๋ณ€ํ™” 174 2. ๊ณต์‹์  ์‹ค์ฒœ ๋ฐ ๊ด€๊ณ„๋ง์˜ ์•ฝํ™” 178 3. ๋น„๊ณต์‹์  ์‹ค์ฒœ ๋ฐ ๊ด€๊ณ„๋ง์˜ ๊ฐ•ํ™” 182 ์ œ 2 ์ ˆ ๊ณต๋™์ฃผ๊ฑฐ ๊ณต๋™์ฒด์„ฑ์˜ ๋ณ€ํ™” 189 1. ๊ณต๋™์ฃผ๊ฑฐ ์ด์›ƒ์˜ ์ •์˜ 189 2. ๊ณต๋™์ฒด ์ •์˜์˜ ๋ณ€ํ™” 191 ์ œ 3 ์ ˆ ๊ณต๋™์ฃผ๊ฑฐ๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•œ ํ†ต์น˜ ์ƒํ™œ์ˆ ์˜ ๊ฐ•ํ™” 193 1. ์ง‘ํ•ฉ์  ์ƒํ™œ์–‘์‹: ์นœ๋ฐ€๊ณผ ๊ฐ์‹œ์˜ ๊ณต์กด 193 2. ๋ฐ˜๋™์‚ฌํ•ญ๋ฌธํ™” ํ–‰์œ„์— ๊ด€ํ•œ ํ†ต์ œ์˜ ๊ฐ•ํ™” 195 ์ œ 4 ์ ˆ ์†Œ๊ฒฐ 200 ์ œ 7 ์žฅ ๊ฒฐ๋ก  202 ์ œ 1 ์ ˆ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์˜ ์ฃผ์š” ๋ฐœ๊ฒฌ 203 1. ๋ชจ๋”๋‹ˆ์ฆ˜์  ์†์„ฑ์˜ ์ง€์†: ๋„์‹œํ™”์™€ ๊ณต๋™์ฃผ๊ฑฐ์˜ ๊ณต๊ธ‰ 203 2. ์‚ฌํšŒ์ฃผ์˜ ๋„์‹œ๊ณต๊ฐ„์  ํŠน์„ฑ์˜ ์•ฝํ™”: ๊ณต์‹์  ์‹ค์ฒœ๊ณผ ์‚ฌ์œ ์  ์‹ค์ฒœ์˜ ๋Œ€๋ฆฝ 203 3. ๊ณต๋™์ฃผ๊ฑฐ๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•œ ํ†ต์น˜ํ•ฉ๋ฆฌ์„ฑ์˜ ๊ฐ•ํ™”: ๊ณต๊ธ‰์—์„œ ๊ฒฝ๊ด€์œผ๋กœ 204 4. ํ†ต์น˜ํ•ฉ๋ฆฌ์„ฑ ๊ฐ•ํ™”๋ฅผ ์œ„ํ•œ ๋ชจ๋”๋‹ˆ์ฆ˜๊ณผ ์‚ฌํšŒ์ฃผ์˜ ๋„์‹œ๊ณ„ํš์˜ ํ•ฉ์ฃผ 205 ์ œ 2 ์ ˆ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์˜ ํ•จ์˜ 207 1. ๋ชจ๋”๋‹ˆ์ฆ˜, ์‚ฌํšŒ์ฃผ์˜, ํ†ต์น˜์˜ ๋„์‹œ๊ณ„ํš์˜ ๊ท ํ˜• 208 2. ๋ชจ๋”๋‹ˆ์ฆ˜, ์‚ฌํšŒ์ฃผ์˜, ํ†ต์น˜์˜ ๋„์‹œ๊ณ„ํš์˜ ๊ท ์—ด 208 ์ฐธ๊ณ ๋ฌธํ—Œ 211 Abstract 228๋ฐ•
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