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    ์—ฐ ์—‘์Šค์„  ๋ฐ•๋ง‰ ํก์ˆ˜ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์„ ์ด์šฉํ•œ VEST ์žฅ์น˜์—์„œ์˜ ์ „์ž์˜จ๋„ ์ง„๋‹จ ์‹œ์Šคํ…œ ๊ฐœ๋ฐœ

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    ํ•™์œ„๋…ผ๋ฌธ (์„์‚ฌ)-- ์„œ์šธ๋Œ€ํ•™๊ต ๋Œ€ํ•™์› : ์—๋„ˆ์ง€์‹œ์Šคํ…œ๊ณตํ•™๋ถ€, 2014. 2. ํ™ฉ์šฉ์„.Electron temperature diagnostics using SXR (soft X-ray) absorber foil method has been developed to measure line averaged electron temperature of the VEST (Versatile Experiment Spherical Torus) at Seoul National University. SXR absorber foil method is relatively simple method to diagnose line averaged electron temperature, which is measured by the ratio of transmitted radiation intensity between two different thickness foils. It has very good time resolutions so it can be useful to detect various phenomena. Also it can be a complementary diagnostics of other electron temperature diagnostics such as Thomson scattering system. The expected electron temperature of the VEST core plasmas is about one hundred eV. In order to measure temperatures in this range, aluminum foils with thicknesses of 0.8 ฮผm and 1.5 ฮผm aluminum foils are chosen by calculating the variations of intensity ratio and signal strength according to electron temperature. Each foil is located in front of detectors which are installed in the midplane of the VEST chamber to diagnose core plasmas. AXUV-16ELG photodiode is employed as a detector in favor of its good responsivity in the SXR region. Each signal lines are twisted and carefully shielded with copper braided wires which can reject electromagnetic noises. This diagnostic method can be affected by impurity line radiation and non-thermal radiations generated by runaway electrons, so it is important to know the amount and causes of these radiations. Calculations are performed to estimate these radiation effects. From this calculation if there is oxygen line radiation which is considered as a major impurity in VEST overestimates or underestimates in measured electron temperature is expected according to its value. If there is non-thermal high energy radiations underestimated electron temperature is expected. To estimate intensity of these radiations two experimental components are prepared. Bandpass filter around 780 nm is used for monitoring the evolution of oxygen atom and an additional thick aluminum foil is used to see the effect of the non-thermal high energy photons. With these calculation and experimental setup H-alpha line signal and triple Langmuir probe are also used for the interpretation of experimental results. To see the performance of the diagnostics test experiments are performed in ECH (Electron Cyclotron Heating) pre-ionized ohmic plasmas in VEST. In the first test experiments the electron temperature at the plasma current peak is about 110 eV and this value sustained almost the same during the plasma ramp down phase. In the latter part of the discharge large uncertainties are expected in measured electron temperature due to the high oxygen impurity amount. Second test experiments are performed with two test cases that have different operating pressures and oxygen impurity amounts while other parameters are fixed. In this comparison two discharges with different electron temperatures expected. Difference in measured electron temperature is observed as expected. However, transmitted emissions with 2.3 ฮผm thickness aluminum foil are too low compared with 0.8 ฮผm and 1.5 ฮผm thickness aluminum foil. With this result measured electron temperature is below 20 eV. There is large difference in two test experiments. Low transmitted emission level of 2.3 ฮผm can be explained by assuming the presence of non-thermal high energy radiations. And combined effect of non-thermal high energy radiation and oxygen impurity line radiation can be explaining the difference in measured electron temperature. When more precise diagnostics for these radiations is prepared, the potion of these radiation compare with continuum radiation can be determined then it is possible to diagnose the electron temperature more precisely.Contents Abstract i Contents v List of Figures vii Chapter 1 Introduction 1 Chapter 2 Theoretical Background 4 2.1 Radiation mechanisms of Soft X-ray in fusion device 4 2.2 Soft X-ray absorber foil method 5 2.2.1 Continuum radiation and Soft X-ray absorber foil method 6 2.2.2 Characteristic line radiation and non-thermal high energy radiation and Soft X-ray absorber foil method 10 Chapter 3 Overal system design 15 3.1 Filter material and thickness 15 3.1.1 Filter materials 15 3.1.2 Filter thickness 17 3.2 Detector 20 3.3 Amplifier 24 3.4 Assembly of diagnostic system and installation on VEST 25 3.4.1 Foil and detector holder 25 3.4.2 Detector position 26 3.4.3 Collimator 28 3.4.4 Electromagnetic noise consideration 28 Chapter 4 Test experiments on VEST 30 4.1 Experimental setup 30 4.2 Test experiments โ€ฆ..โ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆ...33 Chapter 5 Conclusion and future work 43 5.1 Conclusion 43 5.2 Future work 44 Bibliography 45 ๊ตญ ๋ฌธ ์ดˆ ๋ก 47Maste

    KSTAR์—์„œ์˜ 1 MeV ํŠธ๋ฆฌํ†ค ๊ฐ€๋‘  ํŠน์„ฑ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋ฅผ ์œ„ํ•œ ํ•ต์œตํ•ฉ ์ค‘์„ฑ์ž ์ธก์ •์„ ์ด์šฉํ•œ ํŠธ๋ฆฌํ†ค ์—ฐ์†Œ ํ•ด์„

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    ํ•™์œ„๋…ผ๋ฌธ(๋ฐ•์‚ฌ)--์„œ์šธ๋Œ€ํ•™๊ต ๋Œ€ํ•™์› :๊ณต๊ณผ๋Œ€ํ•™ ์—๋„ˆ์ง€์‹œ์Šคํ…œ๊ณตํ•™๋ถ€,2019. 8. ํ™ฉ์šฉ์„.Understanding the 3.5 MeV alpha particle confinement physics in deuterium (D) โ€“ tritium (T) fusion plasma is important in terms of achieving burning plasma which is internal heating dominant and for vacuum vessel wall protection. The kinetic property of 1 MeV triton which is generated by the d-d fusion reaction is similar to that of 3.5 MeV fusion alpha particle. Thus it can be useful as a test particle to simulate a certain characteristics of the alpha particle in the D-T plasma. A fraction of the produced 1 MeV fusion triton cannot be confined inside the bulk plasma and promptly loss to the wall due to its large drift orbit. Confined tritons without prompt loss, slowed down via Coulomb collision with background plasma and became thermalize. During the slowing down, secondary fusion reaction with background deuteron can occur and the 14 MeV d-t neutron can be produced. This secondary fusion reaction is called triton burnup and the d-t neutron from the triton burnup is called triton burnup neutron (TBN). Among the produced tritons, about 1% of tritons are burned-up and produce TBN. Two branches in d-d fusion reactions, 2.5 MeV neutron production branch and 1 MeV triton production branch, have nearly the same reaction cross-section, thus the birth rate of triton can be determined by 2.5 MeV neutron emission rate. Thus triton burnup ratio can be determined by d-d neutron and TBN measurements in deuterium plasma. As the peak energy of the d-t fusion reaction cross-section is located at triton energy of about 170 keV, which is lower than the triton birth energy (1 MeV), the emission of TBN is affected by certain events that occur during the slowing down, as well as prompt loss. Thus the overall confinement characteristics of triton can be deduced from the triton burnup ratio. For the confinement study of 1 MeV triton under various high performance plasma experiment in KSTAR, diagnostics for d-d neutron and TBN measurements are developed, and in order to analyze the measurements analyses codes are prepared. By using developed diagnostics triton burnup ratio is measured and analyzed based on the codes. The diagnostics are composed of shot-integrated neutron yield diagnostics and time-resolved neutron emission rate diagnostics. The neutron yield of d-d neutron and TBN during the plasma discharge duration time is measured by neutron activation system (NAS). For d-d neutron yield measurement, indium sample has been used since 2011 campaign. For TBN yield measurement silicon sample which is selected based on the neutronics calculation is utilized. At the position of counting station, there is a background gamma-ray which is exactly the same energy with the gamma-ray radiated from the activated silicon sample. The background gamma-ray can interfere sample gamma counting and also evaluation of TBN yield. By using routinely available neutron flux monitor, the effect of the background gamma-ray on sample gamma counting is evaluated without separate measurement of the background gamma-ray. The activity of the silicon sample is evaluated by considering the effect of the background. The time resolved d-d neutron and TBN emission rates are measured by using scintillation detectors. For simultaneous measurements of d-d neutron and TBN, organic scintillator is chosen. Two organic scintillators, stilbene and NE213 are operated independently. Each organic scintillator is optically coupled with a photo-multiplier tube (PMT). An irradiation test is carried out at accelerator based d-t neutron generator and appropriate PMT bias voltage level is determined which is adequate for analog input range of a digitizer. The digitizer can record the raw-waveform of triggered pulse during preset recording time window. The recorded data are offline processed then triggered time, induced charge and pulse shape information are extracted. Based on the charge comparison method, neutron and gamma-ray signals are discriminated. The discrimination performance is evaluated in terms of figure of merit and misclassification probability. For a total charge range of 0.6 V-ns or more, the probability of containing gamma-ray signal in the neutron branch is less than 0.1%. For cross-check of TBN emission rate measurements from organic scintillators and for future high time resolution TBN diagnostics development, two scintillating fiber detectors are installed and tested. From its operation principle, the scintillating fiber detector can produce larger pulse signal only for the d-t neutron. Thus TBN signal can be discriminated by setting discrimination level in pulse height. From the test results on KSTAR plasma discharges whose triton birth rate and confinement characteristics are expected to be different, clearly different pulse height spectra are observed in the expected way. Based on this difference the discrimination level for TBN is determined. A good linearity is found between TBN yield from NAS and shot-integrated TBN counts from each TBN emission rate detectors. Based on this linearity, TBN ranges in each detector is absolutely calibrated. There is also good linearity between d-d yield from NAS and shot-integrated d-d counts from the organic scintillators. Each organic scintillator d-d neutron range is absolutely calibrated based on the linearity. In order to analyze measured triton burnup ratio, two codes are prepared. One is for prompt loss calculation and the other is for slowing down and burnup calculation. Prompt loss characteristics is evaluated by using full gyro-orbit following code Lorentz orbit (LORBIT) and plasma equilibrium data. A prompt loss rate on each flux surface is derived based on the statistically evaluated prompt loss rate on the 680 points in a poloidal cross-section. The calculations of slowing down and d-t fusion reaction of confined triton are carried out by using newly developed code based on previous studies in other devices. In this code, it is assumed that each triton is slowed down on their birth position via Coulomb interaction with background plasma. Additionally, in this code volume averaged effective diffusion coefficient can be evaluated in semi-empirical way. The estimated triton burnup ratio using analyses tools and assumed plasma parameters increases as plasma current and slowing down time increase, as expected from the classical burnup theory. The measured triton burnup ratio from NAS also increases as plasma current increases. Within the same plasma current however, a deviation is observed. The deviation can be caused by combined effect among the different plasma current density profile, triton birth profile and MHD activities. More detailed analyses are carried out by using time resolved measurement results on triton burnup ratio from the scintillation detector. The target plasma is the discharge #21695 where the Alfvรฉn instability control experiment was carried out. The analysis timing is 7.4 s when the instability is mitigated. At this timing, there is no strong amplitude MHD activity which can degrade the confinement of 1 MeV triton, therefore it is good to compare with the expected triton burnup ratio from the classical burnup theory. The plasma current of this discharge is 0.5 MA and the amount of prompt loss is expected to be large. The confined triton density at this timing is evaluated based on the confined fraction profile from LORBIT calculation, triton birth profile from TRANSP calculation, and measured d-d fusion neutron emission rate. Since d-t fusion reaction cross-section peak position is located lower than the birth energy of the triton, the calculation of the slowing down and burnup is carried out under the assumption that the plasma condition is retained for 0.6 s, which is the triton slowing down time in the plasma condition. The estimated triton burnup ratio based on the above process is consistent with the measurement within measurement error. From the present study, the diagnostic systems are developed to measure the triton burnup ratio, and the codes for measured triton burnup analyses are prepared. In KSTAR deuterium plasma discharge, the triton burnup ratio is measured by using the developed diagnostics and analyzed using the prepared codes. The measured and estimated triton burnup ratio, under the quiescent and high prompt loss rate (~87%) plasma condition, are in a good agreement within measurement error. From this result, it might be inferred that the confinement characteristics of triton in KSTAR stable plasma condition can be explained through the classical theory. The developed diagnostics can be routinely operated in various high performance experiments in KSTAR and database of triton burnup in various condition can be established. Triton confinement characteristics can be deduced from the database by using the analyses codes, and based on the deduced characteristics 3.5 MeV alpha behavior can be inferred.์ค‘์ˆ˜์†Œ-์‚ผ์ค‘์ˆ˜์†Œ ํ•ต์œตํ•ฉ ํ”Œ๋ผ์ฆˆ๋งˆ์—์„œ์˜ 3.5 MeV ํ•ต์œตํ•ฉ ์•ŒํŒŒ์ž…์ž ๊ฐ€๋‘  ํŠน์„ฑ์˜ ์ดํ•ด๋Š” ๋‚ด๋ถ€๊ฐ€์—ด์ด ์ง€๋ฐฐ์ ์ธ ์—ฐ์†Œ ํ”Œ๋ผ์ฆˆ๋งˆ (burning plasma) ๋‹ฌ์„ฑ ๋ฐ, ์ง„๊ณต์šฉ๊ธฐ์˜ ์†์ƒ ๋ฐฉ์ง€ ์ธก๋ฉด์—์„œ ์ค‘์š”ํ•˜๋‹ค. ์ค‘์ˆ˜์†Œ ํ•ต์œตํ•ฉ ๋ฐ˜์‘์œผ๋กœ ๋ฐœ์ƒํ•˜๋Š” 1 MeV ํŠธ๋ฆฌํ†ค์€ ๊ทธ ์—ญํ•™์ ์ธ ํŠน์„ฑ์ด 3.5 MeV ์•ŒํŒŒ ์ž…์ž์™€ ์œ ์‚ฌํ•˜์—ฌ, ์•ŒํŒŒ ์ž…์ž์˜ ํŠน์ • ํŠน์„ฑ์„ ๋ชจ์‚ฌํ•˜๋Š” ํ…Œ์ŠคํŠธ ์ž…์ž๋กœ์„œ ํšจ๊ณผ์ ์œผ๋กœ ํ™œ์šฉ๋  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๋ฐœ์ƒํ•œ 1 MeV ํŠธ๋ฆฌํ†ค ์ค‘ ์ผ๋ถ€๋Š” ๊ถค๋„์˜ ํฌ๊ธฐ๊ฐ€ ์ปค์„œ ํ”Œ๋ผ์ฆˆ๋งˆ ๋‚ด๋ถ€์— ๊ฐ€๋‘ฌ์ง€์ง€ ๋ชปํ•œ ์ฑ„ ์ฆ‰๊ฐ์†์‹ค(prompt loss) ๋œ๋‹ค. ์ฆ‰๊ฐ์†์‹ค ๋˜์ง€ ์•Š๊ณ  ํ”Œ๋ผ์ฆˆ๋งˆ ๋‚ด๋ถ€์— ๊ฐ€๋‘ฌ์ง„ ํŠธ๋ฆฌํ†ค์€ ์ฃผ๋ณ€ ํ”Œ๋ผ์ฆˆ๋งˆ์™€์˜ ์ฟจ๋กฑ ์ถฉ๋Œ์„ ํ†ตํ•ด ์ฃผ๋ณ€ ํ”Œ๋ผ์ฆˆ๋งˆ์™€ ์—ด์  ํ‰ํ˜•์ƒํƒœ์— ๋„๋‹ฌํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋œ๋‹ค. ์—ด์  ํ‰ํ˜•์ƒํƒœ์— ๋„๋‹ฌํ•˜๋Š” ๋„์ค‘, ์ฃผ๋ณ€ ์ค‘์ˆ˜์†Œ ํ”Œ๋ผ์ฆˆ๋งˆ์™€ ์ค‘์ˆ˜์†Œ(d)-์‚ผ์ค‘์ˆ˜์†Œ(t) ํ•ต์œตํ•ฉ ๋ฐ˜์‘์„ ์ผ์œผํ‚ฌ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๊ณ , ์ด๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•ด 14 MeV d-t ์ค‘์„ฑ์ž(ํŠธ๋ฆฌํ†ค ์—ฐ์†Œ ์ค‘์„ฑ์ž)๊ฐ€ ๋ฐœ์ƒ ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๊ฒŒ ๋œ๋‹ค. ์ƒ์„ฑ๋œ ํŠธ๋ฆฌํ†ค ์ค‘ ์•ฝ 1% ์ •๋„๊ฐ€ ์ด์™€ ๊ฐ™์€ ๊ณผ์ •์„ ํ†ตํ•ด ์—ฐ์†Œ๋˜์–ด ํŠธ๋ฆฌํ†ค ์—ฐ์†Œ ์ค‘์„ฑ์ž๋ฅผ ๋ฐœ์ƒ์‹œํ‚จ๋‹ค. ์ค‘์ˆ˜์†Œ ํ•ต์œตํ•ฉ์˜ ๋‘ ๊ฐ€์ง€(branch)์ธ ํŠธ๋ฆฌํ†ค ๋ฐœ์ƒ ๊ฐ€์ง€์™€ ์ค‘์„ฑ์ž ๋ฐœ์ƒ ๊ฐ€์ง€์˜ ๋ฐ˜์‘ ๋‹จ๋ฉด์ ์ด ๊ฑฐ์˜ ๊ฐ™๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์—, ํŠธ๋ฆฌํ†ค์˜ ์ƒ์„ฑ๋Ÿ‰์€ d-d ํ•ต์œตํ•ฉ ์ค‘์„ฑ์ž์˜ ์ธก์ •์„ ํ†ตํ•ด ์œ ์ถ” ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๊ณ , ์ค‘์ˆ˜์†Œ ํ”Œ๋ผ์ฆˆ๋งˆ์—์„œ์˜ d-d ํ•ต์œตํ•ฉ ์ค‘์„ฑ์ž ์ธก์ •๊ณผ ํŠธ๋ฆฌํ†ค ์—ฐ์†Œ ์ค‘์„ฑ์ž ์ธก์ •์„ ํ†ตํ•ด ํŠธ๋ฆฌํ†ค ์—ฐ์†Œ์œจ์„ ๊ตฌํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ํŠธ๋ฆฌํ†ค ์—ฐ์†Œ ์ค‘์„ฑ์ž์˜ ๋ฐœ์ƒ์€, d-t ํ•ต์œตํ•ฉ ๋ฐ˜์‘๋‹จ๋ฉด์ ์˜ ํ”ผํฌ ์ง€์  ์—๋„ˆ์ง€๊ฐ€ ํŠธ๋ฆฌํ†ค ๋ฐœ์ƒ ์—๋„ˆ์ง€์ธ 1 MeV ๋ณด๋‹ค ๋‚ฎ์€ ์•ฝ 170 keV์— ์œ„์น˜ ํ•จ์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ, ์ฆ‰๊ฐ์†์‹ค ๋ฟ๋งŒ ์•„๋‹ˆ๋ผ ์—ด์ ํ‰ํ˜•์— ์ด๋ฅด๋Š” ๊ณผ์ •์— ๋ฐœ์ƒํ•œ ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ ์ƒํ™ฉ์— ์˜ํ•ด์„œ๋„ ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ๋ฐ›๊ฒŒ ๋œ๋‹ค. ๋”ฐ๋ผ์„œ ํŠธ๋ฆฌํ†ค ์—ฐ์†Œ์œจ ์ธก์ •์„ ํ†ตํ•ด ํ˜„์žฌ ํ”Œ๋ผ์ฆˆ๋งˆ์—์„œ์˜ ํŠธ๋ฆฌํ†ค์˜ ๊ฐ€๋‘  ๋ฐ ๊ฐ์† ํŠน์„ฑ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์ •๋ณด๋ฅผ ์–ป์„ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๋ณธ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์—์„œ๋Š” KSTAR ์žฅ์น˜์—์„œ ์ง„ํ–‰๋˜๋Š” ๋‹ค์–‘ํ•œ ๊ณ ์„ฑ๋Šฅ ํ”Œ๋ผ์ฆˆ๋งˆ ์‹œ๋‚˜๋ฆฌ์˜ค์—์„œ์˜ ํŠธ๋ฆฌํ†ค ๊ฐ€๋‘  ํŠน์„ฑ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋ฅผ ์œ„ํ•˜์—ฌ, d-d ์ค‘์„ฑ์ž ๋ฐ ํŠธ๋ฆฌํ†ค ์—ฐ์†Œ ์ค‘์„ฑ์ž ์ง„๋‹จ์„ ๊ฐœ๋ฐœํ•˜์˜€๊ณ , ํŠน์ • ํ”Œ๋ผ์ฆˆ๋งˆ ์ƒํ™ฉ์—์„œ์˜ ํŠธ๋ฆฌํ†ค ์—ฐ์†Œ ํ˜„์ƒ์„ ํ•ด์„ํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•œ ์ „์‚ฐ๋ชจ์‚ฌ ์ฝ”๋“œ๋“ค์„ ๋งˆ๋ จํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๊ฐœ๋ฐœ๋œ ์ค‘์„ฑ์ž ์ง„๋‹จ๋“ค์„ ์ด์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ ์‹ค์ œ KSTAR ํ”Œ๋ผ์ฆˆ๋งˆ ์ƒํ™ฉ์—์„œ ํŠธ๋ฆฌํ†ค ์—ฐ์†Œ๋ฅ ์„ ์ธก์ •ํ•˜๊ณ , ํ•ด์„ ๊ธฐ๋ฐ˜์„ ์ด์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ ์ด๋ฅผ ํ•ด์„ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์ง„๋‹จ์€ ํฌ๊ฒŒ ์ค‘์„ฑ์ž ๋ฐœ์ƒ ์ ˆ๋Œ€๋Ÿ‰์„ ์ธก์ •ํ•˜๋Š” ์ง„๋‹จ๊ณผ ์‹œ๊ฐ„์— ๋”ฐ๋ฅธ ์ค‘์„ฑ์ž ๋ฐœ์ƒ๋ฅ ์˜ ๋ณ€ํ™”๋ฅผ ์ธก์ •ํ•˜๋Š” ์ง„๋‹จ ๋‘๊ฐ€์ง€๋กœ ๊ตฌ์„ฑ ๋˜์–ด์žˆ๋‹ค. ํ”Œ๋ผ์ฆˆ๋งˆ ๋ฐฉ์ „ ์‹œ๊ฐ„ ๋™์•ˆ ๋ฐœ์ƒํ•œ ํŠธ๋ฆฌํ†ค ์—ฐ์†Œ ์ค‘์„ฑ์ž ํ˜น์€ d-d ์ค‘์„ฑ์ž์˜ ์ด๋Ÿ‰์€ ์ค‘์„ฑ์ž ๋ฐฉ์‚ฌํ™” ์ง„๋‹จ์„ ์ด์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ ์ธก์ •ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. d-d ์ค‘์„ฑ์ž ๋ฐœ์ƒ๋Ÿ‰์€ 2011๋…„ KSTAR ์บ ํŽ˜์ธ๋•Œ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ์ธ๋“ ์‹œํŽธ์„ ํ†ตํ•ด ์ธก์ •ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ํŠธ๋ฆฌํ†ค ์—ฐ์†Œ ์ค‘์„ฑ์ž ๋ฐœ์ƒ๋Ÿ‰ ์ธก์ •์€ ๋‰ดํŠธ๋กœ๋‹‰์Šค ๊ณ„์‚ฐ์„ ํ†ตํ•ด KSTAR ์ƒํ™ฉ์— ์ ํ•ฉํ•œ ์‹œํŽธ์œผ๋กœ ํ™•์ธ๋œ ์‹ค๋ฆฌ์ฝ˜ ์‹œํŽธ์„ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๊ฐ๋งˆ์„  ๊ฒ€์ถœ๊ธฐ๊ฐ€ ์œ„์น˜ํ•œ ์˜์—ญ์—์„œ, ๋ฐฉ์‚ฌํ™”๋œ ์‹ค๋ฆฌ์ฝ˜ ์‹œํŽธ์—์„œ ๋ฐœ์ƒํ•˜๋Š” ์ธก์ •๋Œ€์ƒ ๊ฐ๋งˆ์„ ๊ณผ ๊ฐ™์€ ์—๋„ˆ์ง€์˜ ๋ฐฐ๊ฒฝ ๊ฐ๋งˆ์„ ์ด ๋ฐœ์ƒํ•˜์—ฌ, ์‹œํŽธ ๊ฐ๋งˆ์„  ๊ฒ€์ถœ์— ๊ฐ„์„ญ์„ ์ค„ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๊ณ , ์ด๋Š” ๋˜ํ•œ ํŠธ๋ฆฌํ†ค ์—ฐ์†Œ ์ค‘์„ฑ์ž ๋ฐœ์ƒ๋Ÿ‰ ๋„์ถœ์— ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ๋ฏธ์น˜๊ฒŒ ๋œ๋‹ค. ์ƒ์‹œ ์šด์šฉ๋˜๋Š” ์ค‘์„ฑ์ž์† ๋ชจ๋‹ˆํ„ฐ๋ฅผ ํ™œ์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ ๋ฌธ์ œ๊ฐ€ ๋˜๋Š” ๋ฐฐ๊ฒฝ ๊ฐ๋งˆ์„ ์˜ ์˜ํ–ฅ ์ •๋„๋ฅผ ๋ฐฐ๊ฒฝ ๊ฐ๋งˆ์„ ์˜ ๋ณ„๋„ ์ธก์ • ์—†์ด ํ‰๊ฐ€ํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์„ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ ์‹ค๋ฆฌ์ฝ˜ ์‹œํŽธ์˜ ๋ฐฉ์‚ฌํ™”๋„ ์ธก์ •์ด ์ง„ํ–‰๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ํŠธ๋ฆฌํ†ค ์—ฐ์†Œ ์ค‘์„ฑ์ž ๋ฐ d-d ํ•ต์œตํ•ฉ ์ค‘์„ฑ์ž์˜ ๋ฐœ์ƒ๋ฅ  ์ธก์ •์€ ์„ฌ๊ด‘๊ฒ€์ถœ๊ธฐ๋“ค์„ ์ด์šฉํ•ด ์ด๋ฃจ์–ด์กŒ๋‹ค. ํŠธ๋ฆฌํ†ค ์—ฐ์†Œ ์ค‘์„ฑ์ž์™€ d-d ํ•ต์œตํ•ฉ ์ค‘์„ฑ์ž์˜ ๋™์‹œ ์ธก์ •์„ ์œ„ํ•ด ์œ ๊ธฐ์„ฌ๊ด‘์ฒด๋ฅผ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์Šคํ‹ธ๋ฒค๊ณผ NE213 ๋‘๊ฐœ์˜ ์œ ๊ธฐ์„ฌ๊ด‘์ฒด๊ฐ€ ๋…๋ฆฝ์ ์œผ๋กœ ์šด์šฉ ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ฐ ์œ ๊ธฐ์„ฌ๊ด‘์ฒด์—๋Š” ๊ด‘์ „์ž์ฆ๋ฐฐ๊ธฐ๊ฐ€ ๊ด‘ํ•™์ ์œผ๋กœ ์—ฐ๊ฒฐ๋˜์–ด์žˆ๋‹ค. ๊ฐ€์†๊ธฐ ๊ธฐ๋ฐ˜ d-t ์ค‘์„ฑ์ž ๋ฐœ์ƒ์žฅ์น˜์—์„œ์˜ ํ…Œ์ŠคํŠธ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•ด, ํ˜„์žฌ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜๋Š” ๋””์ง€ํƒ€์ด์ €์˜ ์•„๋‚ ๋กœ๊ทธ ์ž…๋ ฅ ๋ฒ”์œ„์— d-t ์ค‘์„ฑ์ž ์‹ ํ˜ธ๊ฐ€ ์ ์ ˆํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋“ค์–ด์˜ฌ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋„๋ก ๊ด‘์ „์ž์ฆ๋ฐฐ๊ธฐ ์ด๋“๋ฅ  ๊ฐ’์„ ๊ฒฐ์ •ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๋””์ง€ํƒ€์ด์ €๋Š” ๊ฐ ํŠธ๋ฆฌ๊ฑฐ๋œ ํŽ„์Šค๋“ค์˜ ํŒŒํ˜•์„ ์ €์žฅํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์ €์žฅ๋œ ํŒŒํ˜• ์ •๋ณด์—์„œ ํ›„-์ฒ˜๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•ด ํŠธ๋ฆฌ๊ฑฐ ์‹œ๊ฐ„, ๋ฐœ์ƒํ•œ ์ „ํ•˜, ํŽ„์Šค์˜ ๋ชจ์–‘ ์ •๋ณด๊ฐ€ ๋„์ถœ๋œ๋‹ค. ์ „ํ•˜ ๋น„๊ต ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์„ ํ†ตํ•ด ์ค‘์„ฑ์ž์™€ ๊ฐ๋งˆ์„  ์‹ ํ˜ธ๋ฅผ ๊ตฌ๋ณ„ํ•˜์˜€๊ณ , ๊ทธ ๊ตฌ๋ณ„ ์„ฑ๋Šฅ์€ ์„ฑ๋Šฅ์ง€์ˆ˜(figure of merit)์™€ ์˜ค-๋ถ„๋ฅ˜ ํ™•๋ฅ ์„ ํ†ตํ•ด ํ‰๊ฐ€๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์ „์ฒด์ „ํ•˜ 0.6 V-ns ์ด์ƒ์˜ ๋ฒ”์œ„์—์„œ ์ค‘์„ฑ์ž ์‹ ํ˜ธ ์˜์—ญ์— ๊ฐ๋งˆ์„  ์‹ ํ˜ธ๊ฐ€ ํฌํ•จ๋˜์–ด ์žˆ์„ ํ™•๋ฅ ์€ 0.1% ๋ฏธ๋งŒ์œผ๋กœ ํ™•์ธ ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๋‘ ์„ฌ๊ด‘๊ฒ€์ถœ๊ธฐ์™€ ๋”๋ถˆ์–ด ํŠธ๋ฆฌํ†ค ์—ฐ์†Œ ์ค‘์„ฑ์ž ์ธก์ •์˜ ๊ต์ฐจ ํ™•์ธ ๋ชฉ์  ๋ฐ ํ–ฅํ›„ ๊ณ -์‹œ๋ถ„ํ•ด๋Šฅ ์ธก์ • ์ค€๋น„์˜ ์ผํ™˜์œผ๋กœ ์„ฌ๊ด‘ํŒŒ์ด๋ฒ„ ๊ฒ€์ถœ๊ธฐ๊ฐ€ ์„ค์น˜, ์šด์šฉ ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์„ฌ๊ด‘ํŒŒ์ด๋ฒ„ ๊ฒ€์ถœ๊ธฐ๋Š” ํŠธ๋ฆฌํ†ค ์—ฐ์†Œ ์ค‘์„ฑ์ž์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด์„œ ํŠนํžˆ ๋†’์€ ํŽ„์Šค ์‹ ํ˜ธ๋ฅผ ๋ฐœ์ƒ์‹œ์ผœ d-d ์ค‘์„ฑ์ž ๋ฐ ๊ฐ๋งˆ์„ ์— ์˜ํ•œ ์‹ ํ˜ธ์™€ ๋ถ„๋ฆฌ ๊ฐ€๋Šฅํ•˜๋‹ค. ํŠธ๋ฆฌํ†ค ์ƒ์„ฑ๋Ÿ‰์ด ์ ์–ด ํŠธ๋ฆฌํ†ค ์—ฐ์†Œ ์ค‘์„ฑ์ž์˜ ๋ฐœ์ƒ์ด ๊ฑฐ์˜ ์—†์„ ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ์˜ˆ์ƒ๋˜๋Š” ํ”Œ๋ผ์ฆˆ๋งˆ ์ƒํ™ฉ๊ณผ, ํŠธ๋ฆฌํ†ค ์ƒ์„ฑ๋Ÿ‰์ด ๋งŽ๊ณ  ๊ฐ€๋‘  ํŠน์„ฑ์ด ์ข‹์•„ ํŠธ๋ฆฌํ†ค ์—ฐ์†Œ ์ค‘์„ฑ์ž ๋ฐœ์ƒ ๋˜ํ•œ ๋งŽ์ด ๋ฐœ์ƒํ•  ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ์˜ˆ์ƒ๋˜๋Š” ํ”Œ๋ผ์ฆˆ๋งˆ ์ƒํ™ฉ์—์„œ, ํŽ„์Šค ํŒŒ๊ณ  ์ŠคํŽ™ํŠธ๋Ÿผ ์ƒ์— ์˜ˆ์ƒ๋˜๋Š” ๋ฐฉํ–ฅ์œผ๋กœ์˜ ๋šœ๋ ทํ•œ ์ฐจ์ด๊ฐ€ ํ™•์ธ ๋˜์—ˆ๊ณ , ์ด๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•ด ํŠธ๋ฆฌํ†ค ์—ฐ์†Œ ์ค‘์„ฑ์ž ์ธก์ •์„ ์œ„ํ•œ ์‹ ํ˜ธ ๋ถ„๋ฆฌ ๋ ˆ๋ฒจ์ด ์„ค์ • ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๋‘ ์œ ๊ธฐ์„ฌ๊ด‘์ฒด ๋ฐ ์„ฌ๊ด‘ํŒŒ์ด๋ฒ„ ๊ฒ€์ถœ๊ธฐ๋กœ ์ธก์ •ํ•œ ๋ฐฉ์ „์‹œ๊ฐ„๋™์•ˆ ๋ˆ„์ ๋œ ํŠธ๋ฆฌํ†ค ์—ฐ์†Œ ์ค‘์„ฑ์ž ์‹ ํ˜ธ์™€, ์ค‘์„ฑ์ž ๋ฐฉ์‚ฌํ™” ์ง„๋‹จ์„ ํ†ตํ•ด ์ธก์ •ํ•œ ํŠธ๋ฆฌํ†ค ์—ฐ์†Œ ์ค‘์„ฑ์ž ๋ฐœ์ƒ๋Ÿ‰ ์‚ฌ์ด์— ์„ ํ˜•์„ฑ์ด ํ™•์ธ๋˜์—ˆ๊ณ , ์ด๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•ด ๊ฐ ์„ฌ๊ด‘๊ฒ€์ถœ๊ธฐ๋“ค์ด ์ ˆ๋Œ€ ๊ต์ • ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์ค‘์„ฑ์ž ๋ฐฉ์‚ฌํ™” ์ง„๋‹จ์œผ๋กœ ๊ตฌํ•œ d-d ์ค‘์„ฑ์ž ๋ฐœ์ƒ๋Ÿ‰๊ณผ ์œ ๊ธฐ์„ฌ๊ด‘์ฒด๋กœ ์ธก์ •ํ•œ ๋ฐฉ์ „์‹œ๊ฐ„๋™์•ˆ ๋ˆ„์ ๋œ d-d ์ค‘์„ฑ์ž ์‹ ํ˜ธ์‚ฌ์ด์—๋„ ์„ ํ˜•์„ฑ์ด ํ™•์ธ ๋˜์—ˆ๊ณ , ์ด๋ฅผ ์ด์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ ์œ ๊ธฐ์„ฌ๊ด‘์ฒด ๊ฒ€์ถœ๊ธฐ์˜ d-d ์ค‘์„ฑ์ž ์ธก์ • ์˜์—ญ์ด ์ ˆ๋Œ€ ๊ต์ • ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ํŠธ๋ฆฌํ†ค ์—ฐ์†Œ ํ˜„์ƒ์„ ํ•ด์„ํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•œ ํˆด๋กœ ํŠธ๋ฆฌํ†ค์˜ ์ฆ‰๊ฐ์†์‹ค์„ ๊ณ„์‚ฐํ•˜๋Š” ์ฝ”๋“œ์™€ ํŠธ๋ฆฌํ†ค์˜ ํ”Œ๋ผ์ฆˆ๋งˆ ๋‚ด์—์„œ์˜ ๊ฐ์†๊ณผ d-t ํ•ต์œตํ•ฉ ๋ฐ˜์‘์„ ๊ณ„์‚ฐํ•˜๋Š” ์ฝ”๋“œ๊ฐ€ ๋งˆ๋ จ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์ฆ‰๊ฐ์†์‹ค์€ ํŠธ๋ฆฌํ†ค์˜ ์ž๊ธฐ์žฅ๋‚ด์—์„œ์˜ ์ž์ด๋กœ ๋ชจ์…˜์„ ์ „๋ถ€ ๋”ฐ๋ผ๊ฐ€๋Š” Lorentz Orbit ์ฝ”๋“œ์™€ ํ”Œ๋ผ์ฆˆ๋งˆ ํ‰ํ˜•์„ ์ด์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ ๊ณ„์‚ฐํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๊ฐ ์ž์†ํ‘œ๋ฉด์—์„œ์˜ ์ฆ‰๊ฐ์†์‹ค๋ฅ ์€, ํ•œ ํด๋กœ์ด๋‹ฌ ํ‰๋ฉด ๋‚ด 680๊ฐœ ์œ„์น˜์—์„œ ํ†ต๊ณ„์  ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์œผ๋กœ ๊ณ„์‚ฐ๋œ ์ฆ‰๊ฐ์†์‹ค๋ฅ ์„ ๊ธฐ๋ฐ˜์œผ๋กœ ๊ฒฐ์ •๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ฐ€๋‘ฌ์ง„ ํŠธ๋ฆฌํ†ค์˜ ๊ฐ์†๊ณผ d-t ํ•ต์œตํ•ฉ ๋ฐ˜์‘์˜ ๊ณ„์‚ฐ์€, ๊ธฐ์กด์— ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์žฅ์น˜๋“ค์—์„œ ํ™œ์šฉ๋˜๋˜ ์ฝ”๋“œ๋“ค์„ ๊ธฐ๋ฐ˜์œผ๋กœ ์ƒˆ๋กœ ๊ฐœ๋ฐœํ•œ ์ฝ”๋“œ๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•ด ์ง„ํ–‰๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์ด ์ฝ”๋“œ์—์„œ๋Š” ๊ธฐ๋ณธ์ ์œผ๋กœ ๊ฐ ํŠธ๋ฆฌํ†ค๋“ค์ด ์ƒ์„ฑ๋œ ์ž์†ํ‘œ๋ฉด ์œ„์น˜์—์„œ ๊ฐ์† ๋œ๋‹ค๊ณ  ๊ฐ€์ •ํ•˜๊ณ , ์ฃผ๋ณ€ ํ”Œ๋ผ์ฆˆ๋งˆ์™€์˜ ์ฟจ๋กฑ ์ƒํ˜ธ์ž‘์šฉ์„ ํ†ตํ•ด ๊ฐ์†๋˜๋Š” ์ƒํ™ฉ์„ ๋ชจ์‚ฌํ•œ๋‹ค. ๋˜ํ•œ ์ด ์ฝ”๋“œ์—์„œ๋Š” ๋ฐ˜๊ฒฝํ—˜์ ์ธ (semi-empirical) ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์œผ๋กœ ๋ถ€ํ”ผํ‰๊ท  ์œ ํšจํ™•์‚ฐ๊ณ„์ˆ˜๋ฅผ ๊ตฌํ•˜์—ฌ ๊ณ ์†-ํŠธ๋ฆฌํ†ค์˜ ๊ฐ€๋‘  ์‹œ๊ฐ„์ด ์œ ํ•œํ•œ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด์„œ ๋ชจ์‚ฌ ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ํŠธ๋ฆฌํ†ค ์—ฐ์†Œ ํ•ด์„ ํˆด๊ณผ ๊ฐ€์ •ํ•œ ํ”Œ๋ผ์ฆˆ๋งˆ ํŒŒ๋ผ๋ฏธํ„ฐ๋ฅผ ํ™œ์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ ๊ณ„์‚ฐํ•œ ํŠธ๋ฆฌํ†ค ์—ฐ์†Œ์œจ์€, ๊ณ ์ „์ด๋ก ์—์„œ ์˜ˆ์ธกํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฐ”์™€ ๊ฐ™์ด, ํ”Œ๋ผ์ฆˆ๋งˆ ์ „๋ฅ˜๊ฐ€ ์ฆ๊ฐ€ํ• ์ˆ˜๋ก ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ํŠธ๋ฆฌํ†ค์˜ ๊ฐ์†์‹œ๊ฐ„์ด ๊ธธ์–ด์งˆ์ˆ˜๋ก ์ฆ๊ฐ€ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒฝํ–ฅ์„ฑ์„ ๋ณด์—ฌ์ฃผ์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์ค‘์„ฑ์ž ๋ฐฉ์‚ฌํ™” ์ง„๋‹จ์„ ์ด์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ ์ธก์ •ํ•œ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ์—์„œ๋„ ํ”Œ๋ผ์ฆˆ๋งˆ ์ „๋ฅ˜๊ฐ€ ์ฆ๊ฐ€ํ• ์ˆ˜๋ก ํŠธ๋ฆฌํ†ค ์—ฐ์†Œ์œจ์ด ์ฆ๊ฐ€ํ•˜๋Š” ๋ชจ์Šต์„ ๋ณด์—ฌ์ฃผ์—ˆ๋‹ค. ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ๊ฐ™์€ ํ”Œ๋ผ์ฆˆ๋งˆ ์ „๋ฅ˜ ์ƒํ™ฉ์—์„œ๋„ ํŠธ๋ฆฌํ†ค ์—ฐ์†Œ์œจ์— ์žˆ์–ด ์ผ์ • ์ •๋„ ํŽธ์ฐจ๋ฅผ ๊ฐ–๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด ํ™•์ธ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์ด๋Š” ๊ฐ™์€ ํ”Œ๋ผ์ฆˆ๋งˆ ์ „๋ฅ˜ ์ƒํ™ฉ์—์„œ๋„ ํ”Œ๋ผ์ฆˆ๋งˆ ์ „๋ฅ˜ ๋ฐ€๋„ ๋ฐ ํŠธ๋ฆฌํ†ค ๋ฐœ์ƒ๋ถ„ํฌ๊ฐ€ ๋‹ฌ๋ผ, ์ฆ‰๊ฐ์†์‹ค ์ •๋„๊ฐ€ ํฌ๊ฒŒ ๋‹ค๋ฅผ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Œ๊ณผ ์ถ”๊ฐ€์ ์ธ ์ž๊ธฐ์œ ์ฒด์—ญํ•™์  ํ˜„์ƒ์ด ํฌํ•จ ๋  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Œ์— ์ง€๋ฐฐ์ ์œผ๋กœ ๊ธฐ์ธํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ์˜ˆ์ธก๋œ๋‹ค. ์„ฌ๊ด‘๊ฒ€์ถœ๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ์ด์šฉํ•œ ์‹œ๋ถ„ํ•ด ํŠธ๋ฆฌํ†ค ์—ฐ์†Œ์œจ ์ธก์ • ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ์™€ ๋ถ„์„ํ•˜๊ณ ์ž ํ•˜๋Š” ํƒ€์ด๋ฐ์—์„œ์˜ ํ”Œ๋ผ์ฆˆ๋งˆ ํŒŒ๋ผ๋ฏธํ„ฐ๋“ค์„ ์ด์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ ์ข€ ๋” ์ž์„ธํ•œ ํŠธ๋ฆฌํ†ค ์—ฐ์†Œ ํ•ด์„์„ ์ง„ํ–‰ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๋Œ€์ƒ ํ”Œ๋ผ์ฆˆ๋งˆ๋Š” ์•Œ๋ฒค (Alfvรฉn) ๋ถˆ์•ˆ์ •์„ฑ ์ œ์–ด ์‹คํ—˜์ด ์ง„ํ–‰๋œ ํ”Œ๋ผ์ฆˆ๋งˆ ๋ฐฉ์ „ #21695๋ฒˆ์œผ๋กœ, ํ•ด์„ํ•˜๋Š” ์‹œ์ ์€ ๋ถˆ์•ˆ์ •์„ฑ์ด ์ œ์–ด๋œ 7.4 ์ดˆ ์‹œ์ ์ด๋‹ค. ์ด ์‹œ์ ์—์„œ๋Š” 1 MeV ํŠธ๋ฆฌํ†ค์˜ ๊ฐ€๋‘  ํŠน์„ฑ์„ ์•…ํ™”์‹œํ‚ค๋Š” ๊ฐ•ํ•œ ๋ถˆ์•ˆ์ •์„ฑ์ด ์—†๋Š” ์ƒํ™ฉ์œผ๋กœ, ๊ณ ์ „์ด๋ก ์„ ๊ธฐ๋ฐ˜์œผ๋กœ ๋„์ถœํ•œ ํŠธ๋ฆฌํ†ค ์—ฐ์†Œ์œจ ์ถ”์ •์น˜์™€ ๋น„๊ตํ•˜๊ธฐ ์ ์ ˆํ•œ ํ”Œ๋ผ์ฆˆ๋งˆ ์ƒํ™ฉ์ด๋‹ค. ์ด ๋ฐฉ์ „์˜ ํ”Œ๋ผ์ฆˆ๋งˆ ์ „๋ฅ˜๋Š” 0.5 MA๋กœ ์ฆ‰๊ฐ์†์‹ค๋ฅ ์ด ํด ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ์˜ˆ์ƒ๋œ๋‹ค. ํ•ด๋‹น ์‹œ์ ์—์„œ์˜ ํ”Œ๋ผ์ฆˆ๋งˆ ํ‰ํ˜• ๋ฐ์ดํ„ฐ์™€ LORBIT ์ฝ”๋“œ๋ฅผ ์ด์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ ๊ณ„์‚ฐํ•œ ํŠธ๋ฆฌํ†ค ๊ฐ€๋‘  ๋น„์œจ ๋ถ„ํฌ์™€, TRANSP์œผ๋กœ ๊ณ„์‚ฐ๋œ ํŠธ๋ฆฌํ†ค ์ƒ์„ฑ ๋ถ„ํฌ, ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์ธก์ •๋œ d-d ์ค‘์„ฑ์ž ๋ฐœ์ƒ๋ฅ ์„ ์ด์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ ์ด ์‹œ์ ์—์„œ ํ”Œ๋ผ์ฆˆ๋งˆ์— ๊ฐ€๋‘ฌ์ง„ ํŠธ๋ฆฌํ†ค์˜ ๋ฐ€๋„๋ฅผ ๊ณ„์‚ฐํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ํŠธ๋ฆฌํ†ค ์ƒ์„ฑ ์งํ›„ ์—๋„ˆ์ง€๋ณด๋‹ค d-t ํ•ต์œตํ•ฉ ๋ฐ˜์‘๋‹จ๋ฉด์ ์˜ ํ”ผํฌ ์—๋„ˆ์ง€ ์œ„์น˜๊ฐ€ ๋” ๋‚ฎ์€ ๊ณณ์— ์œ„์น˜ํ•จ์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ, ์ด ํ”Œ๋ผ์ฆˆ๋งˆ์—์„œ์˜ ํŠธ๋ฆฌํ†ค ๊ฐ์†์‹œ๊ฐ„์ธ 0.6 ์ดˆ ๋™์•ˆ ๊ฐ™์€ ํ”Œ๋ผ์ฆˆ๋งˆ๊ฐ€ ์œ ์ง€ ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฐ€์ •์œผ๋กœ ๊ณ„์‚ฐ์ด ์ง„ํ–‰๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ๊ณผ์ •์„ ํ†ตํ•ด ๊ณ„์‚ฐํ•œ ํŠธ๋ฆฌํ†ค ์—ฐ์†Œ์œจ์€ ์ธก์ •์น˜์™€ ์ธก์ •์˜ค์ฐจ ๋ฒ”์œ„๋‚ด์—์„œ ์ผ์น˜ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋ฅผ ๋ณด์—ฌ์ฃผ์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๋ณธ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•ด KSTAR ์žฅ์น˜์—์„œ ํŠธ๋ฆฌํ†ค ์—ฐ์†Œ์œจ์˜ ์‹œ๊ฐ„์— ๋”ฐ๋ฅธ ๋ณ€ํ™”๋ฅผ ์ธก์ • ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ์ง„๋‹จ ์‹œ์Šคํ…œ์„ ๊ฐœ๋ฐœํ•˜์˜€๊ณ , ํŠธ๋ฆฌํ†ค ์—ฐ์†Œ๋ฅผ ํ•ด์„ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ์ฝ”๋“œ๋“ค์„ ๋งˆ๋ จํ•˜์—ฌ ํŠธ๋ฆฌํ†ค ์—ฐ์†Œ ํ•ด์„์˜ ๊ธฐํ‹€์„ ๋งˆ๋ จํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๊ฐœ๋ฐœ๋œ ์ง„๋‹จ์„ ์‹ค์ œ KSTAR ํ”Œ๋ผ์ฆˆ๋งˆ ๋ฐฉ์ „ ์ƒํ™ฉ์—์„œ ์šด์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ ํŠธ๋ฆฌํ†ค ์—ฐ์†Œ์œจ์˜ ์‹œ๊ฐ„์— ๋”ฐ๋ฅธ ๋ณ€ํ™”๋ฅผ ์ธก์ •ํ•˜์˜€๊ณ , ํ•ด์„ ํˆด๋“ค์„ ์ด์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ ์ธก์ • ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋ฅผ ํ•ด์„ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๊ฐ•ํ•œ ๋ถˆ์•ˆ์ •์„ฑ์ด ๋ฐœ์ƒํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š์•„ ์•ˆ์ •์ ์ธ ์ƒํ™ฉ์ด์ง€๋งŒ ์ฆ‰๊ฐ์†์‹ค๋ฅ ์ด ์•ฝ 87%๋กœ ๋†’์€ ํ”Œ๋ผ์ฆˆ๋งˆ ์‹œ์ ์—์„œ, ๊ฐœ๋ฐœ๋œ ์ง„๋‹จ์„ ํ†ตํ•ด ์ธก์ •ํ•œ ํŠธ๋ฆฌํ†ค ์—ฐ์†Œ์œจ๊ณผ ์ฝ”๋“œ๋“ค์„ ํ†ตํ•ด ์ถ”์‚ฐํ•œ ๊ฐ’์ด ์ธก์ • ์˜ค์ฐจ ๋‚ด์—์„œ ์ž˜ ์ผ์น˜ํ•˜๋Š” ๋ชจ์Šต์„ ํ™•์ธํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์ด๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•ด ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์žฅ์น˜๋“ค์—์„œ ๋ณด์—ฌ์ฃผ์—ˆ๋˜ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ์™€ ๊ฐ™์ด ์•ˆ์ •์ ์ธ ํ”Œ๋ผ์ฆˆ๋งˆ ์ƒํ™ฉ์—์„œ์˜ ํŠธ๋ฆฌํ†ค์˜ ๊ฐ€๋‘  ํŠน์„ฑ์ด ๊ณ ์ „์ด๋ก ์„ ํ†ตํ•ด์„œ ์„ค๋ช… ๋  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Œ์„ ์œ ์ถ” ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ํ˜„์žฌ KSTAR์—์„œ๋Š” ๋‹ค์–‘ํ•œ ๊ณ ์„ฑ๋Šฅ ํ”Œ๋ผ์ฆˆ๋งˆ ์‹คํ—˜๋“ค์ด ์ง„ํ–‰๋˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ์‹คํ—˜๋“ค์—์„œ ๋ณธ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•ด ๊ฐœ๋ฐœํ•œ ์ง„๋‹จ๊ณผ ํ•ด์„ ์ฝ”๋“œ๋“ค์„ ํ™œ์šฉํ•จ์œผ๋กœ์จ 1 MeV ์—๋„ˆ์ง€๋ฅผ ๊ฐ–๋Š” ํŠธ๋ฆฌํ†ค์˜ ๊ฐ€๋‘  ํŠน์„ฑ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๋ฐ์ดํ„ฐ ๋ฒ ์ด์Šค๋ฅผ ์ •๋ฆฝํ•ด ๋‚˜๊ฐˆ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๊ณ , ์ด ๋ฐ์ดํ„ฐ๋ฒ ์ด์Šค๋Š” ๊ฐ ์ƒํ™ฉ์—์„œ์˜ 3.5 MeV ์•ŒํŒŒ์ž…์ž ๊ฑฐ๋™ ์œ ์ถ”์— ์œ ์šฉํ•˜๊ฒŒ ํ™œ์šฉ๋  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์„ ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ๊ธฐ๋Œ€ํ•œ๋‹ค.Chapter 1. Introduction 1 1.1. 3.5 MeV alpha from d-t fusion reaction 1 1.2. 1 MeV triton from d-d fusion reaction 2 1.3. Motivation 8 1.4. Objective and approach 9 Chapter 2. Fusion neutron diagnostics 11 2.1. Neutron activation system (NAS) 11 2.1.1. Operation principle 11 2.1.2. Experimental setup 14 2.1.3. Neutron yield evaluation 18 2.1.3.1. KSTAR neutron transport model 18 2.1.3.2. d-d neutron yield 19 2.1.3.3. Triton burnup neutron yield 22 2.2. Scintillation detectors 30 2.2.1. Overview of the system 30 2.2.2. Organic scintillators: NE213 and stilbene 32 2.2.2.1. Operation principle 32 2.2.2.2. Experimental setup 34 2.2.2.2.1. Scintillator and photo-detector 34 2.2.2.2.2. Digitizer 38 2.2.2.2.3. Radiation shielding and installation in KSTAR 42 2.2.2.3. Operation stability and discrimination level setting 53 2.2.3. Scintillating fiber detector 72 Chapter 3. Triton burnup analyses tools 80 3.1. Prompt loss calculation 80 3.1.1. Lorentz Orbit code 80 3.1.2. Confined fraction calculation result 82 3.2. Slowing down and burnup calculation 89 3.2.1. Governing equation and calculation scheme 89 3.2.2. Ad-hoc diffusive model 94 3.2.3. Slowing down and burnup calculation result 97 Chapter 4. Analyses of triton burnup in KSTAR 99 4.1. Analyses of NAS measured result 99 4.2. Analyses of the scintillation detector result 103 Chapter 5. Summary and conclusion 112 Bibliography 115 ๊ตญ ๋ฌธ ์ดˆ ๋ก 124Docto

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    ํ•™์œ„๋…ผ๋ฌธ (์„์‚ฌ)-- ์„œ์šธ๋Œ€ํ•™๊ต ๋Œ€ํ•™์› : ๋ฒ•ํ•™๊ณผ, 2013. 8. ๋ฐ•์ •ํ›ˆ. ๋ฒ•ํ•™์— ์žˆ์–ด์„œ ๋น„๊ต๋ฒ• ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์˜ ์ค‘์š”์„ฑ์€ ์ผ๋ฐ˜์ ์œผ๋กœ ์ธ์ •๋˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋Š” ๋ฐ ๋น„ํ•˜์—ฌ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ ํ–‰์ •๋ฒ•ํ•™๊ณ„์—์„œ ๋ฏธ๊ตญํ–‰์ •๋ฒ•์— ๊ด€ํ•œ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋Š” ์•„์ง๊นŒ์ง€๋Š” ๋ถ€์กฑํ•˜๋‹ค. ๋ฏธ๊ตญํ–‰์ •๋ฒ•์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๋น„๊ต๋ฒ•์  ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์˜ ๊ด€์ ์ด ์–ด๋– ํ•ด์•ผ ํ•  ๊ฒƒ์ธ์ง€๊ฐ€ ๋ฌธ์ œ๋˜๋Š”๋ฐ, ๊ฐœ๊ฐœ ๋ฒ•์ œ๋„์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๋น„๊ต ๋ฟ ์•„๋‹ˆ๋ผ ๋ฒ•์ œ๋„ ๊ทผ์ €์— ์ž๋ฆฌ ์žก์€ ์‚ฌ๊ณ ๋ฐฉ์‹๊ณผ ์ถ”๋ก ๋ฐฉ์‹์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๊ฐ€ ๋น„๊ต๋ฒ• ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์˜ ๋ชฉ์ ์„ ๋‹ฌ์„ฑํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฐ ํ•„์ˆ˜์ ์ด๋‹ค. ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•๋ก ์˜ ์ฐจ์ด์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๋ถ„์„์„ ํ†ตํ•ด ์šฐ๋ฆฌ์˜ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•๋ก ๊ณผ ์ถ”๋ก ๋ฐฉ์‹์˜ ๋‚ด์šฉ์„ ๋ช…ํ™•ํžˆ ์•Œ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๊ณ , ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ๋ฒ•์ „ํ†ต์— ๋Œ€ํ•˜์—ฌ ๊ทธ ๋ฒ•์ „ํ†ต์˜ ์ž…์žฅ์— ์„œ์„œ ํŒ๋‹จํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๊ฒŒ ๋˜๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์ด๋‹ค. ์ปค๋จผ๋กœ ๋ฒ•์ „ํ†ต์€ ์˜ค๋žซ๋™์•ˆ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ์™€๋Š” ๋ฌด๊ด€ํ•˜๊ณ  ์ด์งˆ์ ์ธ ์š”์†Œ๋กœ ์ทจ๊ธ‰๋˜์–ด ์™”๋‹ค. ๊ทธ ์ด์œ  ์ค‘ ํ•˜๋‚˜๋Š” ์„ฑ๋ฌธ๋ฒ• ์œ„์ฃผ์˜ ๋ฒ•์งˆ์„œ๊ฐ€ ๊ทผ๋ณธ์ ์œผ๋กœ ์‚ฌ๋ก€๋ฒ•, ํŒ๋ก€๋ฒ• ์œ„์ฃผ์˜ ์ปค๋จผ๋กœ ์งˆ์„œ์™€๋Š” ๋งž์ง€ ์•Š๋‹ค๊ณ  ์ƒ๊ฐ๋˜์—ˆ๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์ด๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋Ÿฐ๋ฐ ๋ณธ๋ฌธ์—์„œ ์ธ์šฉํ•  ๊ฑด์ถ•์‹ ๊ณ ์— ๊ด€ํ•œ ๋Œ€๋ฒ•์› ํŒ๊ฒฐ์€ ๊ทธ ๊ฒฐ๋ก ์ด ๋ฒ•์กฐ๋ฌธ๊ณผ ํ–‰์ •๋ฒ• ๋„๊ทธ๋งˆํ‹ฑ์—์„œ ๋ฐ”๋กœ ๋„์ถœํ•˜๊ธฐ ์–ด๋ ค์šด ๋ฐ๋‹ค๊ฐ€, ์™ธ๊ฒฌ์ƒ์€ ์ปค๋จผ๋กœ์˜ ์œ ๋น„์  ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•๋ก ๊ณผ ์œ ์‚ฌํ•ด ๋ณด์ธ๋‹ค. ์š”์ฆ˜ ๋ฐœ๊ฒฌ๋˜๋Š” ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ์ข…๋ฅ˜์˜ ํŒ๊ฒฐ๋ฌธ๋“ค๊ณผ ์‚ฌ๊ณ ๋ฐฉ์‹์€ ์ปค๋จผ๋กœ๋ฅผ ๋” ์ด์ƒ ๋‚จ์˜ ์ผ๋กœ ์ทจ๊ธ‰ํ•ด์„œ๋Š” ์•ˆ ๋œ๋‹ค๋Š” ์‚ฌ์‹ค์„ ๋ณด์—ฌ์ค€๋‹ค. ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ์ถ”๋ก ์„ ์ง€์ง€ํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด์„œ๋“ , ๋ฐ˜๋ฐ•ํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด์„œ๋“  ์ปค๋จผ๋กœ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๊ฐ€ ํ•„์š”ํ•ด์กŒ๋‹ค. ์ปค๋จผ๋กœ๋Š” ๊ทธ ๊ฐœ๋… ํ™•์ •๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ์‰ฝ์ง€ ์•Š๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ ๋จผ์ € ๋…ผ์˜๋ฅผ ์œ„ํ•˜์—ฌ ํ•„์š”ํ•œ ๋ฒ”์œ„์—์„œ ์ปค๋จผ๋กœ ์ผ๋ฐ˜์— ๋Œ€ํ•˜์—ฌ ๊ฐ„๋‹จํžˆ ๊ฒ€ํ† ํ•œ๋‹ค. ๋‹ค์Œ์œผ๋กœ ๋ฏธ๊ตญํ–‰์ •๋ฒ• ํ˜•์„ฑ์‚ฌ๋Š” ์ปค๋จผ๋กœ๊ฐ€ ํ–‰์ •๋ฒ•์— ๋Œ€ํ•˜์—ฌ ๊ฐ€์ง€๋Š” ์˜์˜์— ๋Œ€ํ•˜์—ฌ ์—ฐ๊ตฌํ•ด๋ณผ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ์žฅ์„ ์ œ๊ณตํ•œ๋‹ค. ์‚ฐ์—…ํ™”๋กœ ์ปค๋จผ๋กœ์™€ ํ–‰์ •๋ฒ•์ด ์ œ๋Œ€๋กœ ์ฒซ๋Œ€๋ฉด์„ ํ•œ ์‹œ๊ธฐ์ด๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์ด๋‹ค. ๋Œ€๊ทœ๋ชจ์˜ ํ–‰์ •๋ฒ•๋ฅ ์ด ๋“ค์–ด์˜ค๋ฉด์„œ ๊ธฐ์กด์— ์„ ๋ก€๋ฒ• ์œ„์ฃผ๋กœ ๋˜์–ด ์žˆ๋˜ ์ปค๋จผ๋กœ ์ฒด์ œ๊ฐ€ ์–ด๋– ํ•œ ๋ฐ˜์‘์„ ๋ณด์ด๊ณ  ์–‘์ž๊ฐ€ ์–ด๋–ป๊ฒŒ ๊ด€๊ณ„ ๋งบ์—ˆ๋Š”์ง€๋ฅผ ์‚ดํŽด๋ณผ ํ•„์š”๊ฐ€ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ์— ๊ด€ํ•œ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์œผ๋กœ์„œ ์ด ๋…ผ๋ฌธ์—์„œ๋Š” ๋ฏธ๊ตญ ํ–‰์ •๋ฒ•์˜ ํ˜•์„ฑ๊ณผ์ •์„ ์—ญ์‚ฌ์ ์ธ ์ˆœ์„œ๋กœ ์„œ์ˆ ํ•˜๊ธฐ ๋ณด๋‹ค๋Š” ์ค‘์š”ํ•˜๋‹ค๊ณ  ์ƒ๊ฐ๋˜๋Š” ์—ฐ๋ฐฉ๋Œ€๋ฒ•์›์˜ ์„ธ ํŒ๊ฒฐ์„ ์„ ํƒํ•˜์—ฌ ๊ทธ ๋‚ด์šฉ์„ ์ž์„ธํžˆ ์‚ดํŽด๋ณธ๋‹ค. ์ด์ƒ์˜ ๋…ผ์˜๋Š” ์šฐ์„  ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ์ปค๋จผ๋กœ์— ์ ‘๊ทผํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฐฉ์‹์„ ์‹œ์‚ฌํ•œ๋‹ค. ์ฒซ์งธ๋Š” ์—ญ์‚ฌ์  ๋ฐฉ์‹, ๋‘ ๋ฒˆ์งธ๋Š” ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•๋ก ์ ์ธ ๋ฐฉ์‹, ์„ธ ๋ฒˆ์งธ๋Š”, ์ฒ ํ•™์  ๋ฐฉ์‹์ด๋‹ค. ์šฐ๋ฆฌ์˜ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ๋Š” ์—ญ์‚ฌ์ ์ธ ๋ถ„์„์„ ์†Œํ™€ํžˆ ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒฝ์šฐ๊ฐ€ ๋งŽ์ง€๋งŒ, ๋‹จ์ ˆ ์—†์ด ๋‹จ์ผํ•œ ๋ฒ•์ „ํ†ต์œผ๋กœ ๋ฐœ์ „ํ•œ ์ปค๋จผ๋กœ์˜ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ ์—ญ์‚ฌ์  ๊ด€์ ์ด ๊ธฐ๋ณธ์ ์œผ๋กœ ์ค‘์š”ํ•˜๋‹ค. ์ปค๋จผ๋กœ์˜ ๋Œ€ํ‘œ์ ์ธ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•๋ก ์€ ์œ ๋น„์  ์‚ฌ๊ณ ์ด๋‹ค. ์ด๋Š” ๊ธฐ๋ณธ์ ์œผ๋กœ ๋น„ํ˜•์‹์„ฑ์„ ๋ ๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์— ์—ฐ์—ญ๋…ผ์ฆ๊ณผ ๊ฒฐํ•ฉํ•˜๊ฑฐ๋‚˜ ์ด๋ฅผ ํฌํ•จํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด ๊ฐ€๋Šฅํ•˜์—ฌ, ์šฐ๋ฆฌ์™€ ๊ฐ™์€ ๋Œ€๋ฅ™๋ฒ•๊ณ„์—์„œ๋„ ๋ฒ•๋ฅ ๊ณผ ๋„๊ทธ๋งˆํ‹ฑ์— ์˜ํ•œ ๋…ผ์ฆ์„ ์ „๊ฐœํ•˜๋ฉด์„œ๋„ ์–ผ๋งˆ๋“ ์ง€ ์œ ๋น„์  ์‚ฌ๊ณ ๋ฅผ ์‘์šฉํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์ฒ ํ•™์ ์œผ๋กœ๋Š”, ์ปค๋จผ๋กœ๋Š” โ‘  ์œ ๋ช…๋ก ์ , โ‘ก ๊ทœ๋ฒ”์ฃผ์˜์ , โ‘ข ์ž์—ฐ๋ฒ•์  ์ธก๋ฉด์˜ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•๋ก ์œผ๋กœ ์‚ดํŽด๋ณผ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทผ๋ณธ์ ์œผ๋กœ ์ปค๋จผ๋กœ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•๋ก ์— ๋‹ด๊ฒจ์žˆ๋Š” ์ฒ ํ•™์  ๋ฟŒ๋ฆฌ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์ง€์ ์ด๋ผ๋Š” ์ ์„ ๊ธฐ์–ตํ•  ํ•„์š”๊ฐ€ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ์ˆ˜์ค€์˜ ๊นŠ์ด ์žˆ๋Š” ์ดํ•ด๊ฐ€ ์žˆ์–ด์•ผ ์ปค๋จผ๋กœ๋ฅผ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ ์ž…์žฅ์—์„œ๊ฐ€ ์•„๋‹Œ ์ปค๋จผ๋กœ ์ž…์žฅ์—์„œ ์„œ์„œ ํŒŒ์•…ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค๊ณ  ํ•  ๊ฒƒ์ด๋‹ค. ๋˜ํ•œ ๋ฏธ๊ตญ ํ–‰์ •๋ฒ• ํ˜•์„ฑ๊ธฐ์˜ ํŒ๊ฒฐ์„ ๋ถ„์„์ด ์•Œ๋ ค์ฃผ๋Š” ์ ์€ ์‹œ๋Œ€์™€ ๋ฒ•์ •์‹ ์— ๋งž๋Š” ํŒ๊ฒฐ์ด ์–ผ๋งˆ๋‚˜ ์–ด๋ ค์šด ๊ฒƒ์ธ๊ฐ€ ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด๋‹ค. ์ด ํŒ๊ฒฐ๋“ค์€ ๊ณตํ†ต์ ์ด๋ผ๋ฉด ์‚ฌ๋ฒ•์  ์šฐ์›”์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์ง€๋‚˜์นœ ํ™•์‹ ์—์„œ ๋น„๋กฏ๋œ ์ž์˜์ด๋‹ค. ํŒ์‚ฌ์˜ ์ž์˜๋ž€ ๊ฒƒ์ด ๊ณ ์˜์ ์ธ ํƒœ๋งŒ์ด๋‚˜ ๋ถˆ์„ฑ์‹ค์˜ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ์—๋งŒ ๋ฐœ์ƒํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด ์•„๋‹ˆ๊ณ , ํŒ์‚ฌ๊ฐ€ ๋งŽ์€ ๋…ธ๋ ฅ์„ ๊ธฐ์šธ์—ฌ๋„ ๊ฒฐ๊ตญ์€ ์—ญ์‚ฌ์ ์œผ๋กœ๋Š” ์ž์˜์ ์ด๋ผ๋Š” ๋ถˆ๋ช…์˜ˆ๋ฅผ ๋ฐ›๊ฒŒ ๋˜๋Š” ๊ฒฝ์šฐ๊ฐ€ ๋งŽ๋‹ค๋Š” ์ ์—์„œ ๋Š˜ ๊ฒฝ๊ณ„๋ฅผ ๋Šฆ์ถ”์ง€ ์•Š์•„์•ผ ํ•  ๊ฒƒ์ด๋‹ค. ์ฃผ์ œ์–ด: ์ปค๋จผ๋กœ, ๋น„๊ตํ–‰์ •๋ฒ•, ๋ฏธ๊ตญํ–‰์ •๋ฒ•์˜ ํ˜•์„ฑ, ๋กœํฌ๋„ˆ ํŒ๊ฒฐ, ํŒ์‚ฌ์˜ ์ž์˜ ํ•™ ๋ฒˆ: 2004-21966็›ฎ ๆฌก โ…ฐ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์˜ ๋ชฉ์  1 ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์˜ ๋ฒ”์œ„ 4 ์ œ1์žฅ ๋ฌธ์ œ์˜ ์ œ๊ธฐ 5 โ… . ์„œ์„ค 5 โ…ก. 2011๋…„ ๊ฑด์ถ•์‹ ๊ณ ์— ๊ด€ํ•œ ๋Œ€๋ฒ•์› ์ „์›ํ•ฉ์˜์ฒด ํŒ๊ฒฐ 6 1. ์‚ฌ์‹ค๊ด€๊ณ„ 6 2. ๋Œ€๋ฒ•์›์˜ ํŒ๋‹จ 7 3. ํ‰๊ฐ€ 12 ์ œ2์žฅ ์ปค๋จผ๋กœ์™€ ๋ฏธ๊ตญํ–‰์ •๋ฒ•์˜ ํ˜•์„ฑ 15 โ… . ์ปค๋จผ๋กœ 15 1. ์ปค๋จผ๋กœ์˜ ์—ญ์‚ฌ 15 2. 17์„ธ๊ธฐ์˜ ์ปค๋จผ๋กœ ๋ฒ•์ด๋ก  19 3. ์ปค๋จผ๋กœ์˜ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•๋ก -์œ ๋น„์  ์‚ฌ๊ณ  23 4. ๊ฒฐ์–ด: ์ปค๋จผ๋กœ์˜ ๊ฐœ๋… 29 โ…ก. ์ปค๋จผ๋กœ์™€ ํ–‰์ •๋ฒ• 32 1. ์ปค๋จผ๋กœ์™€ ํ–‰์ •๋ฒ•์˜ ๋ถ„๋ฆฌ 32 2. ์ปค๋จผ๋กœ ์ฒด๊ณ„์—์„œ ์„ ๋ก€์™€ ๋ฒ•๋ฅ ์˜ ๊ด€๊ณ„ 33 โ…ข. ๋ฏธ๊ตญํ–‰์ •๋ฒ•์˜ ํ˜•์„ฑ 38 1. ํ–‰์ •๋ฒ•์˜ ๊ฐœ๋… 38 2. ๊ณต๋ฒ•๊ณผ ์‚ฌ๋ฒ•์˜ ๊ตฌ๋ณ„ ๋ฌธ์ œ 40 3. ๋ฏธ๊ตญํ–‰์ •๋ฒ• ํ˜•์„ฑ์‹œ๊ธฐ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๋…ผ์˜ 41 4. ํ–‰์ •๋ฒ• ํ˜•์„ฑ๊ธฐ์˜ ์—ญ์‚ฌ์  ์ƒํ™ฉ 43 ์ œ3์žฅ ๋ฏธ๊ตญ ์—ฐ๋ฐฉ๋Œ€๋ฒ•์› ํŒ๊ฒฐ์˜ ๋ถ„์„ 47 โ… . ๊ฐœ์„ค 47 โ…ก. Locher v. New York ํŒ๊ฒฐ 49 1. ์‚ฌ๊ฑด์˜ ๋‚ด์šฉ 49 2. ์—ฐ๋ฐฉ๋Œ€๋ฒ•์›์˜ ํŒ๋‹จ 49 3. ๊ฒ€ํ†  51 โ…ข. Smyth v. Ames ํŒ๊ฒฐ 58 1. ๋„์ž… 58 2. ์—ฐ๋ฐฉ๋Œ€๋ฒ•์›์˜ ํŒ๋‹จ 59 3. ์‚ฌ๊ฑด์˜ ๋ฐฐ๊ฒฝ 63 4. ๊ฒ€ํ†  67 5. ๊ด€๋ จ ๋ฌธ์ œ: ์—ฐ๋ฐฉํ†ต์ƒ์œ„์›ํšŒ 72 โ…ข. United States v. E. C. Knights Co. ํŒ๊ฒฐ 77 1. ์ฒญ๊ตฌ์˜ ๋‚ด์šฉ 77 2. ์—ฐ๋ฐฉ๋Œ€๋ฒ•์›์˜ ํŒ๋‹จ 78 3. ์‚ฌ๊ฑด์˜ ๋ฐฐ๊ฒฝ: ์…”๋จผ๋ฒ•์˜ ์ œ์ •๊ฒฝ์œ„ 80 4. ๊ฒ€ํ†  82 5. ๊ด€๋ จ๋ฌธ์ œ: ์—ฐ๋ฐฉ๊ฑฐ๋ž˜์œ„์›ํšŒ 85 ์ œ4์žฅ ์‹œ์‚ฌ์  89 1. ์ปค๋จผ๋กœ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์ ‘๊ทผ 89 2. ๊ฑด์ถ•์‹ ๊ณ  ํŒ๊ฒฐ์— ๋Œ€ํ•˜์—ฌ 91 3. ํŒ์‚ฌ์˜ ์ž์˜ 92 4. ํ–‰์ •๋ฒ• ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•๋ก ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์˜์˜ 93 ์ฐธ ๊ณ  ๋ฌธ ํ—Œ 95 97Maste

    Revolt against Taboo: The Encounter between Postwar Okinawa and the Japanese Emperor - Focusing on Medoruma Shuns Heiwa-doฬ„ri to nazukerareta machi o aruite

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    ์ด ๊ธ€์€ ์ผ์ข…์˜ ํ‘œํ˜„์˜ ๊ธˆ๊ธฐ์ธ ์ฒœํ™ฉ์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ์ „ํ›„ ์ผ๋ณธ๋ฌธํ•™๊ณผ ์ „ํ›„ ์˜คํ‚ค๋‚˜์™€๋ฌธํ•™์ด ๊ฐ๊ฐ ์–ด๋–ป๊ฒŒ ๋Œ€์‘ํ•ด์™”๋Š”์ง€ ๊ณ ์ฐฐํ•œ ๊ฒƒ์ด๋‹ค. ์ „ํ›„๋ฏผ์ฃผ์ฃผ์˜์™€ ์ดˆ๊ตญ๊ฐ€์ฃผ์˜๊ฐ€ ํ˜ผ์žฌํ•˜๋Š” ๋ณธํ† ์˜ ์–‘์ƒ๊ณผ ๊ทธ์™€๋Š” ๋˜ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์ธต์œ„์— ๋†“์—ฌ ์žˆ๋Š” ์˜คํ‚ค๋‚˜์™€๋ฅผ ๋Œ€๋น„์ ์œผ๋กœ ์‚ดํŽด ์ „ํ›„ ์ผ๋ณธ๊ณผ ์˜คํ‚ค๋‚˜์™€ ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์ฒœํ™ฉ์˜ ํ‘œ์ƒ ๋ฌธ์ œ๋ฅผ ๋ถ„์„ํ•˜๊ณ ์ž ํ–ˆ๋‹ค. 1960๋…„๋Œ€ ์ผ๋ณธ์—์„œ๋Š” ๋ฏธ์ผ์•ˆ์ „๋ณด์žฅ์กฐ์•ฝ์˜ ๊ฐœ์ •์„ ๋‘˜๋Ÿฌ์‹ธ๊ณ  ์ขŒ์šฐ ์ •์น˜๊ถŒ์ด ํฌ๊ฒŒ ๋Œ€๋ฆฝํ•œ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ ๊ฐ€์šด๋ฐ ์šฐ์ต ์ฒญ๋…„๋“ค์ด ์ผ์œผํ‚จ ์•„์‚ฌ๋ˆ„๋งˆ ์‚ฌ๊ฑด(ๆต…ๆฒผไบ‹ไปถ, 1960. 10. 12)๊ณผ ์‹œ๋งˆ๋‚˜์นด ์‚ฌ๊ฑด(ๅถ‹ไธญไบ‹ไปถ, 1961. 2. 1)์€ ์ „ํ›„๋ฏผ์ฃผ์ฃผ์˜์™€ ์ดˆ๊ตญ๊ฐ€์ฃผ์˜๊ฐ€ ํ˜ผ์žฌํ•˜๋Š” ์ „ํ›„ ์ผ๋ณธ์˜ ์ด์ค‘์ ์ธ ํ˜„์‹ค์„ ๊ทธ๋Œ€๋กœ ๋Œ€๋ณ€ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ, ์ด ๋‘ ์‚ฌ๊ฑด์€ ์ฒœํ™ฉ์ด ์ผ๋ณธ์ธ์˜ ๋ชธ๊ณผ ๋งˆ์Œ์„ ๊ฐ•๋ ฅํ•˜๊ฒŒ ํฌํšํ•˜๋Š” ์žฅ์น˜์ž„์„ ๋”์šฑ ๋šœ๋ ทํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋ถ€๊ฐ์‹œํ‚ค๋Š” ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋ฅผ ๋‚ณ๊ธฐ๋„ ํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ์ฒœํ™ฉ(์ œ)์ด๋ผ๋Š” ์‹ฌ์ƒ์  ์ฒ ์ฑ…์„ ๋›ฐ์–ด๋„˜๊ณ ์ž ํ–ˆ๋˜ ๋‘ ๋ฌธํ•™์ž ํ›„์นด์ž์™€ ์‹œ์น˜๋กœ(ๆทฑๆฒขไธƒ้ƒŽ)์™€ ์˜ค์— ๊ฒ์ž๋ถ€๋กœ(ๅคงๆฑŸๅฅไธ‰้ƒŽ)๋Š” ์šฐ์ต ์ฒญ๋…„๋“ค์˜ ํ…Œ๋Ÿฌ์— ์ง๊ฐ„์ ‘์ ์œผ๋กœ ์—ฐ๋ฃจ๋˜๋ฉด์„œ ์ „ํ›„์ผ๋ณธ๋ฌธํ•™ ๊ณต๊ฐ„์— ๋”๋Š” ์ฒœํ™ฉ์„ ๋“ฑ์žฅ์‹œํ‚ฌ ์ˆ˜ ์—†์Œ์„ ์ฆ๋ช…ํ•ด ๋ณด์ด๊ณ  ๋ง์•˜๋‹ค. ์ดํ›„ ์ „ํ›„์ผ๋ณธ๋ฌธํ•™์— ์ฒœํ™ฉ์ด ๋‹ค์‹œ ๋“ฑ์žฅํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋œ ๊ฒƒ์€ 1986๋…„์— ์ด๋ฅด๋Ÿฌ์„œ๋‹ค. ์˜คํ‚ค๋‚˜์™€์˜ ์ž‘๊ฐ€ ๋ฉ”๋„๋ฃจ๋งˆ ์ŠŒ(็›ฎๅ–็œžไฟŠ)์ด ์“ด ใ€Œํ‰ํ™”๊ฑฐ๋ฆฌ๋กœ ๋ถˆ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ๊ธธ์„ ๊ฑธ์œผ๋ฉฐใ€๋Š” ํŒจ์ „ ํ›„ ์˜คํ‚ค๋‚˜์™€๋ฅผ ๋ฐฉ๋ฌธํ•œ ํ™ฉํƒœ์ž ๋ถ€๋ถ€์—๊ฒŒ ํ•œ ์น˜๋งค ๋…ธ์ธ์ด ์ž์‹ ์˜ ๋Œ€๋ณ€์„ ํˆฌ์ฒ™ํ•˜๋Š” ์‚ฌ๊ฑด์„ ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์–ธ์–ด์™€ ๊ธฐ์–ต์„ ๋ฐ˜์ฏค ์žƒ์–ด๋ฒ„๋ฆฐ ์น˜๋งค ๋…ธ์ธ์˜ ๋น„์ •์ƒ์ ์ธ ์‹ ์ฒด๋Š” ์ •์ƒ์ ์ธ ๊ทœ์œจ๊ณผ ๊ทœ์ œ๊ฐ€ ์ ์šฉ๋˜๊ธฐ ํž˜๋“  ์˜ˆ์™ธ์ ์ธ ์‹ ์ฒด์— ๋‹ค๋ฆ„ ์•„๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ด ์˜ˆ์™ธ์  ์‹ ์ฒด๊ฐ€ ์ผ์œผํ‚จ ํ…Œ๋Ÿฌ๋Š” ์ผ๋ณธ์ด๋ผ๋Š” ๊ตญ๋ฏผ๊ตญ๊ฐ€ ์•ˆ์— ํฌ์„ญ๋  ์ˆ˜ ์—†๋Š” ์˜คํ‚ค๋‚˜์™€์˜ ์˜ˆ์™ธ์ ์ธ ์ƒํ™ฉ์„ ์•”์‹œํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด๊ธฐ๋„ ํ–ˆ๋‹ค. 1980๋…„๋Œ€ ์ „ํ›„ ์ดํ›„๋ฅผ ์‚ด๋ฉฐ, ์ผ์žฅ๊ธฐ ๊ฒŒ์–‘์ด๋‚˜ ๊ธฐ๋ฏธ๊ฐ€์š” ์ œ์ฐฝ๊ณผ ๊ฐ™์€ ๊ตญ๊ฐ€์˜๋ก€๋ฅผ ๋”์šฑ ๊ฐ•ํ™”ํ•˜์—ฌ ๋ณด์ˆ˜ํ™”๋˜๋˜ ๋ณธํ† , ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ๋ณธํ†  ๋ณต๊ท€๋กœ ์ผ๋ณธ์— ๋น ๋ฅด๊ฒŒ ํŽธ์ž…๋˜์–ด๊ฐ€๋Š” ์˜คํ‚ค๋‚˜์™€๋ฅผ ๋ชฉ๋„ํ•œ ๋ฉ”๋„๋ฃจ๋งˆ ์ŠŒ์€ ์ด๋ฏธ 20์—ฌ ๋…„ ์ „์— ํŒจ๋ฐฐํ•˜๊ณ  ์นจ๋ฌต์œผ๋กœ ์ผ๊ด€ํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ธˆ๊ธฐ์™€ ๋‹ค์‹œ ๋งˆ์ฃผ ๋ณด๊ณ ์ž ํ–ˆ๋˜ ๊ฒƒ์ด๋‹ค. The purpose of this study is to examine how postwar Japanese literature and postwar Okinawa literature responded to the Japanese emperor, a sort of taboo of expression. In addition, this study attempts to analyze postwar Japan, Okinawa, and the symbol of the Japanese emperor by comparing the mainland, where postwar democracy and super-nationalism co-existed, with Okinawa, which stood on another layer. In Japan of 1960s, the right and left parties confronted with each other on the issue of the revision of Security Treaty between the United States and Japan. In the meantime, young right-wing people executed Asanuma Assassination (10.12.1960) and Shimanaka Incident (2.1.1961), representing the ambivalent reality of postwar Japan where postwar democracy and super-nationalism co-existed. Such incidents, in the end, more clearly showed the fact that the Japanese emperor is still a tool to strongly capture the minds and bodies of Japanese people. As Hukazawa Shiciro and Oe Kenzaburo, writers who desired to overcome the imagery fence, the Japanese emperor, became the target of terrorism by young right-wing people. They eventually proved that the Japanese emperor could no longer appear in the space of postwar Japanese literature. In 1986, the Japanese emperor reappeared in postwar Japanese literature. Heiwa-doฬ„ri to nazukerareta machi o aruite written by Medoruma Shun from Okinawa described the incident that an elderly with Dimentia threw his excrement to the Royals visiting Okinawa after the defeated war. The elderly who had lost his linguistic ability and memory was an exceptional body, which normal rules or regulations could be hardly applied. The terror committed by this exceptional body also implied the exceptional situation of Okinawa that it could not become an integral part of the nation-state, Japan. Living in prewar days of 1980s, watching the mainland become conservative with intensified national rituals, such as raising the Japanese flag and singing Kimigayo, and experiencing the quick incorporation of Okinawa to Japan, Medoruma Shun desired to face the taboo once again that had been lost and remained silent for nearly twenty years

    The Japanese Beauty Stratum and Kawabata Yasunari

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    ๊ฐ€์™€๋ฐ”ํƒ€ ์•ผ์Šค๋‚˜๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ์ผ๋ณธ ์ตœ์ดˆ์˜ ๋…ธ๋ฒจ ๋ฌธํ•™์ƒ์„ ๋ฐ›์€ ๊ฒƒ์€ 1968๋…„์˜ ์ผ์ด๋‹ค. ๋‹น์‹œ ๊ฐ€์™€๋ฐ”ํƒ€๋Š” ์Šคํ†กํ™€๋ฆ„์˜ ์Šค์›จ๋ด ์•„์นด๋ฐ๋ฏธ์—์„œ (็พŽใ—ใ„ๆ—ฅๆœฌ{ใฎ็ง: ใใฎๅบ่ชช)์ด๋ผ๋Š” ์ œ๋ชฉ์œผ๋กœ ๊ธฐ๋… ๊ฐ•์—ฐ์„ ํ–ˆ๋Š”๋ฐ, ์ด๋Š” ์•„๋ฆ„๋‹ค์šด ์ผ๋ณธ์ด ๊ตญ๋‚ด์™ธ์ ์œผ๋กœ ์Šน์ธ๋ฐ›๋Š” ํš๊ธฐ์ ์ธ ์‚ฌ๊ฑด์ด์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ฐ€์™€๋ฐ”ํƒ€๊ฐ€ ๊ทธํ† ๋ก ๊ฐ•์กฐํ•˜๋˜ ์•„๋ฆ„๋‹ค์šด ์ผ๋ณธ์ด๋ž€ ๊ตฌ์ฒด์ ์œผ๋กœ ๋ฌด์—‡์„ ๋งํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ผ๊นŒ. ํŒจ์ „ ํ›„์˜ ๊ฐ€์™€๋ฐ”ํƒ€๋Š” ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ ๊ธฐํšŒ๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•ด ์ผ๋ณธ ๋ฏธ์˜ ์ „ํ†ต์ด๋‚˜ ์˜› ์‚ฐํ•˜, ๊ณ ๋ž˜(ๅคไพ†)์˜ ์ผ๋ณธ์œผ๋กœ ๋Œ์•„๊ฐˆ ๊ฒƒ์„ ์ฒœ๋ช…ํ•œ ๋ฐ” ์žˆ์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ฒฐ๋ก ์ ์œผ๋กœ ๋งํ•˜๋ฉด ์ด๋Š” ํŒจ์ „ ํ›„์˜ ์ƒํ™ฉ์„ ๋ด‰ํ•ฉํ•˜๊ณ  ์ˆ˜์Šตํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•œ ์ผ์ข…์˜ ๋ฐฉํŽธ์ด์—ˆ๋‹ค๊ณ  ๋ณผ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์™œ๋ƒํ•˜๋ฉด ๊ณ ๋Œ€ ์ผ๋ณธ๊ณผ ํ˜„์žฌ์˜ ์ผ๋ณธ์„ ์ง๊ฒฐ์‹œํ‚ค๊ธฐ๋งŒ ํ•˜๋ฉด ์ „์Ÿ์— ๊ด€ํ•œ ์ƒ์ฒ˜์™€ ์•„ํ””์„ ๋ด‰์ธํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์ด๋‹ค. ๊ณ ๋Œ€ ์ผ๋ณธ์—๋Š” ํŒจ์ „์— ๊ด€ํ•œ ์–ด๋– ํ•œ ์—ญ์‚ฌ์  ๊ฒฝํ—˜๋„ ๊ฐ์ธ๋˜์–ด ์žˆ์ง€์•Š๋‹ค. ๋”ฐ๋ผ์„œ ์ˆœ์ˆ˜ํ•˜๊ณ  ์•„๋ฆ„๋‹ค์šด ์‹œ๊ฐ„์ธ ๊ณ ๋Œ€ ์ผ๋ณธ์„ ํŒจ์ „ ํ›„์˜ ์ƒํ™ฉ์—์„œ ์ƒˆ๋กญ๊ฒŒ ์ „์œ ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค ๋ฉด, ์ „์Ÿ ๊ธฐ๊ฐ„์€ ๊ณต๋ฐฑ์œผ๋กœ ์ฒ˜๋ฆฌํ•œ ์ฑ„ ์ผ๋ณธ ํ˜น์€ ์ผ๋ณธ ๋ฏผ์กฑ, ์ผ๋ณธ์˜ ์ „ํ†ต์ด๋ผ๋Š” ๊ด€๋…์„ ๊ท ์—ด ์—†์ด ๋งค๋ˆํ•˜๊ฒŒ ํ™˜์ƒ์‹œํ‚ฌ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด๋‹ค. ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์— ๊ฐ€์™€๋ฐ”ํƒ€๋Š” ์„œ๊ตฌ ๊ทผ๋Œ€๋ฌธํ•™์˜ ์ž์žฅ์œผ๋กœ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ์ž์œ ๋กœ์› ๋˜ ๊ณ ์ „ ๋ฌธํ•™์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ๋†’์ด ํ‰๊ฐ€ํ•˜์˜€๊ณ , ์—ฌ๊ธฐ์— ์ผ๋ณธ์  ๋ฏธ์˜ ๊ทผ์›์ด ์ž ์žฌ๋˜์–ด ์žˆ๋‹ค๊ณ  ๊ฐ•์กฐํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ์ด์™€ ๊ฐ™์€ ์˜๋ฏธ์—์„œ ๋ณธ๋‹ค๋ฉด, ๊ฐ€์™€๋ฐ”ํƒ€๊ฐ€ ์ „ํ›„์— ์ผ๋ณธ์  ๋ฏธ์— ๊ด€ํ•ด ์ง‘์ฐฉํ•œ ๊ฒƒ์€ ์ „์Ÿ, ํ˜น์€ ํŒจ์ „์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๋Šฅ๋™์ ์ธ ๋ง๊ฐ๊ณผ ์žฌ๊ฑด์˜ ํ–‰์œ„์˜€๋‹ค๊ณ  ๋ณผ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ํ•œํŽธ ์ „ํ›„ ์ผ๋ณธ์‚ฌํšŒ์˜ ๋ณด์ˆ˜ํ™”๋ผ๋Š” ํ† ์–‘ ์œ„์— ๋…ธ๋ฒจ ๋ฌธํ•™์ƒ์ด๋ผ๋Š” ์ƒ์ง•์ ์ธ ๊ถŒ์œ„์™€ ๊ฐ€์™€๋ฐ”ํƒ€์˜ ํ™”๋ฒ•์ด ๋”ํ•ด์ ธ, ์•„๋ฆ„๋‹ค์šด ์ผ๋ณธ์ด๋ผ๋Š” ๊ฐ€์ƒ์˜ ํ˜„์‹ค๊ณผ ํ—ˆ๊ตฌ์  ์ง„์‹ค์ด ์ ์ฐจ ๋ฟŒ๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ ๋‚ด๋ฆฌ๊ฒŒ ๋˜์—ˆ์Œ์€ ๋ถ€์ •ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์—†๋Š” ์‚ฌ์‹ค์ด๋‹ค. ๊ทธ์™€ ๋”๋ถˆ์–ด ๊ฐ€์™€๋ฐ”ํƒ€์˜ ๋ฏธ์  ์„ธ๊ณ„๊ด€์ด ์ง€๊ธˆ์˜ ์ผ๋ณธ ์‚ฌํšŒ์—์„œ ์ •์น˜์  ์ˆ˜์‚ฌ ๋‚ด์ง€ ํ†ต์น˜ ์ „๋žต์œผ๋กœ ํญ๋„“๊ฒŒ ์›์šฉ๋˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋Š” ์ ๋„ ์ง€์ ํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š์„ ์ˆ˜ ์—†๋‹ค. ๊ตญ๋ฏผ๊ตญ๊ฐ€๋ผ๋Š” ์ž์žฅ์ด๋‚˜ ์„ธ๊ณ„ํ™” ๊ตญ๋ฉด ์•ˆ์—์„œ ํ˜ธ์ถœ๋˜์—ˆ๋˜ ์•„๋ฆ„๋‹ค์šด ์ผ๋ณธ์€ ์—ฌ์ „ํžˆ ๊ฐ์„ฑ์  ๊ณต๋™์ฒด ๊ตฌ์„ฑ์— ์ ๊ทน์ ์œผ๋กœ ๊ฐœ์ž…ํ•˜๊ณ  ๋ด‰์‚ฌํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด๋‹ค.Kawabata Yasunari, the first Japanese to be awarded the Nobel Prize in Literature, received the award in 1969. On the occasion, he delivered a commemorative speech Japan, the Beautiful and Myself: An Introduction (็พŽใ—ใ„ๆ—ฅๆœฌ{ใฎ็ง-ใใฎๅบ่ชช) at the Swedish Academy, which was a groundbreaking event that achieved the recognition of beautiful Japan worldwide. What is the beautiful Japan that Kawabata underlined to such a great extent? After Japans defeat in the World War II, he proclaimed to return to the tradition of Japanese beauty, old mountains and streams, and ancient Japan at every occasion. It was a kind of measure available to stitch up and settle the situation after the defeat, in that postwar scars and pains could be patched up as far as a direct link could be built between the ancient Japan and present Japan. The experience of losing wars was not imprinted on the ancient Japan. Accordingly, if the ancient Japan that remained a pure and beautiful time could be wholly and newly obtained in such a postwar situation, the concept including Japan, Japanese race, and Japanese tradition could be seamlessly resurrected, leaving the war period vacant. On this account, Kawabata highly appreciated the classical literature that is distant from the modern Western literature and emphasized the classical literatures inherent essence of Japanese beauty. In this context, it may be that Kawabatas adherence to the Japanese beauty after the defeat was an act of active forgetting and reconstructing in relation to the war or defeat. Meanwhile, it is an undeniable truth that the virtual reality and fictional truth in the beautiful Japan were gradually pervading the postwar conversation, as Kawabatas symbolic authority and narrative were introduced. In addition, it is notable that Kawabatas aesthetic worldview is widely cited in todays Japanese society as a political rhetoric or ruling strategy. Once invoked in the contexts of globalization or nation-state, the beautiful Japan still actively constitutes an emotional community
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