34 research outputs found

    A study on Development of Design Principles using Creative Thinking Techniques on Real-time Online Learning in Corporate Education

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    ํ•™์œ„๋…ผ๋ฌธ(๋ฐ•์‚ฌ) -- ์„œ์šธ๋Œ€ํ•™๊ต๋Œ€ํ•™์› : ์‚ฌ๋ฒ”๋Œ€ํ•™ ๊ต์œกํ•™๊ณผ(๊ต์œก๊ณตํ•™์ „๊ณต), 2022. 8. ์ž„์ฒ ์ผ.The purpose of this study is to develop design principles and detailed guidelines for real-time online learning using creative thinking techniques in corporate education. This study used the design and development research method. First off, previous literature was reviewed and analyzed to derive the initial design principles and guidelines. Then five experts from the field of educational technology evaluated the internal validity of the principles and guidelines. Modifications were made according to the expertsโ€™ evaluation and feedback. The next step was to test the usability validation of the modified principles and guidelines by experts in corporate training field. The principles and guidelines were then modified according to the evaluation and feedback received by the experts. The final design principles and detailed guidelines were applied to โ€˜Aโ€™ corporate leadership training program in order to evaluate the external validation through analyzing the participantโ€™s survey, interview, and the instructorโ€™s interview. After the internal validation process, total of eight final design principles were derived: 1) Principle of learning transfer, 2) Principle of maintaining learning motivation and immersion, 3) Principle of introducing case studies related to the learning topic and using learning tools, 4) Principle of new perspective on tasks, 5) Principle of visual and auditory utilization, 6) Principle of interactive teamwork using online tools, 7) Principles of social interactions using online tools, 8) Principle of using online tools for individual reflection. As a result of the learnersโ€™ post-questionnaire analysis, the principle of interactive teamwork using online tools, the principle of new perspective on tasks, the principle of self reflection using real-time online platform, and the principle of visual and auditory use were evaluated the highest among eight principles. The two guidelines for principle of interactive teamwork using online tools included forming a team using online tools, and activities in which team members voluntarily share roles such as a team leader, recorder, and presenter. The guidelines for the principle of a developing a new perspective of the task included activities, such as instructors providing creative thinking tools so that the participants use divergent and convergent thinking accordingly, and scenarios or role-play to look at the situation from the other person's perspective. The guidelines for the principle of real-time online individual reflection included activities, in which the participants share what the participants have achieved throughout the learning process, and activities that help participants reflect changes in the participants' perceptions on the learning topics compared to the beginning. Finally, the guidelines for the principle of visual and auditory utilization included activities that visually express the participants' opinions and activities using visual tools such as diagrams and charts to explain the learning material. Although the training program was facilitated through real-time online learning, the analysis of participants and instructor interview indicated frequent and interactive communication among participants as positive aspect of the training program. However, due to the limited time and multiples topics on leadership, the participants suggested a difficulty focusing on one specific topic of leadership to solve a problem creatively and a short of time. The application of design principles to a leadership training program has helped participants to adapt and learn leadership related skills and knowledge more effectively by utilizing creative thinking techniques and effective interaction using real-time online learning tools. Also, this study suggested specific guidelines for each design principle, which helped the facilitator or instructor to apply the principles more accessibly.๋ณธ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋Š” ๊ธฐ์—…๊ต์œก์— ์žˆ์–ด์„œ ์ฐฝ์˜์  ์‚ฌ๊ณ  ๊ธฐ๋ฒ•์„ ํ™œ์šฉํ•œ ์‹ค์‹œ๊ฐ„ ์˜จ๋ผ์ธ ํ•™์Šต์˜ ์„ค๊ณ„์›๋ฆฌ์™€ ์ƒ์„ธ์ง€์นจ์„ ๊ฐœ๋ฐœํ•˜๋Š” ๋ชฉ์ ์„ ์ง€๋‹Œ๋‹ค. ์ด๋ฅผ ์œ„ํ•˜์—ฌ ๋ณธ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์—์„œ๋Š” ์„ค๊ณ„ยท๊ฐœ๋ฐœ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•๋ก ์„ ํ™œ์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ, ์„ค๊ณ„์›๋ฆฌ์™€ ์ƒ์„ธ์ง€์นจ์„ ๊ฐœ๋ฐœํ•œ ํ›„ ์ „๋ฌธ๊ฐ€๋กœ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ๋‚ด์  ํƒ€๋‹นํ™” ๊ฒ€ํ† ๋ฅผ ๋ฐ›๊ณ , ์„ค๊ณ„์›๋ฆฌ์™€ ์ƒ์„ธ์ง€์นจ์„ ๊ต์œก ํ”„๋กœ๊ทธ๋žจ์˜ ํ•™์Šตํ™œ๋™์— ์ ์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ ์™ธ์  ํƒ€๋‹นํ™”๋ฅผ ํ™•์ธํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์ฃผ์š” ์ ˆ์ฐจ๋Š” ๋‹ค์Œ๊ณผ ๊ฐ™์•˜๋‹ค. ์ฒซ์งธ, ๋ณธ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ ์ฃผ์ œ์™€ ๊ด€๋ จ์„ฑ์„ ์ง€๋‹Œ ์„ ํ–‰์—ฐ๊ตฌ ๊ณ ์ฐฐ์„ ํ†ตํ•ด ์ดˆ๊ธฐ ์„ค๊ณ„์›๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ ๋„์ถœํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๋‘˜์งธ, ์ „๋ฌธ๊ฐ€ ์ด ๋‹ค์„ฏ ๋ช…์„ ๋Œ€์ƒ์œผ๋กœ ๋‘ ์ฐจ๋ก€์— ๊ฑธ์ณ์„œ ์„ค๊ณ„์›๋ฆฌ์˜ ํƒ€๋‹นํ™” ๊ฒ€ํ† ๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•ด ์ˆ˜์ • ๋ฐ ๋ณด์™„์ด ์ด๋ฃจ์–ด์กŒ๋‹ค. ์…‹์งธ, ๊ธฐ์—…๊ต์œก ํ˜„์žฅ์—์„œ์˜ ์ ์šฉ ๊ฐ€๋Šฅ์„ฑ์„ ํ™•์ธํ•˜๊ณ ์ž ์‚ฌ์šฉ์„ฑ ํ‰๊ฐ€๋ฅผ ์‹ค์‹œํ•˜์—ฌ ํ˜„์žฅ ์ค‘์‹ฌ์˜ ๊ฐœ์„ ์ ์„ ๋ฐ˜์˜ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๋„ท์งธ, ์ตœ์ข…์ ์œผ๋กœ ๋„์ถœ๋œ ์„ค๊ณ„์›๋ฆฌ์™€ ์ƒ์„ธ์ง€์นจ์„ โ€˜Aโ€™ ๊ธฐ์—…์˜ ๋ฆฌ๋”์‹ญ ๊ต์œก ํ”„๋กœ๊ทธ๋žจ์— ์ ์šฉํ•œ ํ›„ ์„ค๋ฌธ์ง€์™€ ๋ฉด๋‹ด์„ ํ†ตํ•ด ํ•™์Šต์ž์˜ ๋ฐ˜์‘์„ ํ™•์ธํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์ด์™€ ํ•จ๊ป˜ ์šด์˜์ƒ์˜ ์‹ค์ œ์ ์ธ ์˜๊ฒฌ์„ ํ™•์ธํ•˜๊ณ ์ž ๊ต์œก ํ”„๋กœ๊ทธ๋žจ์„ ์šด์˜ํ•œ ๊ต์ˆ˜์ž์˜ ๋ฐ˜์‘์„ ํ™•์ธํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์ „๋ฌธ๊ฐ€ ํƒ€๋‹นํ™”์™€ ์‚ฌ์šฉ์„ฑ ํ‰๊ฐ€๋ฅผ ๊ฑฐ์ณ ์ตœ์ข…์ ์œผ๋กœ 1) ํ•™์Šต์ „์ด์˜ ์›๋ฆฌ, 2) ํ•™์Šต๋™๊ธฐ ๋ฐ ํ•™์Šต๋ชฐ์ž… ์œ ์ง€์˜ ์›๋ฆฌ, 3) ํ•™์Šต์ฃผ์ œ ๊ด€๋ จ ์‚ฌ๋ก€ ๋ฐ ๊ฐœ๋…์  ๋„๊ตฌ ํ™œ์šฉ์˜ ์›๋ฆฌ, 4) ๊ณผ์ œ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์ƒˆ๋กœ์šด ๊ด€์ ์˜ ์›๋ฆฌ, 5) ์‹œ๊ฐ์  ๋ฐ ์ฒญ๊ฐ์  ํ™œ์šฉ์˜ ์›๋ฆฌ, 6) ํŒ€ ํ™œ๋™ ํ™œ์„ฑํ™”์˜ ์›๋ฆฌ, 7) ์˜จ๋ผ์ธ ๋„๊ตฌ๋ฅผ ํ™œ์šฉํ•œ ์ƒํ˜ธ ํ™œ๋™์  ์†Œํ†ต์˜ ์›๋ฆฌ, 8) ์‹ค์‹œ๊ฐ„ ์˜จ๋ผ์ธ ์„ฑ์ฐฐ์˜ ์›๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ ํฌํ•จํ•œ ์ด ์—ฌ๋Ÿ ๊ฐœ์˜ ์„ค๊ณ„์›๋ฆฌ์™€ ์ด์— ํ•ด๋‹นํ•˜๋Š” ์ƒ์„ธ์ง€์นจ์„ ๊ฐœ๋ฐœํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ํ•™์Šต์ž๋ฅผ ๋Œ€์ƒ์œผ๋กœ ์ง„ํ–‰ํ•œ ์„ค๋ฌธ์ง€์™€ ๋ฉด๋‹ด ๋ถ„์„ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ, ์ด ์—ฌ๋Ÿ ๊ฐœ์˜ ์„ค๊ณ„์›๋ฆฌ ์ค‘ ๋Œ€ํ‘œ์ ์œผ๋กœ ํŒ€ ํ™œ๋™ ํ™œ์„ฑํ™”์˜ ์›๋ฆฌ, ๊ณผ์ œ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์ƒˆ๋กœ์šด ๊ด€์ ์˜ ์›๋ฆฌ, ์‹ค์‹œ๊ฐ„ ์˜จ๋ผ์ธ ์„ฑ์ฐฐ์˜ ์›๋ฆฌ, ์‹œ๊ฐ์  ๋ฐ ์ฒญ๊ฐ์  ํ™œ์šฉ์˜ ์›๋ฆฌ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๊ธ์ •์ ์ธ ๋ฐ˜์‘์„ ํ™•์ธํ•ด ๋ณผ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์—ˆ๋‹ค. ํŒ€ ํ™œ๋™ ํ™œ์„ฑํ™”์˜ ์›๋ฆฌ์˜ ์ƒ์„ธ์ง€์นจ์—๋Š” ์˜จ๋ผ์ธ ํ”Œ๋žซํผ์˜ ์†ŒํšŒ์˜์‹ค ๊ธฐ๋Šฅ์„ ์ด์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ ์†Œ๊ทœ๋ชจ๋กœ ํŒ€์„ ๊ตฌ์„ฑํ•˜๋Š” ํ•™์Šต ํ™œ๋™๊ณผ ํŒ€ ๊ตฌ์„ฑ์›์ด ์ž๋ฐœ์ ์œผ๋กœ ๋ฆฌ๋”, ๊ธฐ๋ก์ž, ๋ฐœํ‘œ์ž์™€ ๊ฐ™์€ ์—ญํ•  ๋ถ„๋‹ด์„ ํ†ตํ•ด ์ฑ…๋ฌด์„ฑ์„ ์ง€๋‹Œ ์ƒํƒœ์—์„œ ํŒ€ ํ™œ๋™์— ์ฐธ์—ฌํ•˜๋Š” ํ™œ๋™์„ ํฌํ•จํ•œ๋‹ค. ๊ณผ์ œ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์ƒˆ๋กœ์šด ๊ด€์ ์˜ ์›๋ฆฌ์˜ ์ƒ์„ธ์ง€์นจ์œผ๋กœ๋Š” ๋ฌธ์ œ๋ฅผ ํ•ด๊ฒฐํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•˜์—ฌ ํ•™์Šต์ž์˜ ๋ฐœ์‚ฐ์  ์‚ฌ๊ณ ์™€ ์ˆ˜๋ ด์  ์‚ฌ๊ณ ๊ฐ€ ์ˆœํ™˜์ ์œผ๋กœ ์ผ์–ด๋‚  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋„๋ก ๊ต์ˆ˜์ž๊ฐ€ ์‚ฌ๊ณ ์˜ ๋ฐฉํ–ฅ์„ฑ์„ ์•ˆ๋‚ดํ•˜๋Š” ํ™œ๋™๊ณผ ์ƒ๋Œ€๋ฐฉ์˜ ๊ด€์ ์—์„œ ์ƒํ™ฉ์„ ๋ฐ”๋ผ๋ณผ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ์‹œ๋‚˜๋ฆฌ์˜ค๋‚˜ ์—ญํ• ๊ทน(Role-play)๊ณผ ๊ฐ™์€ ํ™œ๋™์„ ํฌํ•จํ•œ๋‹ค. ์‹ค์‹œ๊ฐ„ ์˜จ๋ผ์ธ ์„ฑ์ฐฐ์˜ ์›๋ฆฌ๋Š” ๊ต์œก ํ”„๋กœ๊ทธ๋žจ์˜ ๋งˆ๋ฌด๋ฆฌ๋‹จ๊ณ„์—์„œ ํ•™์Šต์ž๊ฐ€ ํ•™์Šต ์ดˆ๋ฐ˜์— ์„ธ์› ๋˜ ํ•™์Šต ๋ชฉํ‘œ ์ค‘ ์„ฑ์ทจ ๋‚ด์šฉ์„ ๊ธฐ๋กํ•˜๋Š” ํ™œ๋™๊ณผ ๊ต์œก ์ดˆ๊ธฐ ๋‹จ๊ณ„์™€ ๋น„๊ตํ•˜์—ฌ ํ•™์Šต ์ฃผ์ œ์— ๋Œ€ํ•˜์—ฌ ํ•™์Šต์ž์˜ ์ธ์‹์ด ๋ณ€ํ™”๋œ ์ ์„ ๊ธฐ๋กํ•˜๋Š” ํ™œ๋™์„ ํฌํ•จํ•œ๋‹ค. ์‹œ๊ฐ์  ๋ฐ ์ฒญ๊ฐ์  ํ™œ์šฉ์˜ ์›๋ฆฌ๋Š” ํ•™์Šต์ž์˜ ์˜๊ฒฌ์„ ์‹œ๊ฐ์ ์œผ๋กœ ํ‘œํ˜„ํ•˜๋Š” ํ™œ๋™๊ณผ ํ‘œ๋‚˜ ๋‹ค์ด์–ด๊ทธ๋žจ๊ณผ ๊ฐ™์€ ์‹œ๊ฐ์  ๋„๊ตฌ๋ฅผ ํ™œ์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ ํ•™์Šตํ•˜๋Š” ํ™œ๋™์œผ๋กœ ๊ตฌ์„ฑ๋œ๋‹ค. ํ•™์Šต์ž๋“ค์€ ๋น„๋Œ€๋ฉด ์‹ค์‹œ๊ฐ„ ์˜จ๋ผ์ธ ๊ต์œก์ด์—ˆ์Œ์—๋„ ๋ถˆ๊ตฌํ•˜๊ณ  ์˜จ๋ผ์ธ ๋„๊ตฌ์™€ ๊ธฐ๋Šฅ์„ ํšจ๊ณผ์ ์œผ๋กœ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ ์‚ฌํšŒ์  ์ƒํ˜ธ์ž‘์šฉ์ด ์›ํ™œํ•˜๊ฒŒ ์ด๋ฃจ์–ด์กŒ๋˜ ์ , ์ง๋ฌด ํ˜„์žฅ๊ณผ ๊ด€๋ จ๋œ ์‚ฌ๋ก€๋ฅผ ํ•™์Šตํ•˜์—ฌ ์‚ฌ๊ณ ์˜ ํ™•์žฅ์ด ์ด๋ฃจ์–ด์กŒ๋˜ ์ ์„ ๊ต์œก ํ”„๋กœ๊ทธ๋žจ์˜ ๊ฐ•์ ์œผ๋กœ ์ธ์‹ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๋ฐ˜๋ฉด, ๋ฆฌ๋”์‹ญ์— ํฌํ•จ๋˜๋Š” ๋‹ค์–‘ํ•œ ํ•˜์œ„ ์ฃผ์ œ๋ฅผ ํ•™์Šตํ•จ์œผ๋กœ์จ ํ•œ ๊ฐ€์ง€ ์ฃผ์ œ๋‚˜ ๋ฌธ์ œ์— ์ง‘์ค‘ํ•˜๊ณ  ํ•ด๊ฒฐํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ์‹œ๊ฐ„์ด ๋ถ€์กฑํ•˜๋‹ค๋Š” ์˜๊ฒฌ์„ ์ œ์‹œํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๋ณธ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋Š” ์‹ค์‹œ๊ฐ„ ์˜จ๋ผ์ธ ํ•™์Šต์„ ํ†ตํ•ด ๊ธฐ์—…๊ต์œก์—์„œ ์ค‘์š”ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๊ณ ๋ ค๋˜๋Š” ์ฐฝ์˜์  ์‚ฌ๊ณ  ๊ธฐ๋ฒ•์„ ํ™œ์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ ํ•™์Šต์ž์˜ ๋ฆฌ๋”์‹ญ ์Šคํ‚ฌ๊ณผ ์ง€์‹์„ ํ•™์Šตํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฐ ๋„์›€์„ ์ฃผ์—ˆ๋‹ค๋Š”๋ฐ ์˜๋ฏธ๊ฐ€ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๋˜ํ•œ, ๊ฐœ๋ณ„ ์„ค๊ณ„์›๋ฆฌ์— ํฌํ•จ๋˜๋Š” ๊ตฌ์ฒด์ ์ธ ์ƒ์„ธ์ง€์นจ์„ ๊ฐœ๋ฐœํ•˜๊ณ  ์ด๋ฅผ ๊ธฐ์—…๊ต์œก ํ”„๋กœ๊ทธ๋žจ์— ์ ์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ ํ•™์Šต์ž์™€ ๊ต์ˆ˜์ž์˜ ๋ฐ˜์‘์„ ํ™•์ธํ•˜๋Š” ๊ณผ์ •์„ ํ†ตํ•ด ํ˜„์žฅ์—์„œ์˜ ๊ฒฝํ—˜์  ์ž๋ฃŒ๋ฅผ ๊ธฐ๋ฐ˜์œผ๋กœ ์‹ค์ œ์ ์ธ ๋ฐ˜์‘๊ณผ ํšจ๊ณผ๋ฅผ ํ™•์ธํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค๋Š” ์ ์—์„œ ์˜๋ฏธ๋ฅผ ์ง€๋‹Œ๋‹ค.I. ์„œ๋ก  1 1. ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์˜ ํ•„์š”์„ฑ ๋ฐ ๋ชฉ์  1 2. ์—ฐ๊ตฌ ๋ฌธ์ œ 3 3. ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์˜ ์˜์˜ 3 4. ์šฉ์–ด์˜ ์ •์˜ 4 โ…ก. ์„ ํ–‰๋ฌธํ—Œ ๊ณ ์ฐฐ 6 1. ์ฐฝ์˜์  ์‚ฌ๊ณ ์™€ ๊ธฐ๋ฒ• 7 ๊ฐ€. ์ฐฝ์˜์  ์‚ฌ๊ณ  ๋ฐ ์ฐฝ์˜์  ๋ฌธ์ œํ•ด๊ฒฐ์˜ ๊ฐœ๋…๊ณผ ํŠน์„ฑ 7 ๋‚˜. ์ฐฝ์˜์  ์‚ฌ๊ณ  ๊ธฐ๋ฒ• ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์˜ ์ตœ๊ทผ ๋™ํ–ฅ 10 2. ์‹ค์‹œ๊ฐ„ ์˜จ๋ผ์ธ ํ•™์Šต 14 ๊ฐ€. ์‹ค์‹œ๊ฐ„ ์˜จ๋ผ์ธ ํ•™์Šต์˜ ๊ฐœ๋…๊ณผ ํŠน์„ฑ 14 ๋‚˜. ์‹ค์‹œ๊ฐ„ ์˜จ๋ผ์ธ ํ•™์Šต์„ ์œ„ํ•œ ์„ค๊ณ„์›๋ฆฌ 16 3. ๊ธฐ์—…๊ต์œก๊ณผ ๊ต์œก๋ฐฉ๋ฒ• 21 ๊ฐ€. ๊ธฐ์—…๊ต์œก์˜ ๊ฐœ๋…๊ณผ ํŠน์„ฑ 21 ๋‚˜. ๊ธฐ์—…๊ต์œก ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์˜ ์ตœ๊ทผ ๋™ํ–ฅ 23 II. ์—ฐ๊ตฌ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ• 26 1. ๋‚ด์  ํƒ€๋‹นํ™” 26 ๊ฐ€. ์„ ํ–‰๋ฌธํ—Œ ๊ณ ์ฐฐ 28 ๋‚˜. ์ „๋ฌธ๊ฐ€ ํƒ€๋‹นํ™” 28 1) ์—ฐ๊ตฌ ์ฐธ์—ฌ์ž 28 2) ์—ฐ๊ตฌ ๋„๊ตฌ 29 3) ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ ๋ถ„์„ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ• 30 ๋‹ค. ์‚ฌ์šฉ์„ฑ ํ‰๊ฐ€ 31 1) ์—ฐ๊ตฌ ์ฐธ์—ฌ์ž 31 2) ์—ฐ๊ตฌ ๋„๊ตฌ 32 3) ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ ๋ถ„์„ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ• 33 2. ์™ธ์  ํƒ€๋‹นํ™” 33 ๊ฐ€. ๊ต์œก ํ”„๋กœ๊ทธ๋žจ์˜ ๊ฐœ๋ฐœ 34 1) ์—ฐ๊ตฌ ์ฐธ์—ฌ์ž 34 2) ์—ฐ๊ตฌ ์ ˆ์ฐจ 34 ๋‚˜. ๊ต์œก ํ”„๋กœ๊ทธ๋žจ ์šด์˜ 34 1) ์—ฐ๊ตฌ ์ฐธ์—ฌ์ž ๋ฐ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ ์ ˆ์ฐจ 34 2) ์—ฐ๊ตฌ ๋„๊ตฌ 35 3) ์ž๋ฃŒ ๋ถ„์„ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ• 37 IV. ์—ฐ๊ตฌ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ 38 1. ์ดˆ๊ธฐ ์„ค๊ณ„์›๋ฆฌ์˜ ๊ฐœ๋ฐœ 41 ๊ฐ€. ์ดˆ๊ธฐ ์„ค๊ณ„์›๋ฆฌ์˜ ๋„์ถœ 41 1) ์ดˆ๊ธฐ ์„ค๊ณ„์›๋ฆฌ ๋„์ถœ์„ ์œ„ํ•œ ์„ ํ–‰๋ฌธํ—Œ ๋ถ„์„ 41 2) ์ดˆ๊ธฐ ์„ค๊ณ„์›๋ฆฌ ๊ฐœ๋ฐœ 43 2. ๋‚ด์  ํƒ€๋‹นํ™” 51 ๊ฐ€. 1์ฐจ ์ „๋ฌธ๊ฐ€ ํƒ€๋‹นํ™” 51 1) 1์ฐจ ์ „๋ฌธ๊ฐ€ ํƒ€๋‹นํ™” ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ 51 2) 1์ฐจ ์ „๋ฌธ๊ฐ€ ํƒ€๋‹นํ™”๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•œ ์ˆ˜์ •์‚ฌํ•ญ 55 3) 1์ฐจ ์ˆ˜์ •๋œ ์„ค๊ณ„์›๋ฆฌ 61 ๋‚˜. 2์ฐจ ์ „๋ฌธ๊ฐ€ ํƒ€๋‹นํ™” 64 1) 2์ฐจ ์ „๋ฌธ๊ฐ€ ํƒ€๋‹นํ™” ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ 64 2) 2์ฐจ ์ „๋ฌธ๊ฐ€ ํƒ€๋‹นํ™”๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•œ ์ˆ˜์ • ์‚ฌํ•ญ 68 3) 2์ฐจ ์ˆ˜์ •๋œ ์„ค๊ณ„์›๋ฆฌ 71 ๋‹ค. ์‚ฌ์šฉ์„ฑ ํ‰๊ฐ€ 77 1) ์‚ฌ์šฉ์„ฑ ํ‰๊ฐ€ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ 77 2) ์‚ฌ์šฉ์„ฑ ํ‰๊ฐ€๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•ด ์ˆ˜์ •๋œ ์‚ฌํ•ญ 85 3) ์ตœ์ข… ์„ค๊ณ„์›๋ฆฌ 87 3. ์™ธ์  ํƒ€๋‹นํ™” 90 ๊ฐ€. ๊ต์œก ํ”„๋กœ๊ทธ๋žจ์˜ ์„ค๊ณ„ ๋ฐ ์šด์˜ 90 ๋‚˜. ํ•™์Šต์ž ๋ฐ˜์‘ 119 1) ์„ค๋ฌธ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ 119 2) ๋ฉด๋‹ด ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ 129 ๋‹ค. ๊ต์ˆ˜์ž ๋ฐ˜์‘ 132 V. ๋…ผ์˜ ๋ฐ ๊ฒฐ๋ก  137 1. ๋…ผ์˜ 137 ๊ฐ€. ์˜จ๋ผ์ธ ๋„๊ตฌ์˜ ํ™œ์šฉ์„ ํ†ตํ•œ ์‚ฌํšŒ์  ์ƒํ˜ธ์ž‘์šฉ 137 ๋‚˜. ์ฐฝ์˜์  ์‚ฌ๊ณ  ๊ธฐ๋ฒ•์„ ํ™œ์šฉํ•œ ์‚ฌ๊ณ ์˜ ํ™•์žฅ 139 ๋‹ค. ํ•™์Šต์ฃผ์ œ์™€ ์ง๋ฌด ์ƒํ™ฉ๊ณผ์˜ ์—ฐ๊ณ„ 140 ๋ผ. ๊ต์œก ํ”„๋กœ๊ทธ๋žจ์˜ ์šด์˜ 141 ๋งˆ. ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์˜ ์ด๋ก ์ , ์‹ค์ฒœ์  ํ•จ์˜ 142 2. ๊ฒฐ๋ก  ๋ฐ ์ œ์–ธ 143 ๊ฐ€. ๊ฒฐ๋ก  143 ๋‚˜. ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์˜ ํ•œ๊ณ„ ๋ฐ ์ถ”ํ›„ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋ฅผ ์œ„ํ•œ ์ œ์–ธ 144 ์ฐธ๊ณ ๋ฌธํ—Œ 147 ๋ถ€๋ก 163 Abstract 182๋ฐ•

    ์ˆ˜์ƒ๊ด€์ €์˜ ๊ด€๋ฃŒํ†ต์ œ์™€ ๊ด€์ €์ฃผ๋„ ์ •์น˜์˜ ํ™•๋ฆฝ

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    ์ด ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋Š” ์•„๋ฒ  ์ •๊ถŒ์—์„œ ๊ด€์ €์ฃผ๋„ ์ •์น˜๊ฐ€ ๋ฐœํ˜„๋œ ์›์ธ, ๊ตฌ์กฐํ™” ๊ณผ์ •, ๊ทธ ํŒŒ๊ธ‰ ํšจ๊ณผ๋ฅผ ๊ฒ€ํ† ํ•œ ๊ฒƒ์ด๋‹ค.๋ถ„์„ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋Š” ๋‹ค์Œ์˜ ์„ธ ๊ฐ€์ง€๋กœ ์ง‘์•ฝ๋œ๋‹ค. ์ฒซ์งธ, ๊ด€์ €์ฃผ๋„ ์ •์น˜๋Š” ๋‚ด๊ฐ ๋ฆฌ๋”์‹ญ์„ ์ง€ํ–ฅํ•ด ์˜จ ์ •์น˜๊ฐœํ˜์˜ ์—ฐ์†์„ฑ๊ณผ ์ง‘์ •๋ถ€์˜ ์ „๋žต์  ๋Œ€์‘์ด๋ผ๋Š” ๋‘ ๊ฐ€์ง€ ์š”์†Œ๊ฐ€ ๋งž๋ฌผ๋ ค ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚œ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋‹ค. ๋‘˜์งธ, ์ •์ฑ… ๊ณผ์ •์—์„œ๋Š” ์ •์ฑ…ํšŒ์˜ ์ค‘์‹ฌ์˜ ํ•˜ํ–ฅ์‹ ์ •์ฑ… ๊ฒฐ์ •์ด ์•ˆ์ฐฉํ•˜๋Š” ํ•œํŽธ, ์กฐ์ง ์šด์˜์—์„œ๋Š” ๋‚ด๊ฐ๊ด€๋ฐฉ์„ ํ™œ์šฉํ•œ ์ˆ˜์ƒ๊ด€์ € ์ฃผ๋„์˜ ์ง‘๋‹จ ์ง€๋„์ฒด์ œ๊ฐ€ ๊ตฌ์กฐํ™”๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์ด ๊ณผ์ •์—์„œ ๊ด€๋ฐฉํ˜• ๊ด€๋ฃŒ ์œก์„ฑ๊ณผ ๋‚ด๊ฐ์ธ์‚ฌ๊ตญ์„ ํ™œ์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ ๊ด€๋ฃŒ์˜ ์ž๋ฐœ์  ํ˜‘์กฐ์™€ ๊ธฐ๋Šฅ ์ œ๊ณต์„ ์œ ๋„ํ•˜๋Š” ์‚ฌ์ „-์‚ฌํ›„ ํ†ต์ œ ์ „๋žต์„ ์ ์šฉํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์…‹์งธ, ์•„๋ฒ  ์ •๊ถŒ ๋™์•ˆ ๊ด€์ €์ฃผ๋„์˜ ์„ ๊ฑฐ ์ „๋žต์  ์ •์ฑ… ๋ณ€๊ฒฝ์ด ์ด์–ด์ง€๋ฉด์„œ ์ •์น˜ ์‹œ์Šคํ…œ์— ์™œ๊ณก์ด ๋ฐœ์ƒํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๊ทธ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ ์ž๋ฏผ๋‹น ์ผ๋‹น ์šฐ์œ„ ์ฒด์ œ์˜ ์„ค๋ช…์ฑ…์ž„ ๋ฌธ์ œ๊ฐ€ ์ผ๋ณธ์ •์น˜์˜ ์ค‘์š”ํ•œ ๊ณผ์ œ๋กœ ์žฌ๋ถ€์ƒํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค.This study examines the causes, structuring processes, and effects of the prime ministerial executive(Kantei)-led politics in the Abe regime. The results are as follows: First, the Kanteiled politics emerged through two factors: continuity of political reform aimed at political leadership, and the coping strategies of core executives. Second, top-down policy making, centered on Policy Councils, were settled in the policy process, and the collective leadership centered on the core executive was structured using the Cabinet Secretariat(Kanbล) in the organizational management. In this process, pre and post-control strategies were applied to induce the provision of expertise and cooperation of the bureaucrats, which was a way to expand the Cabinet Secretariat-type bureaucracy and utilize the Cabinet Personnel Bureau. Third, there was a change in the political system, which was the effect of the continued policy changes in the electoral strategy under the Abe regime. As a result, the LDPโ€™s predominance and political accountability are re-emerging as issues of Japanese politics.์ด ๋…ผ๋ฌธ์€ 2019๋…„ ๋Œ€ํ•œ๋ฏผ๊ตญ ๊ต์œก๋ถ€์™€ ํ•œ๊ตญ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์žฌ๋‹จ์˜ ์ง€์›์„ ๋ฐ›์•„ ์ˆ˜ํ–‰๋œ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์ž„(NRF- 2019S1A6A3A02102886)

    A Study on Development Process and Spatial-Cultural Characteristics of Hot Spring District in Korea - Focused on Dangrae Hot Spring in Busan -

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    ํ•™์œ„๋…ผ๋ฌธ (์„์‚ฌ)-- ์„œ์šธ๋Œ€ํ•™๊ต ๋Œ€ํ•™์› : ํ™˜๊ฒฝ๋Œ€ํ•™์› ํ™˜๊ฒฝ์กฐ๊ฒฝํ•™๊ณผ, 2018. 8. ์†์šฉํ›ˆ.ํž๋ง์ด ์‚ฌํšŒยท๋ฌธํ™”์˜ ์ฃผ์š”ํ‚ค์›Œ๋“œ๋กœ ๋ถ€์ƒ๋˜๋ฉด์„œ ์›ฐ๋‹ˆ์Šค ๊ด€๊ด‘์ด ์ฃผ๋ชฉ๋ฐ›๊ณ  ์žˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ, ํŠนํžˆ, ์˜จ์ฒœ๊ด€๊ด‘์€ ์ง์ ‘์ ์ธ ๊ฑด๊ฐ•์ฆ์ง„๊ณผ ํ•จ๊ป˜ ์น˜์œ ๋ชฉ์ ์˜ ํœด์–‘๊ณต๊ฐ„์„ ์ œ๊ณตํ•  ๋ฟ๋งŒ ์•„๋‹ˆ๋ผ ์ง€์—ญ ํ™œ์„ฑํ™”์™€ ๊ฒฐํ•ฉ๋œ ์ง€์†๊ฐ€๋Šฅ ํ•œ ๊ด€๊ด‘ํ˜•ํƒœ๋กœ ๊ทธ ์ค‘์š”์„ฑ์ด ํฌ๋‹ค. ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋‚˜๋ผ ์˜จ์ฒœ์€ ์˜จ์ฒœ๊ด€๊ด‘ ๊ฐœ๋ฐœ ์ •์ฑ…์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ ๊ธฐ๋Šฅ๊ณผ ๊ฒฝ๊ด€ ๋ฉด์—์„œ ๋งŽ์€ ๋ณ€ํ™”๋ฅผ ๊ฑฐ๋“ญํ•ด์™”์œผ๋ฉฐ, ๊ฐœ๋ฐœ ์ •์ฑ…์€ ์˜จ์ฒœ์ง€๊ตฌ์˜ ํ˜•์„ฑ๊ณผ ๋ฐœ์ „์— ํฐ ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ๋ฏธ์ณค๋‹ค. ์˜จ์ฒœ ๊ด€๊ด‘๊ฐœ๋ฐœ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ, ํ˜„์žฌ ๋Œ€๋ถ€๋ถ„ ์˜จ์ฒœ์ง€๊ตฌ๋Š” ๋‚œ๊ฐœ๋ฐœ ๋ฐ ๋…ธํ›„ํ™” ๋ฌธ์ œ๋ฅผ ๊ฒช๊ณ  ์žˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ, ์˜จ์ฒœ ํœด์–‘์ง€๋กœ์„œ์˜ ๋งค๋ ฅ์„ ์žƒ๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์ด๋Š” ๊ฐ ์˜จ์ฒœ์ง€๊ตฌ์˜ ์ž…์ง€ ํŠน์„ฑ, ์‹œ์„ค์˜ ๋ถ„ํฌ ํ˜•ํƒœ, ์ง€์—ญ์ž์› ๋“ฑ ์˜จ์ฒœ์ง€๊ตฌ์˜ ์†์„ฑ์„ ๊ณ ๋ คํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š์•˜์œผ๋ฉฐ, ๋‹จ์ˆœํ•œ ์‹œ์„ค๊ณผ ํ”„๋กœ๊ทธ๋žจ ์œ„์ฃผ๋กœ ํš์ผ์ ์ธ ๊ฐœ๋ฐœ์„ ์ง„ํ–‰ํ•˜์˜€๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์ด๋‹ค. ๊ธฐ์กด์˜ ๋…ธํ›„ํ™”๋˜๊ณ  ๊ด€๊ด‘ ๋งค๋ ฅ์„ ์ƒ์‹คํ•œ ๊ธฐ์กด์˜ ์˜จ์ฒœ์ง€๊ตฌ๋ฅผ ์ง€์†๊ฐ€๋Šฅํ•œ ์˜จ์ฒœ๊ด€๊ด‘์œผ๋กœ ์žฌ์ •๋น„ํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด์„œ๋Š”, ๊ธฐ์กด ์˜จ์ฒœ์ง€๊ตฌ์˜ ํŠน์„ฑ ๋ฐ ์˜จ์ฒœ๊ด€๊ด‘์ง€์˜ ๋ณ€ํ™”์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๊นŠ์ด ์žˆ๋Š” ์ดํ•ด์™€ ์†์„ฑ์„ ํŒŒ์•…ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด ํ•„์š”ํ•˜๋‹ค. ํŠนํžˆ, ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋‚˜๋ผ ์˜จ์ฒœ์€ ๊ด€๊ด‘๊ฐœ๋ฐœ์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ ๊ทธ ๋ณ€ํ™”๊ฐ€ ์ด๋ฃจ์–ด์ ธ, ์˜จ์ฒœ์ง€๊ตฌ ๊ฐœ๋ฐœ๊ณผ์ •์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ ์–ด๋–ป๊ฒŒ ์˜จ์ฒœ์ง€๊ตฌ๊ฐ€ ์ง€์†๋˜๊ณ  ๋ณ€ํ˜•๋˜์–ด ํ˜„์žฌ์˜ ํŠน์ง•์„ ๊ฐ€์ง€๊ณ  ์žˆ๋Š”์ง€ ๊ณ ์ฐฐํ•ด์•ผ ํ•œ๋‹ค. ๋ณธ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋Š” ์˜จ์ฒœ๊ด€๊ด‘ ๊ฐœ๋ฐœ์— ๋”ฐ๋ฅธ ์˜จ์ฒœ์ง€๊ตฌ์˜ ์‚ฌํšŒ์ ์ธ ํŠน์ง•๊ณผ ๊ณต๊ฐ„์ ์ธ ๋ณ€ํ™”๋ฅผ ๊ณ ์ฐฐํ•˜๊ณ , ๊ทธ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋‚˜๋ผ ์˜จ์ฒœ์ง€๊ตฌ ๊ฐœ๋ฐœ์˜ ํ˜„ํ™ฉ๊ณผ ๊ณต๊ฐ„๋ฌธํ™”์  ํŠน์„ฑ์„ ํŒŒ์•…ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ๋ชฉ์ ์œผ๋กœ ํ•œ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ ํŠน์„ฑ์€ ์‚ฌํšŒ์  ํŠน์ง•, ๊ณต๊ฐ„์  ๋ณ€ํ™”๋ฅผ ์ค‘์‹ฌ์œผ๋กœ ๊ณ ์ฐฐํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์œผ๋กœ๋Š” ์‚ฌํšŒ์  ํŠน์ง•์„ ๋ถ„์„ํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด ์˜จ์ฒœ์ง€๊ตฌ์™€ ๊ด€๋ จ๋œ ๋ฌธํ—Œ์กฐ์‚ฌ์™€, ์‹ ๋ฌธ๊ธฐ์‚ฌ ๋ฐ ์žก์ง€๋ฅผ ํ™œ์šฉํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ์˜จ์ฒœ์ง€๊ตฌ์˜ ๊ณต๊ฐ„์  ๋ณ€ํ™”๋ฅผ ์‚ดํ”ผ๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด ๊ธฐ์กด์—ฐ๊ตฌ์™€ ๊ณผ๊ฑฐ ์ง€๋„ ๋ฐ ์‚ฌ์ง„์„ ์ˆ˜์ง‘ํ•˜์—ฌ GIS ๋ถ„์„๊ณผ ์ง€๋„์ค‘์ฒฉ์„ ํ†ตํ•ด ๊ทธ ๋ณ€ํ™”๋ฅผ ๋ถ„์„ํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋‚˜๋ผ ์˜จ์ฒœ์ง€๊ตฌ์˜ ์‚ฌํšŒ์  ํŠน์ง•์„ ๊ณต๊ฐ„ ์ธก๋ฉด์—์„œ ํ•จ๊ป˜ ์ดํ•ดํ•˜์—ฌ, ์ด๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•ด ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋‚˜๋ผ ์˜จ์ฒœ์ง€๊ตฌ์˜ ํŠน์„ฑ์„ ์ดํ•ดํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ๋ณธ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋Š” ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋‚˜๋ผ์˜ ์˜จ์ฒœ๊ฐœ๋ฐœ์— ๋”ฐ๋ฅธ ์ „์ฒด์ ์ธ ์˜จ์ฒœ์˜ ํ˜„ํ™ฉ๊ณผ ๊ธฐ๋Šฅ ๋ฐ ๋ฌธ์ œ์ ์„ ํŒŒ์•…ํ–ˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ, ๋™๋ž˜์˜จ์ฒœ์„ ๋Œ€ํ‘œ์‚ฌ๋ก€๋กœ ์˜จ์ฒœ๊ฐœ๋ฐœ๊ณผ์ •์—์„œ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚˜๋Š” ๊ณต๊ฐ„๋ฌธํ™”์  ํŠน์„ฑ์„ ํŒŒ์•…ํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ์ด๋ฅผ ํ† ๋Œ€๋กœ ๋ณธ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์—์„œ๋Š” ํฌ๊ฒŒ ๋„ค ๊ฐ€์ง€์˜ ์‹œ์‚ฌ์ ์„ ๋„์ถœํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์ฒซ์งธ, ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋‚˜๋ผ์˜ ์ „๋ฐ˜์ ์ธ ์˜จ์ฒœ ๊ฐœ๋ฐœ๊ณผ์ •๊ณผ ๊ด€๊ด‘์‹œ์žฅ์˜ ๋™ํ–ฅ์— ๋”ฐ๋ฅธ ์˜จ์ฒœ์˜ ๊ฐ€์น˜๋ฅผ ํŒŒ์•…ํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ์˜ค๋Š˜๋‚  ๊ฑด๊ฐ• ๋ฐ ํœด์–‘์„ ๋ชฉ์ ์œผ๋กœ ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ด€๊ด‘๊ณผ ๋…ธ์ธ๋“ค์˜ ์ ์ ˆํ•œ ์—ฌ๊ฐ€ํ™œ๋™์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๊ด€์‹ฌ์ด ์ฆ๊ฐ€ํ•˜๊ณ , ๋ณด๊ฑด ๋ฐ ๋ณด์–‘ ๊ด€๊ด‘์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์ˆ˜์š”๊ฐ€ ์ฆ๊ฐ€ํ•˜๋ฉด์„œ ์˜จ์ฒœ๊ด€๊ด‘์˜ ์ค‘์š”์„ฑ์ด ์ปค์ง€๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‚˜ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋‚˜๋ผ์˜ ์˜จ์ฒœ ๊ฐœ๋ฐœ๋ฐฉ์‹์€ ํš์ผ์ ์ธ ์‹œ์„ค๊ฐœ๋ฐœ ์ค‘์‹ฌ์œผ๋กœ ์˜จ์ฒœ์ง€์˜ ๋‚œ๊ฐœ๋ฐœ, ์ง€์—ญ์„ฑ ์ƒ์‹ค, ์ž์—ฐํ›ผ์† ๋“ฑ์„ ์ดˆ๋ž˜ํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ๋‘˜์งธ, ์˜จ์ฒœ๊ด€๊ด‘์ง€์˜ ๊ฐœ๋ฐœ๊ณผ์ •์„ ๋ฐ”ํƒ•์œผ๋กœ ํ˜„์žฌ ์˜จ์ฒœ์ง€๊ตฌ๋ฅผ ์œ ํ˜•ํ™”ํ•˜๊ณ  ๊ทธ ํŠน์ง•์„ ํŒŒ์•…ํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ์ด๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•ด ์ƒํ™œํ˜• ๋„์‹ฌ์˜จ์ฒœ, ์ „์›ํ˜• ํœด์–‘์˜จ์ฒœ, ๋ณตํ•ฉ ๋ฆฌ์กฐํŠธํ˜• ์˜จ์ฒœ์˜ 3๊ฐ€์ง€ ์œ ํ˜•์œผ๋กœ ๋ถ„๋ฅ˜ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์ด ์ค‘ ๊ฐ€์žฅ ์˜จ์ฒœ๊ฐœ๋ฐœ์ด ํ™œ๋ฐœํžˆ ์ด๋ฃจ์–ด์กŒ๊ณ  ๋„์‹œํ™”์˜ ์ •๋„๊ฐ€ ํฐ ์ƒํ™œํ˜• ๋„์‹ฌ์˜จ์ฒœ์ด 3๊ฐ€์ง€ ์œ ํ˜• ์ค‘ ๋งˆ์ง€๋ง‰ ๋‹จ๊ณ„๋กœ ํŒ๋‹จํ–ˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ, ๊ด€๊ด‘๊ฐ๋ฟ๋งŒ ์•„๋‹ˆ๋ผ ์ง€์—ญ ์ฃผ๋ฏผ์˜ ์ผ์ƒ์ƒํ™œํ˜• ์—ฌ๊ฐ€ ๊ณต๊ฐ„์œผ๋กœ์„œ์˜ ํ™œ์šฉ์ด ๊ฐ€๋Šฅํ•œ ์ƒํ™œํ˜• ๋„์‹ฌ์˜จ์ฒœ์— ์ง‘์ค‘ํ–ˆ๊ณ , ๋Œ€ํ‘œ์  ์‚ฌ๋ก€์ธ ๋™๋ž˜์˜จ์ฒœ์„ ์ค‘์ ์œผ๋กœ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋ฅผ ์ง„ํ–‰ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์…‹์งธ, ๋™๋ž˜์˜จ์ฒœ์˜ ํŠน์„ฑ์„ ๊ตฌ์ฒด์ ์œผ๋กœ ๊ณ ์ฐฐํ•˜๊ธฐ ์ „์— ๋™๋ž˜์˜จ์ฒœ์˜ ๊ฐ€์น˜์™€ ๋™๋ž˜์˜จ์ฒœ์— ์ง„ํ–‰๋œ ๊ฐœ๋ฐœ์‚ฌ์—…์„ ์‚ดํŽด๋ณด์•˜๋‹ค. ๋™๋ž˜์˜จ์ฒœ์˜ ์ง€์—ญ ์ž์‚ฐ์„ ํฌ๊ฒŒ ์œ ํ˜•์ž์‚ฐ์ธ ์—ญ์‚ฌยท๋ฌธํ™”์ž์‚ฐ, ์ž์—ฐยท์ƒํƒœ์ž์‚ฐ, ์˜จ์ฒœ์‹œ์„ค์ž์‚ฐ์œผ๋กœ ๋ฌดํ˜•์ž์‚ฐ์ธ ์ถ•์ œยทํ–‰์‚ฌ, ์ „ํ†ต์˜ˆ์ˆ ๋กœ ๊ตฌ๋ถ„ํ•˜์—ฌ ๊ทธ ํŠน์„ฑ๊ณผ ๊ฐ€์น˜ ํ™œ์šฉ๋ฐฉ์•ˆ์„ ๋„์ถœํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ๋™๋ž˜์˜จ์ฒœ์— ์ง„ํ–‰๋œ ์‚ฌ์—…์€ ์˜จ์ฒœ์ด๋ผ๋Š” ํŠน์ˆ˜์„ฑ์ด ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚˜์ง€ ์•Š๋Š” ์ผ๋ฐ˜ ๋„์‹œ๊ฐœ๋ฐœ์‚ฌ์—…์ด ์ฃผ๋กœ ์ถ”์ง„๋˜์—ˆ๊ณ , ๋„์‹ฌ์ง€ ๋‚ด ๋…น์ง€๊ณ„ํš์ด ์ œ๋Œ€๋กœ ์ด๋ค„์ง€์ง€ ์•Š์•„ ์˜จ์ฒœ๊ด€๊ด‘ ๋„์‹œ๋กœ์„œ ๋ธŒ๋žœ๋“œ์˜ ๊ฐ€์น˜๋ฅผ ์ฐฝ์ถœํ•˜์ง€ ๋ชปํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ๋„ท์งธ, ๋™๋ž˜์˜จ์ฒœ์˜ ์˜จ์ฒœ๊ฐœ๋ฐœ ๊ณผ์ •์— ๋”ฐ๋ฅธ ์‚ฌํšŒ์  ํŠน์ง•๊ณผ ๊ณต๊ฐ„์  ๋ณ€ํ™”๋ฅผ ๋ถ„์„ํ•˜์—ฌ ๋™๋ž˜์˜จ์ฒœ์˜ ๊ณต๊ฐ„๋ฌธํ™”์  ํŠน์„ฑ์„ 3๊ฐ€์ง€๋กœ ์ •๋ฆฌํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ณผ๊ฑฐ ๋น„์ผ์ƒ์ ์ธ ์˜จ์ฒœ๋ฌธํ™”๋ฅผ ์ฆ๊ธฐ๋ฉฐ ์„ฑํ–‰ํ–ˆ๋˜ ๊ต์™ธ์˜ ์˜จ์ฒœํœด์–‘์ง€์—์„œ ๋„์‹œํ™” ๋ฐ ์œ ํฅํ™” ๋“ฑ์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ ์ผ์ƒ์ƒํ™œ ์† ๋‹จ์ˆœํ•œ ๋ชฉ์š• ๋ฐ ํœด์‹ ๋“ฑ ์ฃผ๋ฏผ์˜ ์œ„๋ฝ๊ณต๊ฐ„์„ ์œ„ํ•œ ์žฅ์†Œ๋กœ ๋ณ€๋ชจํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ๋™๋ž˜์˜จ์ฒœ์€ ์ „ํ†ต์˜จ์ฒœ์ง€๋กœ์„œ ๋งŽ์€ ์—ญ์‚ฌ์  ๊ฐ€์น˜๋ฅผ ๋‚ดํฌํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์ง€๋งŒ, ๋™๋ž˜์˜จ์ฒœ์˜ ํŠน์ˆ˜์„ฑ์ด ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚˜์ง€ ์•Š๋Š” ๋„์‹œ๊ฐœ๋ฐœ๋กœ ํ‡ด์ƒ‰๋˜์–ด ์ด๋ฆ„๋งŒ ๋‚จ์•„์žˆ๋Š” ์ „ํ†ต์˜จ์ฒœ์ง€๋กœ ๋‚จ๊ฒŒ ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๋˜ํ•œ ๋™๋ž˜์˜จ์ฒœ์€ ๋ณธ๋ž˜ ์ˆ˜๋ คํ•œ ์ž์—ฐ๊ฒฝ๊ด€๊ณผ ํ•จ๊ป˜ ์˜จ์ฒœ ํœด์–‘์ง€๋กœ์„œ์˜ ์ด๋ฏธ์ง€๋ฅผ ๊ฐ€์ง€๊ณ  ์žˆ์—ˆ์ง€๋งŒ, ์ž์—ฐ๊ณผ ๋‹จ์ ˆ๋œ ๋„์‹œ๊ฐœ๋ฐœ๋กœ ๋™๋ž˜์˜จ์ฒœ์˜ ๋„์‹ฌ ๋‚ด ๋…น์ง€๋Š” ๊ฑฐ์˜ ์—†์œผ๋ฉฐ ํฐ ๋…น์ง€ ์ถ•์ธ ๊ธˆ์ •์‚ฐ๊ณผ ์˜จ์ฒœ์ฒœ๊ณผ ์—ฐ๊ฒฐ๋˜์ง€ ๋ชปํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๋™๋ž˜์˜จ์ฒœ์€ ์ „ํ†ต์˜จ์ฒœ์ง€๊ตฌ๋กœ์„œ ์‚ฌํšŒ๋ฌธํ™”์ , ๊ณต๊ฐ„์ ์œผ๋กœ ๊ฐ€์น˜๊ฐ€ ํฌ์ง€๋งŒ, ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋‚˜๋ผ ์˜จ์ฒœ์ง€๊ตฌ์˜ ๊ฐœ๋ฐœ๊ณผ์ •์—์„œ ๋™๋ž˜์˜จ์ฒœ์˜ ํŠน์ˆ˜์„ฑ๊ณผ ์—ญ์‚ฌ์„ฑ์ด ์†Œ์™ธ๋œ ์ฑ„ ๋‹จ์ˆœ ๋Œ€์ค‘ํ˜• ๋˜๋Š” ์†Œ๋น„ํ˜• ๊ด€๊ด‘์ง€๋กœ ์ „๋ฝํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‚˜ ๋™๋ž˜์˜จ์ฒœ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์ตœ๊ทผ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋Š” ๊ฑฐ์˜ ์—†์œผ๋ฉฐ, ๊ฐœ๋ฐœ๊ณผ์ •์—์„œ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚˜๋Š” ๋™๋ž˜์˜จ์ฒœ์˜ ๋ฌธ์ œ์  ๋ฐ ํŠน์„ฑ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๊ฐ€ ์ด๋ค„์ง€์ง€ ์•Š์•˜๋‹ค. ๋™๋ž˜์˜จ์ฒœ์˜ ์žฌ์ƒ์ด ํ•„์š”ํ•œ ์‹œ์ ์—์„œ ์ง€๊ธˆ๊นŒ์ง€์˜ ๋™๋ž˜์˜จ์ฒœ ๊ฐœ๋ฐœ๊ณผ์ •์„ ์ง„๋‹จํ•˜์—ฌ ๊ทธ ๋ฌธ์ œ์ ๊ณผ ํŠน์„ฑ์„ ํŒŒ์•…ํ•  ํ•„์š”๊ฐ€ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋Ÿฐ ์ ์—์„œ ๋ณธ ๋…ผ๋ฌธ์€ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋‚˜๋ผ ์˜จ์ฒœ ๊ฐœ๋ฐœ๊ณผ์ • ์†์—์„œ ๋™๋ž˜์˜จ์ฒœ ํŠน์œ ์˜ ์ž์—ฐ๊ฒฝ๊ด€๊ณผ ๊ด€๊ด‘์  ๊ฐ€์น˜๊ฐ€ ์–ด๋– ํ•œ ์‚ฌํšŒ์  ํŠน์ง• ์†์— ์–ด๋–ป๊ฒŒ ๊ณต๊ฐ„์ ์œผ๋กœ ๋ณ€์งˆํ–ˆ๋Š”์ง€ ํŒŒ์•…ํ–ˆ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์— ์˜์˜๊ฐ€ ์žˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ, ์•ž์œผ๋กœ ๋™๋ž˜์˜จ์ฒœ์„ ๊ธ์ •์ ์œผ๋กœ ์žฌ์ƒํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ๋ฐฉํ–ฅ์„ ์žก์•„์ค€๋‹ค. ๋™๋ž˜์˜จ์ฒœ์ด ๋„์‹œ๋ฏผ์˜ ์‚ถ์˜ ์งˆ ํ–ฅ์ƒ์„ ์œ„ํ•œ ๊ฑด๊ฐ• ๋ฐ ๊ด€๊ด‘์ž์›์œผ๋กœ์„œ ์˜จ์ฒœ์„ ์ฒดํ—˜ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ณต๊ฐ„์œผ๋กœ ํ™œ์šฉ์ด ๋œ๋‹ค๋ฉด ๋ฏธ๋ž˜ ๋„์‹ฌ ์† ํœด์–‘ยท๋ณด๊ฑด ํ™˜๊ฒฝ์˜ ๊ณต๊ฐ„์œผ๋กœ์„œ ๋งŽ์€ ๊ธฐ์—ฌ๋ฅผ ํ•  ๊ฒƒ์ด๋‹ค.์ œ1์žฅ ์„œ๋ก  01 1์ ˆ. ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์˜ ๋ฐฐ๊ฒฝ ๋ฐ ๋ชฉ์  01 1. ์—ฐ๊ตฌ ๋ฐฐ๊ฒฝ 01 2. ์—ฐ๊ตฌ ๋ชฉ์  04 2์ ˆ. ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์˜ ๋ฒ”์œ„ 05 1. ๊ณต๊ฐ„์  ๋ฒ”์œ„ 05 2. ๋‚ด์šฉ์  ๋ฒ”์œ„ 07 3์ ˆ. ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์˜ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ• 08 4์ ˆ. ์„ ํ–‰์—ฐ๊ตฌ ๊ฒ€ํ†  11 1. ๊ด€๋ จ ์„ ํ–‰์—ฐ๊ตฌ ๋™ํ–ฅ 11 2. ์‹œ์‚ฌ์  ๋ฐ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์˜ ์ฐฉ์•ˆ์  17 5์ ˆ. ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์˜ ํ๋ฆ„ 19 ์ œ2์žฅ ๊ตญ๋‚ด ์˜จ์ฒœ์ง€๊ตฌ ํ˜„ํ™ฉ ๋ฐ ํŠน์ง• 20 1์ ˆ. ๊ตญ๋‚ด ์˜จ์ฒœ์ง€๊ตฌ์˜ ํ˜„ํ™ฉ 20 1. ์˜จ์ฒœ์ง€๊ตฌ ์ง€์ • ๋ฐ ํ˜„ํ™ฉ 20 2. ์˜จ์ฒœ๊ฐœ๋ฐœ์˜ ์—ญ์‚ฌ์  ์ „๊ฐœ 25 3. ์˜จ์ฒœ์˜ ์ •์ฑ… ๋ณ€ํ™” 30 4. ๊ด€๊ด‘์‹œ์žฅ์˜ ๋ณ€ํ™”์— ๋”ฐ๋ฅธ ์˜จ์ฒœ์˜ ์—ญํ• ๊ณผ ๊ธฐ๋Šฅ 41 2์ ˆ. ์˜จ์ฒœ์ง€๊ตฌ ์œ ํ˜• ๋ฐ ํŠน์ง• 45 1. ์˜จ์ฒœ์ง€๊ตฌ ์œ ํ˜•ํ™”๋ฅผ ์œ„ํ•œ ์ง€ํ‘œ ๋ฐ ๊ตฌ๋ถ„ 45 2. ๊ตฌ๋ถ„์— ๋”ฐ๋ฅธ ์˜จ์ฒœ์ง€๊ตฌ ํŠน์ง• 50 3. ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋‚˜๋ผ ์˜จ์ฒœ์ง€๊ตฌ ์œ ํ˜•ํ™” 54 4. ์†Œ๊ฒฐ 60 ์ œ3์žฅ ๋™๋ž˜์˜จ์ฒœ์˜ ๊ฐ€์น˜ ๋ฐ ๊ฐœ๋ฐœ์‚ฌ์—… 63 1์ ˆ. ๋™๋ž˜์˜จ์ฒœ์˜ ๊ฐ€์น˜ 63 1. ์—ญ์‚ฌ์  ๊ฐ€์น˜ 63 2. ๋™๋ž˜์˜จ์ฒœ ์ง€์—ญ์ž์‚ฐ์˜ ํ˜„ํ™ฉ 65 2์ ˆ. ๋™๋ž˜์˜จ์ฒœ์˜ ๊ฐœ๋ฐœ๊ณ„ํš ๋ฐ ์‚ฌ์—… 79 1. ์ƒ์œ„ ๋ฐ ๊ด‘์—ญ ๊ด€๋ จ๊ณ„ํš ๊ฒ€ํ†  79 2. ๋™๋ž˜์˜จ์ฒœ ์ฃผ์š”์‚ฌ์—… ๋ถ„์„ ๋ฐ ๊ฐœ๋ฐœ ํŠน์„ฑ 82 ์ œ4์žฅ ๋™๋ž˜์˜จ์ฒœ์˜ ๊ณต๊ฐ„๋ฌธํ™”์  ํŠน์„ฑ ๋ถ„์„ 92 1์ ˆ. ๋™๋ž˜์˜จ์ฒœ์˜ ๊ด€๊ด‘๊ฐœ๋ฐœ์— ๋”ฐ๋ฅธ ์‚ฌํšŒ์  ํŠน์ง• 92 1. ์ฃผ์š” ์ •์ฑ… ๋ฐ ์—ญ์‚ฌ์  ์‚ฌ๊ฑด์— ๋”ฐ๋ฅธ ์‚ฌํšŒ์  ํŠน์ง• 92 2. ๋™๋ž˜์˜จ์ฒœ์ง€๊ตฌ์˜ ์ด๋ฏธ์ง€ ๋ณ€ํ™” 111 2์ ˆ. ๋™๋ž˜์˜จ์ฒœ์˜ ๊ณต๊ฐ„์  ๋ณ€ํ™” ๋ฐ ํŠน์ง• 121 1. ์˜จ์ฒœ๊ฐœ๋ฐœ์— ๋”ฐ๋ฅธ ๋™๋ž˜์˜จ์ฒœ์˜ ๊ณต๊ฐ„๋ณ€ํ™” 121 2. ์ฃผ๋ณ€ ์ž์—ฐ์ž์› ํ™œ์šฉ ๋ฐ ํŠน์„ฑ 137 3์ ˆ. ๋™๋ž˜์˜จ์ฒœ์˜ ๊ณต๊ฐ„๋ฌธํ™”์  ํŠน์„ฑ ๋ถ„์„ ๋ฐ ์ข…ํ•ฉ 145 1. ๋„์‹ฌ ์† ์˜จ์ฒœํœด์–‘์ง€์˜ ์ผ์ƒ์˜ ์œ„๋ฝ๊ณต๊ฐ„ํ™” 145 2. ์—ญ์‚ฌ์  ๊ฐ€์น˜๊ฐ€ ํ‡ด์ƒ‰๋œ ์ „ํ†ต์˜จ์ฒœ 146 3. ์ž์—ฐ๊ณผ ๋‹จ์ ˆ๋œ ๋„์‹œ ๊ฐœ๋ฐœ 147 ์ œ5์žฅ ๊ฒฐ๋ก  149 1์ ˆ. ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์˜ ์š”์•ฝ ๋ฐ ์‹œ์‚ฌ์  149 2์ ˆ. ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์˜ ํ•œ๊ณ„ 152 [์ฐธ๊ณ ๋ฌธํ—Œ] 153 [Abstract] 158Maste

    Development of omnidirectional electromagnetic transducers for single mode Lamb wave generation

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    ํ•™์œ„๋…ผ๋ฌธ (๋ฐ•์‚ฌ)-- ์„œ์šธ๋Œ€ํ•™๊ต ๋Œ€ํ•™์› : ๊ธฐ๊ณ„ํ•ญ๊ณต๊ณตํ•™๋ถ€, 2016. 2. ๊น€์œค์˜.This thesis is concerned with the development of two types of omnidirectional electromagnetic transducers tuned for generation of a single mode Lamb wave in a plate-like structure. Omnidirectional Lamb wave transducers may be preferred for efficient defect imaging in a plate. With an array consisting of them, the entire region can be effectively covered by the same inspection system and the imaging algorithm can be simple. One of the major issues in them is generation of only a single mode Lamb wave. When an excitation frequency is high, several Lamb wave modes are simultaneously generated to complicate signal processing and lower the accuracy of defect detection. Therefore, newly-designed omnidirectional transducers tuned for a single mode Lamb wave need to be developed. To generate a single mode Lamb wave, two types of transducers, called an omnidirectional Lamb wave magnetostrictive patch transducer (OL-MPT) and an omnidirectional Lamb wave electromagnetic acoustic transducer (OL-EMAT) are developed. Firstly, the OL-MPT which can generate the S0 or A0 modes Lamb wave selectively is proposed. Because the circular magnetostrictive patch of the OL-MPT works as a wavelength filter, the relation between the wavelength of the generated Lamb wave and the diameter of the patch is found from modal analysis and a set of experiments. Secondly, the OL-EMAT tuned for S0 mode Lamb wave is developed. A spiral double coil is applied to the OL-EMAT for maximizing the S0 mode and suppressing the accompanied A0 mode. Because the diameters and the widths of the double coil are the key factors determining the amplitudes of the S0 and A0 modes, a parameter study on the double coil is performed theoretically. Finally, the defect imaging with an array consisting of the developed transducers is performed in a plate. For this, the defect imaging system including hardware and software is developed. And then the system is applied for crack detection in a plate.Chapter 1 Introduction 1 1.1 Motivation 1 1.2 Research objectives 4 1.3 Thesis outline 5 Chapter 2 Lamb waves in an isotropic plate 7 2.1 Introduction 7 2.2 Rayleigh โ€“ Lamb frequency equations 9 2.3 Dispersion characteristics 14 2.4 Selection of Lamb wave modes 17 Chapter 3 Magnetostrictive patch transducer for omnidirectional Lamb waves 22 3.1 Introduction 22 3.2 Principle of MPTs 24 3.2.1 Magnetostriction 24 3.2.2 Magnetostrictive constitutive equations 25 3.2.3 Wave generation mechanism of an MPT 27 3.2.4 Various MPTs for plate inspection 28 3.3 Proposed OL-MPT for S0 mode generation 30 3.3.1 Configuration 30 3.3.2 Lamb wave mode and omnidirectivity 32 3.3.3 Frequency characteristics 35 3.4 Wavelength-diameter relation 36 3.4.1 Modal analysis of the magnetostrictive patch 37 3.4.2 Patch mode shape and the Lamb wave wavelength 40 3.5 Finite element analysis 42 3.5.1 Modeling of an OL-MPT with COMSOL Multiphysics 42 3.5.2 Verification of the wavelength-diameter relation 44 3.6 A0 mode generation with OL-MPTs 45 3.7 Optimal configurations of a magnet and a patch 48 3.8 Summary 50 Chapter 4 Electromagnetic acoustic transducer for omnidirectional Lamb waves 72 4.1 Introduction 72 4.2 Principle of EMATs 75 4.2.1 Wave generation mechanism of an EMAT 75 4.2.2 Wave reception mechanism of an EMAT 76 4.3 Proposed OL-EMAT for S0 mode generation 78 4.3.1 Configuration 78 4.3.2 Analysis of generated waves 79 4.3.3 Design variables for a double coil 82 4.4 Wavelength-Diameter relation 84 4.5 Optimization for mode selectivity 89 4.6 Verifications 91 4.6.1 Analytical verification 91 4.6.2 Experimental verification 92 4.7 Larger-diameter double coil and triple coil 95 4.8 Effect of the lift-off 97 4.9 Summary 99 Chapter 5 Defect imaging with OL-MPTs in a plate 131 5.1 Introduction 131 5.2 Development of a defect imaging system 133 5.3 Lamb wave focusing in a plate 134 5.4 Defect imaging in a plate 136 5.5 Summary 140 Chapter 6 Conclusions and future works 150 6.1 Conclusions 150 6.2 Suggestions for future works 152 Appendix A Development of the defect imaging system 153 A.1 Multi-channel function generator 153 A.2 Multi-channel power amplifier 154 A.3 Multi-channel preamplifier 156 A.4 Multi-channel data acquisition system 156 Appendix B Gabor pulse for excitation 164 B.1 Gabor pulse 164 References 168 Abstract (Korean) 180Docto

    ์„œ์šธ๊ณผ ๋‰ด์š•์˜ ์ผ๋ฐ˜์  ๋„์‹œ์„ค๊ณ„๋ฌธ์ œ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๊ทœ์ œ๋ฐฉ์‹ ๋น„๊ต

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    ํ•™์œ„๋…ผ๋ฌธ(์„์‚ฌ) --์„œ์šธ๋Œ€ํ•™๊ต ๋Œ€ํ•™์› :ํ˜‘๋™๊ณผ์ • ๋„์‹œ์„ค๊ณ„ํ•™์ „๊ณต,2008.2Maste

    Urban Design for Shared Space: Achievements and Challenges in Sejong-City

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    ํ•™์œ„๋…ผ๋ฌธ(๋ฐ•์‚ฌ)--์„œ์šธ๋Œ€ํ•™๊ต ๋Œ€ํ•™์› :๊ณต๊ณผ๋Œ€ํ•™ ํ˜‘๋™๊ณผ์ • ๋„์‹œ์„ค๊ณ„ํ•™์ „๊ณต,2020. 2. ๊ถŒ์˜์ƒ.์ด ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋Š” ์„ธ์ข…์‹œ ๊ฐœ๋ฐฉยท๊ณต์œ  ๊ด€๋ จ ๋„์‹œ์„ค๊ณ„์ง€์นจ์ด ์–ด๋–ค ์˜๋„๋กœ ๋งŒ๋“ค์–ด์กŒ๋Š”์ง€, ํ˜„์‹ค์—์„œ๋Š” ์ž˜ ๊ตฌํ˜„๋˜์—ˆ๋Š”์ง€ ์‚ดํŽด๋ณด๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด ๋ชฉ์ ์ด๋‹ค. ํ˜„๋Œ€ ์‹ ๋„์‹œ์—์„œ ๊ฐœ๋ฐฉยท๊ณต์œ  ๊ฐ€์น˜๋Š” ์ ์ฐจ ๊ฐ•์กฐ๋˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๊ณต๊ณต์€ ์‚ฌ์œ  ๊ณต๊ฐ„์„ ๊ฐœ๋ฐฉ์‹œํ‚ด์œผ๋กœ์„œ ๊ณต๋™์ฒด๋ฅผ ํ™œ์„ฑํ™”์‹œํ‚ค๊ณ  ๊ด€๋ฆฌ์ฃผ์ฒด๊ฐ€ ์„œ๋กœ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ๊ณต๊ฐ„์„ ๊ณต์œ ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ํ•˜์—ฌ ์ƒˆ๋กœ์šด ๊ฐ€์น˜๋ฅผ ์ฐฝ์ถœํ•˜๊ณ ์ž ํ•œ๋‹ค. ๊ณ„ํš๊ฐ€๋“ค์€ ๊ณต๊ณต์˜์—ญ์„ ํ™•์žฅํ•˜๋ฉด ์‹œ๋ฏผ๋“ค์˜ ์„ ํ•œ ์˜์ง€๋ฅผ ์ด๋Œ์–ด๋‚ผ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค๊ณ  ๊ธฐ๋Œ€ํ•˜๊ธฐ๋„ ํ•˜๋ฉฐ, ์ •๋ถ€๋Š” ๊ฐœ๋ฐฉยท๊ณต์œ ๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•ด ๋ถ€์กฑํ•œ ๊ณต๊ณต๊ณต๊ฐ„์„ ๊ฒฝ์ œ์ ์œผ๋กœ ํ™•๋ณดํ•˜๊ณ ์ž ํ•œ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋Ÿฐ๋ฐ ์„ธ์ข…์‹œ๋‚ด ์ผ๋ถ€ ๊ณต๊ฐ„์—์„œ ๊ฐœ๋ฐฉยท๊ณต์œ ๋ฅผ ๊ณ„ํšํ–ˆ์ง€๋งŒ ์˜๋„๋Œ€๋กœ ์‹คํ˜„ํ•˜์ง€ ๋ชปํ•œ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ๊ฐ€ ๋ฐœ์ƒํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์„ธ์ข…์‹œ๋Š” ํƒ€ ์‹ ๋„์‹œ์— ๋น„ํ•ด ๊ฐœ๋ฐฉยท๊ณต์œ  ๊ด€๋ จ ๋„์‹œ์„ค๊ณ„์ง€์นจ์„ ํ™œ๋ฐœํžˆ ์ˆ˜๋ฆฝํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ์ „์ฒด ์‹ ๋„์‹œ ๊ณ„ํš๊ฐœ๋…์—์„œ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ์ƒํ™œ๊ถŒ์„ค๊ณ„, ์šฉ๋„ ๋ฐ ํ•„์ง€๋‹จ์œ„์ง€์นจ์— ์ด๋ฅด๊ธฐ๊นŒ์ง€ ๋‹ค์–‘ํ•œ ๊ณต๊ฐ„์— ๊ฐœ๋ฐฉยท๊ณต์œ  ๊ฐœ๋…์ด ๋“ค์–ด๊ฐ”๋‹ค. ์ง€์นจ์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ ๋ฌผ๋ฆฌ์ ์ธ ๊ณต๊ฐ„๊นŒ์ง€๋Š” ์™„์„ฑํ•˜์˜€์ง€๋งŒ ๊ด€๋ฆฌยท์šด์˜๋‹จ๊ณ„์—์„œ ๋ฌธ์ œ๊ฐ€ ์ƒ๊ฒผ๋‹ค. ์‚ฌ์œ  ๊ณต๊ฐ„์— ๊ณต๊ณต์„ฑ ๊ฐœ๋…์„ ๋„ฃ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์€ ์–ด๋ ค์šด ์ผ์ด๋‹ค. ๊ณต๊ฐ„์˜ ์†Œ์œ ์™€ ๊ด€๋ฆฌ ์ฃผ์ฒด๊ฐ€ ์‹œ๋ฏผ์ด๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์ด๋‹ค. ์‚ฌ์œ  ๊ณต๊ฐ„์„ ๊ฐœ๋ฐฉํ•˜๊ณ  ์„œ๋กœ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์ดํ•ด ๊ด€๊ณ„์ž๋“ค ๊ฐ„ ๊ณต๊ฐ„์„ ๊ณต์œ ํ•˜๋Š” ์ •์ฑ…์„ ์‹คํ˜„์‹œํ‚ค๋ ค๋ฉด ํ•ด๋‹น ๊ณต๊ฐ„์˜ ๊ด€๋ฆฌ์ž์ธ ์ผ๋ฐ˜ ์‹œ๋ฏผ๋“ค์ด ์ •์ฑ… ๊ณผ์ •์— ์ฐธ์—ฌํ•˜๊ณ  ์Šค์Šค๋กœ ์›€์ง์—ฌ์•ผ ๊ฐ€๋Šฅํ•˜๋‹ค. ์‹œ๋ฏผ๋“ค์ด ๊ณต์ ์ธ ์ฑ…์ž„๊ณผ ์—ญํ• ์„ ํ•ด์•ผ ํ•˜๋Š” ์ƒํ™ฉ์— ๋†“์ด๊ฒŒ ๋˜์ง€๋งŒ ํ˜„์‹ค์—์„œ๋Š” ์ด์ƒ์„ ๋ฐ›์•„๋“ค์ด์ง€ ๋ชปํ•˜๊ณ  ๊ฐ ๊ณต๊ฐ„์˜ ์ด์ต ์ฃผ์ฒด ๋“ค ๊ฐ„ ์ถฉ๋Œ์ด ์ผ์–ด๋‚˜๊ฒŒ ๋œ๋‹ค. ๊ณ„ํš๊ฐ€์˜ ์ด์ƒ๊ณผ ์ด์šฉ์ž์˜ ํ˜„์‹ค์‚ฌ์ด์—๋Š” ๊ดด๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ํŠนํžˆ ์‹ ๋„์‹œ์—์„œ๋Š” ๊ธฐ์„ฑ์‹œ๊ฐ€์ง€์— ๋น„ํ•ด ์‹คํ—˜์ ์ธ ๋„์‹œ์„ค๊ณ„๊ฐœ๋…๋“ค์ด ๋„์ž…๋˜์ง€๋งŒ, ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ๊ฐœ๋…๋“ค์€ ๋Œ€๊ฒŒ ์›๋ก ์ ์ธ ๊ฒƒ๋“ค๋กœ ๋ณธ๋ž˜ ์˜๋„ํ–ˆ๋˜ ํšจ๊ณผ๋ฅผ ๋‹ฌ์„ฑํ•˜๋Š”์ง€๋Š” ๊ฐœ๋ฐœ ์ดํ›„์—๋‚˜ ์•Œ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์‹ค์ œ ํ˜„์žฅ์„ ๊ฐ€๋ณด์•„๋„ ์„ค๊ณ„ ์˜๋„๋Œ€๋กœ ์ž˜ ์ž‘๋™๋˜์ง€ ๋ชปํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒฝ์šฐ๊ฐ€ ์žˆ์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๋„์‹œ์„ค๊ณ„์— ์˜ํ•ด ๊ทœ์œจ๋˜๋Š” ๋„์‹œํ™˜๊ฒฝ์˜ ๋ชจ์Šต์€ ๋งŽ์€ ์‹œ๋ฏผ๋“ค์˜ ์‚ถ์— ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ๋ฏธ์น˜๋ฉฐ ์‚ฌํšŒ์ ์œผ๋กœ๋„ ํฐ ๋น„์šฉ๊ณผ ํŽธ์ต์„ ๋ฐœ์ƒ์‹œํ‚จ๋‹ค. ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์— ๋ชจ๋“  ๋„์‹œ์„ค๊ณ„์ ์ธ ์ฒ˜์น˜์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด์„œ ๊พธ์ค€ํ•œ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์™€ ๊ฒ€์ฆ์ด ํ•„์š”ํ•œ๋ฐ ์•„์ง๊นŒ์ง€ ์ผ๋ฐ˜ ์‹œ๋ฏผ์˜ ๊ด€์ ์—์„œ ๋ณธ ๋„์‹œ์„ค๊ณ„ ๊ฐœ๋…์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๋…ผ์˜๋Š” ๋ถ€์กฑํ•œ ํŽธ์ด๋‹ค. ์‹œ๋ฏผ๋“ค์˜ ์ง€์ง€๋‚˜ ํ˜ธ์‘์ด ์ ์€ ๋ถ€๋ถ„์ด ๋ฌด์—‡์ด๋ฉฐ, ์™œ ๊ทธ๋ ‡๊ฒŒ ๋˜์—ˆ๋Š”์ง€ ์•Œ์•„๋ณด๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด ์ค‘์š”ํ•˜๋‹ค. ์ด ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์—์„œ๋Š” ์˜จ๋ผ์ธ ๋ฏผ์› ๊ฒŒ์‹œ๋ฌผ์„ ๋ถ„์„ํ•˜์—ฌ ์„ธ์ข…์‹œ๋ฏผ๋“ค์ด ๋ถˆ๋งŒ์„ ๊ฐ–๋Š” ๊ฐœ๋ฐฉยท๊ณต์œ  ์‚ฌ๋ก€๊ฐ€ ๋ฌด์—‡์ธ์ง€ ํƒ์ƒ‰ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์ด๋ฅผ ํ† ๋Œ€๋กœ ๊ณต๊ณต๋ณดํ–‰ํ†ต๋กœ, ํ†ตํ•ฉ์ปค๋ฎค๋‹ˆํ‹ฐ์‹œ์„ค, ๋ณตํ•ฉ์ปค๋ฎค๋‹ˆํ‹ฐ ์‚ฌ๋ก€๋ฅผ ์„ ์ •ํ•˜์—ฌ ๋‹ค์Œ ๋ถ„์„ํ‹€์„ ์ด์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ ์กฐ์‚ฌยท๋ถ„์„ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. 1) ๊ฐ ์„ค๊ณ„์ง€์นจ์˜ ๊ฐœ๋…๊ณผ ๋ชฉํ‘œ๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•ด ๊ณ„ํš์˜๋„๋ฅผ ํŒŒ์•…ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. 2) ๊ฐ ์‚ฌ๋ก€๋ณ„ ๋ชฉํ‘œ(ํ† ์ง€์˜ ์ง‘์•ฝ์  ์ด์šฉ, ์‹œ์„คํšจ์œจ์„ฑ ํ–ฅ์ƒ, ๋ณดํ–‰์—ฐ๊ฒฐ์„ฑ ๊ฐ•ํ™”)๊ฐ€ ๋‹ฌ์„ฑ๋˜์—ˆ๋Š”์ง€ ์กฐ์‚ฌํ•œ๋‹ค. 3) ์‹œ์„ค์˜ ๊ฐœ๋ฐฉ, ๊ณต์œ ๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•ด ๊ณต๋™์ฒด์— ๊ธ์ •์  ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ์ฃผ์—ˆ๋Š”์ง€ ์กฐ์‚ฌํ•˜๊ณ , 4) ๊ฐ ์ดํ•ด ๊ด€๊ณ„์ž๋“ค์ด ๊ณ„ํš์„ ์–ผ๋งˆ๋‚˜ ์ดํ•ดํ•˜๊ณ , ์–ด๋–ป๊ฒŒ ์ธ์‹ํ•˜๋Š”์ง€ ํƒ์ƒ‰ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. 5) ๊ณ„ํš๊ณผ์ •์ด ๊ณต์ •ํ•œ์ง€, ์ ˆ์ฐจ๋Š” ํƒ€๋‹นํ•œ์ง€ ๊ฒ€ํ† ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. 6) ํ™˜๊ฒฝ์— ์ž˜ ์ ์‘ํ•ด์„œ ์„ค์น˜๋˜์—ˆ๋Š”์ง€, ๊ฐœ๋ฐฉยท๊ณต์œ ํ•˜๋Š”๋ฐ ์ ํ•ฉํ•œ ๊ณ„ํš์ด์—ˆ๋Š”์ง€ ์‹คํƒœ๋ฅผ ์กฐ์‚ฌ ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์—ฐ๊ตฌ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ ์ฒซ์งธ, ์„ธ์ข…์‹œ ์ „์ฒด ์ƒํ™œ๊ถŒ ์ค‘์‹ฌ์— ๊ณต์›, ๊ต์œก, ์ฒญ์‚ฌ, ๊ตํ†ต, ์ƒ์—… ๋“ฑ ๋‹ค์–‘ํ•œ ์‹œ์„ค์„ ๋ฐฐ์น˜ํ•˜์—ฌ ๋ณตํ•ฉ์ปค๋ฎค๋‹ˆํ‹ฐ์„ผํ„ฐ์˜ ๋ชฉํ‘œ์ค‘ ํ•˜๋‚˜์ธ ํ† ์ง€์˜ ์ง‘์•ฝ์  ์ด์šฉ์€ ๋‹ฌ์„ฑํ–ˆ๋‹ค๊ณ  ๋ณผ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์‹ค์ œ ๋ณตํ•ฉ์ปค๋ฎค๋‹ˆํ‹ฐ์„ผํ„ฐ๋ฅผ ์ค‘์‹ฌ์œผ๋กœ ์œ ๋™์ธ๊ตฌ๊ฐ€ ๋†’๊ฒŒ ๋ถ„ํฌํ–ˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ, ๋‹ค์–‘ํ•œ ์ฃผ๋ฏผ์ž์น˜ํ”„๋กœ๊ทธ๋žจ์ด ์ œ๊ณต๋˜์–ด ๊ณต๋™์ฒด ํ™œ์„ฑํ™”์—๋„ ๊ธฐ์—ฌํ–ˆ๋‹ค๊ณ  ๋ณผ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ํ•™๊ต๋„ ์‹ค๋‚ด์ฒด์œก๊ด€์„ ์ค‘์‹ฌ์œผ๋กœ ๊ฐœ๋ฐฉ์ด ์ž˜ ๋˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋Š” ํŽธ์ด๋‹ค. ๋‹ค๋งŒ ๋ณตํ•ฉ์ปค๋ฎค๋‹ˆํ‹ฐ ์„ผํ„ฐ์˜ ๊ฐœ๋…์ด ์ดˆ๊ธฐ๋ณด๋‹ค ์•ฝํ™”๋œ ์ธก๋ฉด์ด ์žˆ์—ˆ๋‹ค. ํ•œ์†”๋™ ๋ณตํ•ฉ์ปค๋ฎค๋‹ˆํ‹ฐ์„ผํ„ฐ๋Š” ํ•™๊ต๋ฅผ ์ค‘์‹ฌ์œผ๋กœ ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ ์‹œ์„ค์„ ๊ฐœ๋ฐฉยท๊ณต์œ ํ•˜๋„๋ก ๊ณ„ํšํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋Ÿฐ๋ฐ ํ•œ์†”์ค‘ํ•™๊ต ์ˆ˜์˜์žฅ ๊ฐœ์žฅ์ด ์ง€์—ฐ๋˜๊ณ  ์ฃผ๋ฏผ๋“ค์˜ ์ถœ์ž…๊ณผ ๊ด€๋ จํ•ด ๊ฐˆ๋“ฑ์ด ์ผ์–ด๋‚˜๋Š” ๋“ฑ ๋ฌธ์ œ๊ฐ€ ์ƒ๊น€์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ ์ ์ฐจ ๋ณตํ•ฉ์ปค๋ฎค๋‹ˆํ‹ฐ์„ผํ„ฐ์—์„œ ๊ต์œก์‹œ์„ค์€ ์ œ์™ธ๋˜๊ณ  ๊ฒฐ๊ตญ ๊ณ„ํš๊ฐœ๋…์€ ์ถ•์†Œ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์‹œ๋ฏผ๋“ค์€ ๋ณตํ•ฉ์ปค๋ฎค๋‹ˆํ‹ฐ์„ผํ„ฐ๋ฅผ ๋™์‚ฌ๋ฌด์†Œ ๋‚ด์ง€ ๋ณต์ง€๊ด€ ๋“ฑ์ด ํ˜ผํ•ฉ๋œ ๊ฑด๋ฌผ๋กœ ์ธ์‹ํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์‹œ์„ค์˜ ๊ฐœ๋ฐฉ์‹œ๊ฐ„์ด๋‚˜ ๋Œ€๊ด€์ ˆ์ฐจ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๋ถˆ๋งŒ๋„ ๋‚˜์™”๋‹ค. ์‹œ์„ค์„ ๋ณด๋‹ค ์ž์œ ๋กญ๊ฒŒ ์ด์šฉํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋„๋ก ์ƒ์‹œ ๊ฐœ๋ฐฉ์„ ์›ํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฏผ์›์ด ์žˆ์—ˆ์ง€๋งŒ ๊ด€๋ฆฌ ์ธ๋ ฅ์ด ๋ถ€์กฑํ•˜์—ฌ ์ž˜ ์ด๋ฃจ์ด์ง€์ง€ ์•Š๋Š” ์‹ค์ •์ด๋‹ค. ํ•™๊ต์‹œ์„ค์˜ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ์—๋„ ๋ณด์•ˆ, ์•ˆ์ „, ๊ด€๋ฆฌ ๋“ฑ ๋ฌธ์ œ๋กœ ๊ฐœ๋ฐฉ์„ ๊บผ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ์‚ฌ๋ก€๋„ ์žˆ์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๋ณตํ•ฉ์ปค๋ฎค๋‹ˆํ‹ฐ์„ผํ„ฐ ๋‚ด ๊ณต๋™์ฒด ํ”„๋กœ๊ทธ๋žจ ์šด์˜๊ณผ ๊ด€๋ จํ•ด ์ž์›๋ด‰์‚ฌ์ž์—๊ฒŒ ์ง€๋‚˜์น˜๊ฒŒ ์˜์กดํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด๋‚˜ ์‚ฌํšŒ์ ์•ฝ์ž์ธ ํ•™์ƒ๋“ค์˜ ์•ˆ์ „์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๊ด€์ ์ด ๊ฒฐ์—ฌ๋˜์–ด ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ๋„ ๋ฌธ์ œ์˜€๋‹ค. ์ฃผ๋ฏผ๋“ค์—๊ฒŒ ์‹œ์„ค์„ ๊ฐœ๋ฐฉํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์€ ๋Œ€๋‹ค์ˆ˜ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์—๊ฒŒ ์ด์ต์ด ๋Œ์•„๊ฐ€๋Š” ์ผ์ด์ง€๋งŒ, ์ผ๋ถ€์—๊ฒŒ๋Š” ๊ณต์ •ํ•˜์ง€ ๋ชปํ•œ ์ƒํ™ฉ์ด ๋  ์ˆ˜๋„ ์žˆ๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์ด๋‹ค. ๊ฐœ๋ฐฉยท๊ณต์œ ์— ์ ํ•ฉํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š๋Š” ์‹œ์„ค์„ค๊ณ„๋„ ๋ฐœ๊ฒฌ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ํ•™๊ต ์ฒด์œก๊ด€์— ํ™”์žฅ์‹ค์ด ์„ค์น˜๋˜์–ด ์žˆ์ง€ ์•Š๊ฑฐ๋‚˜, ๋„์„œ๊ด€์‹œ์„ค์ด ํƒ€ ์‹œ์„ค๊ณผ ์ธ์ ‘ํ•ด ์žˆ์–ด ์†Œ์Œ์ด ๋ฐœ์ƒํ•œ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ์ด๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋Ÿผ์—๋„ ๋ถˆ๊ตฌํ•˜๊ณ  ํ•œ์†”๋™ ์‹œ๋ฏผ๋“ค์ด ์ฃผ๋„์ ์œผ๋กœ ๋ณตํ•ฉ์ปค๋ฎค๋‹ˆํ‹ฐ์„ผํ„ฐ๋ฅผ ์ด์šฉํ•œ ์ฒดํ—˜ ํ”„๋กœ๊ทธ๋žจ์„ ๋งŒ๋“ค์–ด ์šด์˜ํ•œ ๊ฒƒ๊ณผ 6-4์ƒํ™œ๊ถŒ ๊ทผ๋ฆฐ๊ณต์› ๋‚ด์— ์šด๋™์žฅ์„ ์„ค์น˜ํ•˜์—ฌ ์„ธ์ข…์‹œ์ฒญ์˜ ์šด์˜ยท๊ด€๋ฆฌ ํ•˜์— ํ•™์ƒ๊ณผ ์ฃผ๋ฏผ์ด ํ•จ๊ป˜ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜๋„๋ก ํ•œ ๊ฒƒ๋“ค์€ ๊ณ„ํš ๊ฐœ๋…์— ํƒ€๋‹นํ•œ ์‹œ๋„๋กœ์จ ์ง€์ผœ๋ณผ ๋งŒํ•˜๋‹ค. ๋‘˜์งธ, ํ†ตํ•ฉ์ปค๋ฎค๋‹ˆํ‹ฐ์‹œ์„ค์€ ์ด์›ƒ ๋‹จ์ง€ ์ฃผ๋ฏผ๋“ค๋ผ๋ฆฌ ์„œ๋กœ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์ปค๋ฎค๋‹ˆํ‹ฐ์‹œ์„ค์„ ๊ฐœ๋ฐฉยท๊ณต์œ ํ•˜์—ฌ ํšจ์šฉ์„ฑ์„ ๋†’์ด๊ณ  ๊ณต๋™์ฒด๋ฅผ ๊ฐ•ํ™”ํ•˜๊ณ ์ž ํ•œ ๊ฒƒ์ด๋‹ค. ๋„์‹œ ์ „์ฒด์ ์œผ๋กœ๋Š” 12๊ฐœ ๊ตฌ์—ญ์ด ๊ณต๋™์œผ๋กœ ๋ถ„์–‘๋˜์—ˆ๋Š”๋ฐ ์ด์ค‘ 7๊ตฌ์—ญ์ด ๊ณต๋™๊ด€๋ฆฌ ๋˜๋Š” ์‹œ์„ค์„ ๊ฐœ๋ฐฉยท๊ณต์œ ํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์—ˆ๋‹ค. 7๊ตฌ์—ญ ์ค‘ 3๊ตฌ์—ญ์€ ์ž„๋Œ€์ฃผํƒ์ด์—ˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ, 3๊ตฌ์—ญ์€ ๊ฐœ๋ฐœ ๋‹จ์ง€์˜ ์„ธ๋Œ€์ˆ˜๊ฐ€ 144์„ธ๋Œ€์—์„œ 472์„ธ๋Œ€ ์ •๋„์˜ ์†Œ๊ทœ๋ชจ๋‹จ์ง€๋กœ์„œ ๊ฒฝ์ œ์ ์ธ ์ด์œ ๋กœ ์ฃผ๋ฏผ๋“ค์ด ์ ๊ทน์ ์œผ๋กœ ๊ณต๋™๊ด€๋ฆฌ ๋˜๋Š” ์‹œ์„ค ๊ฐœ๋ฐฉยท๊ณต์œ ๋ฅผ ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒฝ์šฐ๋‹ค. ๋‚˜๋จธ์ง€ 1๊ตฌ์—ญ์ธ 2-2์ƒํ™œ๊ถŒ ์ƒˆ๋œธ๋งˆ์„ 10,11,14๋‹จ์ง€์—์„œ๋งŒ ๊ณ„ํš ์˜๋„๋Œ€๋กœ ๊ฐ ๋‹จ์ง€์˜ ๋‹ค์–‘ํ•œ ์‹œ์„ค์„ ์„œ๋กœ ๊ฐœ๋ฐฉยท๊ณต์œ ํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์—ˆ์œผ๋‚˜ ์ฃผ๋ฏผ ๊ฐ„ ํ•ฉ์˜์— ์ด๋ฅด๋Š” ๊ณผ์ •์—์„œ ์„ธ๋Œ€์ˆ˜ ๋ฐ ๊ฐ ์ปค๋ฎค๋‹ˆํ‹ฐ์‹œ์„ค์˜ ๊ด€๋ฆฌ๋น„์šฉ ์ฐจ์ด๋กœ ์ธํ•ด ์˜๊ฒฌ ๋Œ€๋ฆฝ๊ณผ์ •์„ ๊ฒช์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๋‹จ์ง€๋ณ„๋กœ ์„œ๋กœ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์‹œ์„ค์ด ๋“ค์–ด๊ฐ”๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์— ์‹œ์„ค ํšจ์œจ์„ฑ์€ ํ™•๋ณด๋˜์—ˆ์ง€๋งŒ, ๊ฐ™์€ ์ด์œ ๋กœ ์‹œ์„ค์— ๋“ค์–ด๊ฐ€๋Š” ๋น„์šฉ๊ณผ ์ˆ˜์ต์ด ๋‹ฌ๋ผ์ง€์–ด ๊ณต์ •์„ฑ์— ๋ฌธ์ œ๊ฐ€ ์ƒ๊ธด ๊ฒƒ์ด๋‹ค. ๊ฐˆ๋“ฑ์ด ์ผ์–ด๋‚œ ๋˜ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์›์ธ ์ค‘ ํ•˜๋‚˜๋Š” ๊ณ„ํš์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์ดํ•ด๋ถ€์กฑ์ด๋‹ค. ์•„ํŒŒํŠธ ์ž…์ฃผ ์ดˆ๊ธฐ ์ผ๋ถ€ ์ฃผ๋ฏผ๋“ค์€ ๊ณต๋™๊ด€๋ฆฌ์™€ ํ†ตํ•ฉ์ปค๋ฎค๋‹ˆํ‹ฐ์‹œ์„ค์˜ ๊ฐœ๋…์„ ํ˜ผ๋™ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๋ฒ•์ ์œผ๋กœ๋„ ์ด ๋‘ ๊ฐ€์ง€ ๋ชจ๋‘ ์ฃผ๋ฏผ๋“ค์˜ ๊ณผ๋ฐ˜์ˆ˜์˜ ๋™์˜๋ฅผ ๋ฐ›์•„์•ผ ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด์—ˆ๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์— ์ด๋ฅผ ๋™์‹œ์— ์ง„ํ–‰ํ•˜๋ คํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋Ÿฐ๋ฐ ์ƒˆ๋œธ๋งˆ์„ 10,11,14๋‹จ์ง€๋Š” ์„ธ ๋‹จ์ง€ ์„ธ๋Œ€์ˆ˜์˜ ํ•ฉ์ด 1,500์„ธ๋Œ€๊ฐ€ ๋„˜์–ด ๊ณต๋™๊ด€๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ๋ถˆ๊ฐ€๋Šฅํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๊ด€๋ฆฌยท์šด์˜ ๋ฉด์—์„œ ๋ฏธํกํ•œ ์ ๋„ ์žˆ์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์ผ๋‹จ ๊ด€๋ฆฌ์‚ฌ๋ฌด์†Œ๋‚˜ ์ž…์ฃผ๋ฏผํ˜‘์˜ํšŒ๊ฐ€ ๊ฐœ๋ณ„ ๋‹จ์ง€์— ๋“ค์–ด์„œ๊ฒŒ ๋˜๋ฉด ์ด๋“ค์„ ํ•ฉ์น˜๊ฑฐ๋‚˜ ์‹œ์„ค์„ ๊ณต์œ ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด ์‰ฝ์ง€ ์•Š์•˜๋‹ค. ๊ฐœ์ธ์ด๋‚˜ ๋‹จ์ฒด๋Š” ์„œ๋กœ์˜ ์ƒํ™ฉ์„ ๋น„๊ตํ•˜๋ฉฐ ๋ณธ์ธ๋“ค์˜ ์ด์ต์„ ์ตœ์šฐ์„ ์œผ๋กœ ์ƒ๊ฐํ•  ์ˆ˜๋ฐ–์— ์—†๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์ด๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋Ÿฐ๋ฐ ์ œ๋„์ƒ์œผ๋กœ๋Š” ์ž…์ฃผ์ž๋Œ€ํ‘œํšŒ์˜๊ฐ€ ๊ตฌ์„ฑ๋˜์–ด์•ผ๋งŒ ๊ณต๋™๊ด€๋ฆฌ ๋ฐ ์‹œ์„ค์˜ ๊ฐœ๋ฐฉยท๊ณต์œ ๋ฅผ ๊ฒฐ์ •ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๋˜ํ•œ ์ปค๋ฎค๋‹ˆํ‹ฐ์‹œ์„ค์„ ๋Œ€๋ถ€๋ถ„ ๊ฐ€๋กœ๋ณ€์— ์„ค์น˜ํ•˜์˜€๊ณ  ์ž์—ฐ๊ฐ์‹œ ๋ฐ ๊ฐœ๋ฐฉ๊ฐ์„ ๋†’์ด๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด ์™ธ๋ฒฝ์„ ํˆฌ๋ช…ํ•œ ์žฌ์งˆ๋กœ ํ•˜๋ผ๊ณ  ๊ทœ์ •ํ•˜์˜€์œผ๋‚˜, ํ˜„์‹ค์—์„œ๋Š” ๋Œ€๋‹ค์ˆ˜ ์‹œ์„ค ์ฐฝ๋ฌธ์— ๋ถˆํˆฌ๋ช…ํ•œ ํ•„๋ฆ„์„ ๋ถ™์ด๊ณ  ์žˆ์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ฐœ๋ฐฉยท๊ณต์œ ๋ผ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด ์œ„์น˜๋‚˜ ์žฌ๋ฃŒ ๋“ฑ ๋ฌผ๋ฆฌ์ ์ธ ์š”์†Œ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์ง€์นจ๋งŒ์œผ๋กœ ์‹คํ˜„๋˜๊ธฐ ์–ด๋ ต๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ์‹œ์‚ฌํ•œ๋‹ค. ์…‹์งธ, ๊ณต๊ณต๋ณดํ–‰ํ†ต๋กœ๋Š” ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์˜ ๋ณดํ–‰ ์—ฐ๊ฒฐ์„ฑ์„ ๊ฐ•ํ™”ํ•˜๊ณ  ์ด์›ƒ ์ฃผ๋ฏผ์—๊ฒŒ ๋‹จ์ง€๋ฅผ ๊ฐœ๋ฐฉํ•˜์—ฌ ๊ณต๋™์ฒด๋ฅผ ๊ฐ•ํ™”์‹œํ‚ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด ๋ชฉ์ ์ด๋‹ค. ์„ธ์ข…์‹œ์—๋Š” ์•ฝ 68๊ฐœ์˜ ๊ณต๊ณต๋ณดํ–‰ํ†ต๋กœ๊ฐ€ ์„ค์น˜๋˜์–ด ์žˆ๋‹ค. ํ†ต๋กœ๊ฐ€ ์ง€์ •๋œ ๊ณต๋™์ฃผํƒ ํ•„์ง€๋Š” ๋ชจ๋‘ 43๊ณณ์œผ๋กœ ํƒ€ ์‹ ๋„์‹œ์— ๋น„ํ•ด ์ƒ๋‹นํžˆ ๋งŽ์•„ ๋„์‹œ ์ „์ฒด์ ์œผ๋กœ ๋ณดํ–‰์ž์œ ๋„๊ฐ€ ๋†’๋‹ค๊ณ  ํ‰๊ฐ€ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๋Œ€๋ถ€๋ถ„ ์ˆ˜๋ณ€๊ณต์›, ๊ทผ๋ฆฐ๊ณต์›, ํ•™๊ต๋‚˜ ์ฒญ์‚ฌ, ์ƒ์—…์‹œ์„ค ๋“ฑ ์ฃผ์š”ํ•œ ๋ชฉ์ ์ง€์™€ ์ฃผ๊ฑฐ์ง€๋ฅผ ์—ฐ๊ฒฐํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๋ชฉ์ ์ง€๋‚˜ ์‚ฌ์šฉ์ž๊ฐ€ ๋ถˆ๋ถ„๋ช…ํ•ด ๋ณด์ด๋Š” ํ•„์ง€์— ํ†ต๋กœ๋ฅผ ์„ค์น˜ํ•œ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ๋Š” ํ•„์ง€ ๊ทœ๋ชจ๊ฐ€ ํฌ๊ณ  ์ธ์ ‘ ๋Œ€์ง€ ๊ณต๊ณต๋ณดํ–‰ํ†ต๋กœ ๊ณ„ํš ์„ ํ˜•์„ ์—ฐ๊ฒฐํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•œ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ์˜€๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋Ÿฐ๋ฐ ์ผ๋ถ€ ๊ณ„ํš์„ ๋ณด๋ฉด ํ†ต๋กœ ์„ค์น˜ ๊ธฐ์ค€์ด ๋ถˆ๋ถ„๋ช…ํ•˜๋ฉฐ ์ƒํ™œ๊ถŒ๋ณ„๋กœ๋„ ๋‹ค๋ฅด๊ฒŒ ์ ์šฉ๋˜์—ˆ์Œ์„ ์•Œ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์ƒˆ๋œธ๋งˆ์„3๋‹จ์ง€ ๋‚ด ๋ณดํ–‰๋„๋กœ๋Š” ์ธ์ ‘๋‹จ์ง€ ์ดˆ๋“ฑํ•™์ƒ์˜ ํ†ตํ•™๋กœ๋กœ ๋นˆ๋ฒˆํžˆ ์‚ฌ์šฉ๋˜๋Š”๋ฐ ๊ณต๊ณต๋ณดํ–‰ํ†ต๋กœ๋กœ๋Š” ์ง€์ •๋˜์–ด ์žˆ์ง€ ์•Š์•˜๋‹ค. ๋‹ค๋งŒ ๊ณต๊ณต๋ณดํ–‰ํ†ต๋กœ๊ฐ€ ์ „ํ˜€ ์„ค์น˜๋˜์ง€ ์•Š์€ 2-2์ƒํ™œ๊ถŒ์ด๋ผ๋„ ๋ฌผ๋ฆฌ์ ์ธ ๋ณดํ–‰์—ฐ๊ฒฐ์„ฑ์ด ๋–จ์–ด์ง€์ง€๋Š” ์•Š์•˜๋‹ค. ๋‹ด์žฅ ์„ค์น˜๋ฅผ ๊ธˆ์ง€ํ•˜๊ณ  ๋งˆ์Šคํ„ฐํ”Œ๋žœ์„ ํ†ตํ•ด ๋ณดํ–‰์ž๋™์„ ์„ ์„ธ์‹ฌํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๊ณ„ํšํ–ˆ๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์ธ ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ๋ณด์ธ๋‹ค. ์ง€๊ตฌ๋‹จ์œ„๊ณ„ํš์„ ํ†ตํ•œ ๊ณต๊ณต๋ณดํ–‰ํ†ต๋กœ ์ง€์ •์€ ๋งˆ์Šคํ„ฐํ”Œ๋žœ์„ ์„ธ์šธ ์ˆ˜ ์—†๋Š” ๊ฒฝ์šฐ์—๋Š” ์œ ์šฉํ•˜๋ฉฐ, ํ†ต๋กœ ๋ฐฉํ•ด๋ฅผ ๋ง‰์„ ๊ทผ๊ฑฐ ๋ฐ ๋ฏธ๋ž˜ ๊ฐœ๋ฐœ์‹œ์—๋„ ํ†ต๋กœ๋ฅผ ์„ค์น˜ํ•  ๊ทผ๊ฑฐ๋ฅผ ๋งˆ๋ จํ–ˆ๋‹ค๋Š” ์ ์—์„œ๋Š” ์˜๋ฏธ๊ฐ€ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ํ•œํŽธ ๋Œ€๋‹ค์ˆ˜ ๊ณต๊ณต๋ณดํ–‰ํ†ต๋กœ์—์„œ๋Š” ์ฃผ๋ฏผ ๊ฐ„ ๊ฐˆ๋“ฑ์ด ๋ฐœ์ƒํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š์•˜๋Š”๋ฐ, ๊ฐ€์žฌ๋งˆ์„3๋‹จ์ง€์—์„œ๋Š” ๋ฌธ์ œ๊ฐ€ ์ผ์–ด๋‚ฌ๋‹ค. ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ ๋ณตํ•ฉ์ ์ธ ์š”์ธ์ด ์žˆ์—ˆ๋Š”๋ฐ ์ •๋ณด๋ถ€์กฑ, ๋ถˆํŽธํ•œ ๋ณดํ–‰ํ™˜๊ฒฝ, ์ด์ต์˜ ๋ถ„ํ•  ๋ฐ ๋น„์šฉ๊ฐˆ๋“ฑ ๋“ฑ์ด๋‹ค. ๊ฐ€์žฌ๋งˆ์„3๋‹จ์ง€ ์ฃผ๋ฏผ๋“ค ์ค‘์—๋Š” ๋‹จ์ง€ ๋‚ด์— ๊ณต๊ณต๋ณดํ–‰ํ†ต๋กœ๊ฐ€ ์žˆ๋Š”์ง€ ๋ชจ๋ฅด๋Š” ๊ฒฝ์šฐ๋„ ์žˆ์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ฒŒ๋‹ค๊ฐ€ ํ†ต๋กœ๊ฐ€ ๊ฒฝ์‚ฌ์ง€์— ์œ„์น˜ํ•˜๋ฉฐ ์ค‘๊ฐ„์— ๊ณ„๋‹จ์ด ์„ค์น˜๋˜์–ด ์žˆ์–ด ์ด์šฉ์ด ๋ถˆํŽธํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ํ•™์ƒ๋“ค์€ ์ฐจ๋Ÿ‰์ด ์ง€๋‚˜๋‹ค๋‹ˆ๋Š” ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ํ†ตํ–‰๋กœ๋ฅผ ์ž์ฃผ ์ด์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ ์‚ฌ๊ณ ๊ฐ€ ์šฐ๋ ค๋˜๋Š” ์ƒํ™ฉ์ด์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๋˜ํ•œ ์‚ฌ์ƒํ™œ๋ณดํ˜ธ, ์•ˆ์ „, ๊ด€๋ฆฌ๋น„์šฉ์ฆ๊ฐ€ ๋“ฑ์„ ์šฐ๋ คํ•œ ์ฃผ๋ฏผ๋“ค์ด ๋ฏผ์›์„ ์ œ๊ธฐํ•˜๊ณ  ๊ณ„๋‹จ์— ์„ค์น˜๋œ ์—˜๋ฆฌ๋ฒ ์ดํ„ฐ๋ฅผ ๋ง‰๋Š” ํ–‰์œ„๋„ ์ผ์–ด๋‚ฌ๋‹ค. ์ด์™€ ๋ฐ˜๋Œ€๋กœ ๊ผญ ํ•„์š”ํ•œ ๊ณณ์—์„œ ๊ฐˆ๋“ฑ ์—†์ด ์ด์šฉ๋˜๋Š” ๊ฒฝ์šฐ๋„ ์žˆ์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ฐ€์žฌ๋งˆ์„2๋‹จ์ง€์˜ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ์ธ๋ฐ, ํ•„์ง€ ๊ฒฝ๊ณ„๋ถ€์— ์„ค์น˜๋˜์—ˆ๊ณ  ์ธ์ ‘ํ•œ ์ดˆ๋“ฑํ•™๊ต์—์„œ CCTV๋ฅผ ์„ค์น˜ํ•˜๊ณ  ์‹ค์งˆ์ ์ธ ๊ด€๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ ํ•˜์˜€๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์ด๋ผ๊ณ  ์ƒ๊ฐํ•œ๋‹ค. ๊ฐ€์žฌ๋งˆ์„3๋‹จ์ง€์˜ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ์—๋„ ์ตœ๊ทผ์— ๊ฐˆ๋“ฑ์ด ์ค„์–ด๋“  ๋ฐ์—๋Š” ํ•™๊ต ์ธก์—์„œ ํ•™์ƒ๋“ค์„ ๋ฐ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ๊ณต๊ณต๋ณดํ–‰ํ†ต๋กœ ์ฒญ์†Œ๋ด‰์‚ฌ๋ฅผ ์‹ค์‹œํ•˜๋Š” ๋“ฑ ์ˆ˜ํ˜œ์ž๋ผ๊ณ  ๋ณผ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ์ด๋“ค์ด ๊ด€๋ฆฌยท์šด์˜์˜ ์ฑ…์ž„์„ ์ผ๋ถ€ ๋‚˜๋ˆ„์–ด ๊ฐ€์ง„ ๊ฒƒ์ด ๋„์›€์ด ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค๊ณ  ๋ณธ๋‹ค. ๊ฒฐ๋ก ์ ์œผ๋กœ ์„ธ ์‚ฌ๋ก€์—์„œ ์–ป์€ ์‹œ์‚ฌ์ ์„ ์ •๋ฆฌํ•˜๋ฉด ์ฒซ์งธ, ๊ฐ ๊ณ„ํš์˜ ๋ฌผ๋ฆฌ์ ์ธ ๋ชฉํ‘œ(ํ† ์ง€์˜ ์ง‘์•ฝ์  ์ด์šฉ, ์‹œ์„คํšจ์šฉ์„ฑ ์ฆ๋Œ€, ๋ณดํ–‰์—ฐ๊ฒฐ์„ฑ ๊ฐ•ํ™”)๋Š” ๋Œ€๋ถ€๋ถ„ ๋‹ฌ์„ฑํ•œ ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ๋ณด์ธ๋‹ค. ๋‹ค๋งŒ ๊ด€๋ฆฌยท์šด์˜๋‹จ๊ณ„์—์„œ ์ดํ•ด๊ด€๊ณ„์ž๊ฐ„ ๊ฐˆ๋“ฑ์œผ๋กœ ์ธํ•ด ๊ณ„ํš์˜๋„๊ฐ€ ์ถฉ๋ถ„ํžˆ ํ™œ์šฉ๋˜์ง€ ๋ชปํ•œ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ๋Š” ์žˆ์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์–ด๋–ค ๊ณณ์—์„œ ์‹คํ˜„์ด ์ž˜๋˜๊ณ  ์–ด๋–ค ๊ณณ์ด ์•ˆ ๋˜๋Š”์ง€ ๋น„๊ตํ•ด์„œ ์‚ดํŽด๋ณด์•„์•ผ ํ•œ๋‹ค. ๋‘˜์งธ, ๊ณต๊ฐ„์˜ ๊ฐœ๋ฐฉ๊ณผ ๊ณต์œ ๋ฅผ ์œ„ํ•ด ๊ด€๋ฆฌ์ฃผ์ฒด๋Š” ๋ˆˆ์— ๋ณด์ด๋Š” ๋น„์šฉ ๋ฟ ์•„๋‹ˆ๋ผ ์ˆจ๊ฒจ์ง„ ๊ฑฐ๋ž˜๋น„์šฉ๊นŒ์ง€ ์‹ ๊ฒฝ ์“ธ ํ•„์š”๊ฐ€ ์žˆ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด๋‹ค. ๊ฐœ๋ฐฉยท๊ณต์œ ๋ฅผ ๋ฐ˜๋Œ€ํ•˜๋Š” ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์€ ์‚ฌ์ƒํ™œ์นจํ•ด, ๋ณด์•ˆ, ์•ˆ์ „, ๊ด€๋ฆฌ๋น„ ์ฆ๋Œ€ ๋“ฑ ์ž ์žฌ๋œ ์œ„ํ—˜์„ ํšŒํ”ผํ•˜๊ณ ์ž ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์œ„ํ—˜์€ ๊ณผ๊ฑฐ์— ๊ฒฝํ—˜ํ–ˆ๋˜ ๋ฌธ์ œ๋“ค๊ณผ ์—ฐ๊ด€๋„ ์žˆ์—ˆ์ง€๋งŒ ์ผ์–ด๋‚˜์ง€ ์•Š์€ ๋ฏธ๋ž˜์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๊ฑฑ์ •๋„ ์žˆ์—ˆ๋‹ค. ํ˜„์žฌ ๋„์‹œ์„ค๊ณ„์ง€์นจ์—์„œ๋Š” ๊ฐœ๋ฐฉยท๊ณต์œ ๋กœ ์ธํ•ด ์–ป์„ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ฐ€์น˜, ์œ„ํ—˜์š”์ธ๊ณผ ๋Œ€์ฒ˜๋ฐฉ์•ˆ, ๊ด€๋ฆฌ์šด์˜๋ฐฉ์•ˆ ๋“ฑ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์„ค๋ช…์ด ๋ถ€์กฑํ•œ ํŽธ์ด๋‹ค. ์…‹์งธ, ๊ณต๊ณต์˜ ์ด์ต์„ ์œ„ํ•ด ์ผ๋ถ€๋Š” ๋ถˆ๊ณตํ‰ํ•˜๋‹ค๊ณ  ๋Š๋ผ๊ฑฐ๋‚˜, ์‚ฌํšŒ์ ์•ฝ์ž์˜ ์•ˆ์ „ ๋ฌธ์ œ๊ฐ€ ์šฐ๋ ค๋˜๊ธฐ๋„ ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๊ณต๋ฆฌ์ฃผ์˜์˜ ๊ด€์ ์—์„œ ์†Œ์ˆ˜์˜ ํฌ์ƒ์ด ์ •๋‹นํ•œ๊ฐ€์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ๋…ผ์˜๊ฐ€ ํ•„์š”ํ•˜๋‹ค. ๊ฐœ๋ฐฉยท๊ณต์œ ๋ฅผ ์‹คํ˜„์‹œํ‚ค๋ ค๋ฉด ๊ด€๋ฆฌ์ฃผ์ฒด๊ฐ€ ์ฐธ์—ฌ๊ฐ€ ๊ฐ€๋Šฅํ•˜๋„๋ก ๊ณต๊ณต์˜ ๊ฐœ์ž…์„ ๊ฐ•ํ™”ํ•˜๊ณ  ๋น„์šฉ์ด๋‚˜ ์ธ๋ ฅ์ง€์› ๋“ฑ ๊ฒฝ์ œ์  ์œ ์ธ์ฑ…์„ ๋ณด์™„ํ•ด์•ผ ํ•œ๋‹ค. ๊ฐœ๋ฐฉยท๊ณต์œ ๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•ด ์–ป๋Š” ์ด์ต ๋ฐ ํŽธ์ต ์ฃผ์ฒด๋Š” ์™ธ๋ถ€์ธ์ด ๋˜๋ฉฐ ์†Œ์œ ์ž ๋ฐ ๊ด€๋ฆฌ์ž๊ฐ€ ๋น„์šฉ์„ ๋ถ€๋‹ด ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋œ๋‹ค. ํšจ์œจ์ ์ธ ์ž์› ๋ฐฐ๋ถ„์„ ์œ„ํ•ด์„œ๋Š” ๋น„์šฉ ๋ถ€๋‹ดํ•˜๋Š” ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๊ณผ ํŽธ์ต์„ ๊ฐ€์ ธ๊ฐ€๋Š” ์‚ฌ๋žŒ์ด ์ผ์น˜ํ•ด์•ผ ํ•œ๋‹ค. ๋น„์šฉ์„ ๋ถ€๋‹ดํ•˜๋Š” ์ธก์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๋ณด์ƒ์ด ๋ฏธํกํ•˜๋‹ค. ๋”ฐ๋ผ์„œ ๊ฐœ๋ฐฉยท๊ณต์œ  ์ •์ฑ…์„ ๊ผญ ์‹คํ˜„ํ•ด์•ผ ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ณณ์ด๋ผ๋ฉด ์ด์ต์ฃผ์ฒด์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๋ณด์ƒ๊ณผ ๊ทœ์ œ๋ฅผ ๋ช…ํ™•ํžˆ ํ•  ํ•„์š”๊ฐ€ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๋„ท์งธ, ์ง€์นจ์„ ๊ณต๊ฐ„์— ์ ์šฉ์‹œํ‚ค๊ณ  ๋‚œ ํ›„ ํ˜„์žฅ์„ ์‚ดํŽด๋ณด๋‹ˆ ๊ณ„ํš ๋‹น์‹œ ์˜ˆ์ƒํ•˜์ง€ ๋ชปํ•œ ์˜ค๋ฅ˜๊ฐ€ ์ƒ๊ธฐ๊ธฐ๋„ ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๊ณต๊ฐ„๊ณ„ํš ์ž์ฒด๊ฐ€ ๊ฐœ๋ฐฉยท๊ณต์œ ๋ฅผ ์ˆ˜์šฉํ•˜์ง€ ๋ชปํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒฝ์šฐ๋‹ค. ์ด๋Š” ๋„์‹œ์„ค๊ณ„์ง€์นจ์˜ ์–ด์ฉ” ์ˆ˜ ์—†๋Š” ํ•œ๊ณ„์ด๊ธฐ๋„ ํ•˜๋‹ค. ๋ช‡ ๋…„์— ์•ž์„œ ์‹œ๋ฏผ๋“ค์˜ ํ–‰๋™์„ ์˜ˆ์ธกํ•˜๊ณ  ์ง€์นจ์„ ์ˆ˜๋ฆฝํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์— ์‹ค์ œ๋กœ ํ˜„์žฅ์— ์ ์šฉํ•ด๋ด์•ผ ๋ฌธ์ œ๋ฅผ ์•Œ๊ฒŒ ๋˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ๋“ค๋„ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ์„ค๊ณ„์˜ค๋ฅ˜๋ฌธ์ œ๋Š” ์ž˜ ์ •๋ฆฌํ•˜์—ฌ ํ›„์† ์‹ ๋„์‹œ์„ค๊ณ„์—์„œ ์ข€ ๋” ๊ฐœ์„ ๋œ ์ง€์นจ์„ ์ˆ˜๋ฆฝํ•ด์•ผ ํ•  ๊ฒƒ์ด๋‹ค. ์‹ ๋„์‹œ์„ค๊ณ„์˜ ์–ด์ฉ” ์ˆ˜ ์—†๋Š” ์ •๋ณด ๋ถ€์กฑ๋ฌธ์ œ๋ฅผ ํ•ด๊ฒฐํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด์„œ๋Š” ๊ธฐ์กด ์‹ ๋„์‹œ ๋ฌธ์ œ๋ฅผ ์ž˜ ์ •๋ฆฌํ•˜๊ณ  ์‹œ๋ฏผ๋“ค์˜ ์˜๊ฒฌ์„ ์กฐ์‚ฌํ•  ํ•„์š”๊ฐ€ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์‹ ๋„์‹œ์˜ ๋ฏผ์›์„ ๊ณต์œ ํ•˜๊ณ  ๊ณตํ†ต์ ์ธ ๋ฌธ์ œ์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด์„œ ๋Œ€์‘ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์–ด์•ผ๊ฒ ๋‹ค. ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ์ ์œผ๋กœ ํ–ฅํ›„ ๋„์‹œ์„ค๊ณ„๋Š” ๊ณ„ํš๊ฐ€๊ฐ€ ์ผ๋ฐฉ์ ์œผ๋กœ ์ˆ˜๋ฆฝํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด ์•„๋‹Œ ์‚ฌ์šฉ ํ›„ ํ‰๊ฐ€๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•ด ์ข€ ๋” ์ด์šฉ์ž ์นœํ™”์ ์ธ ๋ฐฉํ–ฅ์œผ๋กœ ๋‚˜์•„๊ฐ€์•ผ ํ•  ๊ฒƒ์ด๋‹ค.This study aims to examine the intent of the urban design guidelines related to open and shared spaces in Sejong-City and its implementation. Today, the value of openness and sharing is becoming increasingly important. The public seeks to revitalize the community by opening up privately-owned spaces and create new values through encouraging the use of shared spaces which are managed by different entities. It is also a means to economically secure the currently insufficient public spaces. Furthermore, planners also expect that expanding the public realm could bring forth the goodwill of citizens. However, there have been cases in which planned open and shared spaces were not realized. Compared to other newly-built cities, Sejong had actively established urban design guidelines related to open and shared - 185 - spaces. This concept penetrated into a variety of guides, ranging from the comprehensive urban planning to neighborhood unit, zoning and parcel guidelines. The built environment was formed according to the guidelines, but problems occurred in the management and operation phase. To impose public values in private spaces is a difficult matter since ownership and management belong to the private sector. To implement a policy that asks to open up private spaces and allow sharing among various stakeholders, citizens who are managers of the spaces must participate in the policy-making process and act voluntarily. While citizens face public responsibilities and roles, in reality, accepting the ideals of opening and sharing is not easy, and inevitably, conflicts between stakeholders arise. There is a gap between the ideal of the planner and the reality of the user. New urban areas become a testing bed for new urban design concepts which are normative principles that could only be evaluated after an area is developed as to whether it achieves its original purpose or not. And it becomes clear that there are cases where the design principles do not seem to accomplish its intentions. The urban environment governed by urban design affects the lives of many citizens, generating great social costs and benefits. Therefore, all urban design measures need to be continuously studied and verified. However, the discussion of urban design concepts from the perspective of the general public is still lacking, and hence, it is important to identify which areas are lacking support from the public and the reasons behind it. This study analyzes online complaints to understand dissatisfactions regarding open and shared spaces in Sejong. Based on this, public pedestrian passage, integrated community facilities, and multi-community center cases were selected and analyzed under the following framework: 1) identify the planning intention by examining the design guideline concept and objectives; 2) investigate whether these objectives have been met (intensive land-use, increased efficiency of facility use, reinforced pedestrian connectivity); 3) investigate if the open and shared spaces have had a positive impact on the community; 4) examine how well the stakeholders understood and perceived the plans; 5) review whether the planning process was fair and valid; and 6) investigate the status of the design intervention as to how well it was adapted to its surroundings and examine if the initial planning was appropriate for open and shared spaces. The results are as follows. First, intensive land-use was achieved which was one of the key objectives of the multi-community center by arranging various facilities including parks, education facilities, government buildings, transportation, and commerce in the central areas of the entire neighborhood units in Sejong. The floating population was highly concentrated around these centers, and various autonomous residents programs were provided to contribute to revitalizing the community. Schools have opened up their indoor gymnasiums and have become good examples of open and shared spaces. However, the concept of the multi-community center has become weaker now than in the early days. The Hansol-dong multi-community center was designed to open and share various facilities centering around the school. However, due to the delays in the opening of the swimming pool at Hansol Middle School and the conflict related to residents accessing the facility, educational facilities were gradually removed from the multi-community center notion, eventually cutting back on the planning concept. It was also problematic that the general public perceived the multi-community center to be where local administrative offices and welfare facilities were situated. There were also complaints about the opening hours and rental procedures. While some contended that the facilities should be open at all times, this was difficult due to the lack of management personnel. Some schools were reluctant to participate because of issues of security, safety, and management. There were also problems with the heavy dependence on volunteers in operating community programs, and the lack of safety considerations regarding students who are a socially vulnerable group. Opening up facilities to residents may benefit the majority, but maybe unfair to some. There were also incidents where building design was not appropriate for open or shared spaces. This included a school gymnasium with no toilets and a library with high noise levels being adjacent to incompatible facilities. Nevertheless, the resident-led experience program that was run in the multi-community center, and the building of a playground in the 6-4 neighborhood unit park, which is actively used by residents and students under the management of Sejong-City, are commendable examples of the planning concept. Second, the integrated community facility was built to increase its utility and strengthen the sense of community by opening up and sharing the facility among residents of neighboring housing estates. In seven districts, out of a total of 12 districts that were sold in lots, facilities were co-managed or open and shared among residents. Three of the seven districts were public rental housing, and the other three were small-scale estates, ranging from 144 to 472 households, for whom co-managing and sharing spaces were more economical. The remaining case, The Sharp Hillstate apartment located in the 2-2 neighborhood unit, opened and shared various facilities of the estate as planned, however, experienced conflict in the consensus reaching process among residents due to the differences in the number of households and management costs. The use-efficiency of the facility was warranted by the fact that each estate had a different facility, but by the same token, problems of fairness emerged since cost and profits differed. Another cause of the conflict was the lack of understanding of the plan. The early residents were in knowledge of the original concept of co-management and integrated community facilities. Legally, the consent of the majority was required for both endeavors, so residents tried to implement it at the same time. However, in The Sharp Hillstate where the total number of households exceeded 1,500 households, co-managing the facilities was an impossible task. There were also problems of management and operation. As the management office and the residents council operated in each of the housing estates, it was not easy to combine them or share facilities on this basis since individuals and organizations inevitably put their interest first. Also, institutionally, the decision on co-management and opening facilities could only be made after a resident representative meeting was formed. In addition, while the guidelines mentioned that community facilities should be established on roadsides and its exterior walls to be of transparent material so that natural surveillance and openness are ensured, in reality, the windows of most facilities were covered with translucent film. It was evident that guidelines which control the physical aspects of location and material were not sufficient in realizing the concepts of openness and sharing. Third, the purpose of the public pedestrian passage was to strengthen connectivity and open up housing estates to neighboring residents so that a sense of community is reinforced. There are 68 public pedestrian passages in Sejong (78 parcels), and there are 43 multi-family residential parcels where a public passageway is designated. This is considerably higher than other New Towns, and in this sense, Sejong is considered to be a well-connected city for pedestrians. Most passages connected residential areas with major destinations such as waterfront parks, neighborhood parks, schools or government buildings, and commercial buildings. The cases where passages were set up in a parcel where the destination or the user group was unclear were either when the block was too big or connections were to be made to public passages in adjacent blocks. However, in some cases, the criteria were unclear and were applied differently according to the neighborhood unit area. The pedestrian passage in Sae-ddeum Village 3 Complex was frequented by elementary school students from neighboring housing estates but was not designated as a public pedestrian passage. Nonetheless, even in the 2-2 neighborhood unit where no public pedestrian passage was established, connectivity didnt necessarily seem to lack due to the careful planning of pedestrian routes based on a master plan and prohibiting the installation of fences. In cases where a master plan cannot be established, it is useful to designate public pedestrian passages through the district-unit plan, and this is significant as it provides a basis for preventing road blocking and establishing further routes for future development. While there were no conflicts in most public pedestrian passages, there was a problem reported in Gajae Village 3 Complex. There were a number of factors to the problem, including the lack of information, inconvenient pedestrian environment, problems of dividing profits and conflicts arising from costs. Some residents in Gajae Village 3 Complex did not even know there was a public pedestrian passage in their area. Furthermore, the passage was located on a slope with stairs installed in the middle, which made it an inconvenient route. As a result, students used another passage that had heavy traffic, making them vulnerable to accidents. Worse still, residents who were concerned about their privacy, safety, and management costs made an official complaint and blocked the elevators installed next to the stairs. On the other hand, there was also a case where the passage was aptly used without any conflict. In the case of Gajae Village 2 Complex, the passage was located at the boundary of the parcel and the adjacent elementary school had installed surveillance cameras to properly manage the route. The recent amelioration of conflicts in Gajae Village 3 Complex was attributed to the school, who was considered the main beneficiary, sharing some of the responsibilities of management and operation by organizing students to clean up streets as community service. In conclusion, the implications of the three cases are as follows. First, the planning objectives regarding the physical aspects (intensive land-use, increased efficiency of facility use, reinforced pedestrian connectivity) have been achieved. However, there were cases where the objectives were not fully realized due to stakeholder conflicts in the management and operation phase. Places of success and failure should be compared and examined. Second, the managing entity of open and shared spaces should be aware of not only the visible costs but also the hidden transaction costs. People in favor of the concept aimed to achieve its objectives, while people who were against it tried to avoid potential risks of invasion of privacy, problems of security, safety, and increased management costs. These concerns were associated with problems experienced in the past but were also unfounded anxieties of events that had not happened. As of now, there is a lack of discussion on the value that could be obtained by open and shared spaces, alongside its risk factors and countermeasures, and management methods. Third, there were concerns of those who felt their circumstances to be unfair for the purposes of public benefit and concerns regarding the safety of a socially vulnerable group. From a utilitarian standpoint, there needs to be discussion whether the sacrifice of a few could be justified. To successfully operate open and shared spaces, public intervention must strengthen so that the public sector becomes more involved as a managing entity, and economic incentives of cost and personnel support must be supplemented. The profits and benefits of open and shared spaces are often reaped by outsiders while the owners and managers bear costs. For efficient resource allocation, the one who bears costs must also be the beneficiary. Insofar, there is a lack of compensation for those who are burdened with the costs, hence, if a clear need is recognized for open and shared spaces, the compensation and regulation of the beneficiary need to be clarified. Fourth, unexpected failures did occur after the guidelines were applied to sites. These were cases where the spatial planning did not accommodate for openness and sharing, which, in some sense, is an inevitable limitation of the urban design guideline. Since the planning is based on predictions of future resident behavior, there are issues that only emerge after the implementation of the plan. These errors should be well documented to improve guidance in subsequent New Town designs. In order to solve the inescapable problem of information shortage in New Town design, it is necessary to systematically record the problems identified in existing New Towns and investigate the opinions of residents. Complaints from New Town residents should be shared and responses to common problems should be drawn. In the future, urban design should move toward a more user-friendly approach through post-evaluation rather than be considered a unilateral establishment of the planners.์ œ 1 ์žฅ ์„œ๋ก  1 ์ œ 1 ์ ˆ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ ๋ฐฐ๊ฒฝ๊ณผ ๋ชฉ์  1 ์ œ 2 ์ ˆ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ ๋‚ด์šฉ๊ณผ ๋ฒ”์œ„ 3 ์ œ 2 ์žฅ ์ด๋ก ์  ๊ณ ์ฐฐ 6 ์ œ 1 ์ ˆ ํ˜„๋Œ€ ์‹ ๋„์‹œ์˜ ๊ฐœ๋ฐฉ๊ณต์œ  ๊ฐœ๋…๊ณผ ๋ชฉ์  6 1. ๊ฐœ๋ฐฉ๊ณต์œ ์˜ ๊ฐœ๋… 6 2. ๊ฐœ๋ฐฉ๊ณต์œ ์˜ ๋ชฉ์  7 ์ œ 2 ์ ˆ ๋„์‹œ์„ค๊ณ„์ง€์นจ์„ ํ†ตํ•œ ๊ณต๊ฐ„์˜ ๊ฐœ๋ฐฉ๊ณต์œ  ๋‚ด์šฉ๊ณผ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ• 12 1. ๊ฐœ๋ฐฉ๊ณต์œ  ๊ณต๊ฐ„์˜ ์ข…๋ฅ˜ 12 2. ๋„์‹œ์„ค๊ณ„์ง€์นจ์˜ ๋ฒ”์œ„ 14 ์ œ 3 ์ ˆ ๊ฐœ๋ฐฉ๊ณต์œ  ์ง€์นจ์˜ ์ ์šฉ ๋ฐ ์‹คํŒจ ๋ถ„์„ํ‹€ 16 1. ์‹ ๋„์‹œ ๊ฐœ๋ฐฉ๊ณต์œ  ์ง€์นจ์˜ ์ ์šฉ๊ณผ ๊ฐˆ๋“ฑ 16 2. ์„ธ์ข…์‹œ ๊ฐœ๋ฐฉ๊ณต์œ  ๋„์‹œ์„ค๊ณ„์ง€์นจ์˜ ๋‚ด์šฉ๊ณผ ์œ„์ƒ 20 3. ์‹คํŒจ ์‚ฌ๋ก€ ๋ถ„์„ํ‹€ 30 ์ œ 3 ์žฅ ์„ธ์ข…์‹œ ๋„์‹œํ™˜๊ฒฝ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์‹œ๋ฏผ ๋ฐ˜์‘ ํƒ์ƒ‰ 35 ์ œ 1 ์ ˆ ๋ถ„์„ ๊ฐœ์š” ๋ฐ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ• 35 1. ๋ถ„์„ ๊ฐœ์š” 35 2. ๋ถ„์„ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ• 37 3. ์ž๋ฃŒ ์ˆ˜์ง‘ 38 ์ œ 2 ์ ˆ ์ผ๋ฐ˜์  ๋ฏผ์› ๋ถ„์„ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ 44 1. ์ผ๋ฐ˜์  ๋ฏผ์› ํ‚ค์›Œ๋“œ ๋ถ„์„ ๋ฐ TDM๋ถ„์„ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ 44 2. ์ผ๋ฐ˜์  ๋ฏผ์› ํ† ํ”ฝ๋ชจ๋ธ๋ง ๋ถ„์„ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ 45 3. ์ƒํ™œ๊ถŒ๋ณ„ ํ‚ค์›Œ๋“œ ๋ถ„์„ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ 46 ์ œ 3 ์ ˆ ๊ฐœ๋ฐฉ๊ณต์œ  ๊ด€๋ จ ๋ฏผ์› ๋ถ„์„ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ 49 1. ์ƒํ™œ๊ถŒ๋ณ„ ๊ฐœ๋ฐฉ๊ณต์œ  ๊ด€๋ จ ํ‚ค์›Œ๋“œ ์ถ”์ถœ 49 2. ๋‚ด์šฉ๋ถ„์„ 50 ์ œ 4 ์žฅ ์„ธ์ข…์‹œ ๊ฐœ๋ฐฉ๊ณต์œ  ๋„์‹œ์„ค๊ณ„์ง€์นจ ๊ตฌํ˜„ ์‚ฌ๋ก€ 55 ์ œ 1 ์ ˆ ์‚ฌ๋ก€ ์กฐ์‚ฌ๋Œ€์ƒ ๋ฐ ๋ถ„์„ํ‹€ 55 ์ œ 2 ์ ˆ ๋ณตํ•ฉ์ปค๋ฎค๋‹ˆํ‹ฐ์„ผํ„ฐ 57 1. ๋ณตํ•ฉ์ปค๋ฎค๋‹ˆํ‹ฐ์„ผํ„ฐ ๊ฐœ๋…๊ณผ ๋ชฉํ‘œ 57 2. ์ง€์นจ์˜ ๋ชฉํ‘œ ๋‹ฌ์„ฑ 60 3. ์‚ฌํšŒ์  ๊ฐ€์น˜ ์‹คํ˜„ 69 4. ํ™˜๊ฒฝ ๋ณ€ํ™”์— ๋Œ€์‘ 76 5. ์‹œ์‚ฌ์  80 ์ œ 3 ์ ˆ ํ†ตํ•ฉ์ปค๋ฎค๋‹ˆํ‹ฐ์‹œ์„ค 82 1. ํ†ตํ•ฉ์ปค๋ฎค๋‹ˆํ‹ฐ์‹œ์„ค ๊ฐœ๋…๊ณผ ๋ชฉํ‘œ 82 2. ์ง€์นจ์˜ ๋ชฉํ‘œ ๋‹ฌ์„ฑ 86 3. ์‚ฌํšŒ์  ๊ฐ€์น˜ ์‹คํ˜„ 98 4. ํ™˜๊ฒฝ ๋ณ€ํ™”์— ๋Œ€์‘ 102 5. ์‹œ์‚ฌ์  106 ์ œ 4 ์ ˆ ๊ณต๊ณต๋ณดํ–‰ํ†ต๋กœ 108 1. ๊ณต๊ณต๋ณดํ–‰ํ†ต๋กœ ๊ฐœ๋…๊ณผ ๋ชฉํ‘œ 108 2. ์ง€์นจ์˜ ๋ชฉํ‘œ ๋‹ฌ์„ฑ 111 3. ์‚ฌํšŒ์  ๊ฐ€์น˜ ์‹คํ˜„ 122 4. ํ™˜๊ฒฝ ๋ณ€ํ™”์— ๋Œ€์‘ 126 5. ์‹œ์‚ฌ์  134 ์ œ 5 ์žฅ ๊ฒฐ๋ก  135 ์ œ 1 ์ ˆ ์š”์•ฝ 135 ์ œ 2 ์ ˆ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ ํ•œ๊ณ„์™€ ์˜์˜ 143 ์ œ 3 ์ ˆ ์ •์ฑ…์  ์‹œ์‚ฌ์  145Docto

    A Study on the Management System of Public Institutions and Agency Costs

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    ํ•™์œ„๋…ผ๋ฌธ(๋ฐ•์‚ฌ) -- ์„œ์šธ๋Œ€ํ•™๊ต๋Œ€ํ•™์› : ํ–‰์ •๋Œ€ํ•™์› ํ–‰์ •ํ•™๊ณผ(์ •์ฑ…ํ•™์ „๊ณต), 2022.2. ๊น€์ƒํ—Œ.์ดˆ๊ธฐ ๊ณต๊ณต๊ธฐ๊ด€์€ ์‹œ์žฅ์‹คํŒจ(market failure)๋ฅผ ํ•ด๊ฒฐํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•˜์—ฌ ๊ตญ๊ฐ€๊ฐ€ ์‹œ์žฅ์— ๊ฐœ์ž…ํ•  ๋ชฉ์ ์„ ๊ฐ€์ง€๊ณ  ์„ค๋ฆฝ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์ผ์ฐจ์ ์œผ๋กœ ์‹œ์žฅ์‹คํŒจ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๋Œ€์‘์€ ์ •๋ถ€๊ฐ€ ๋งก๊ฒŒ ๋˜์ง€๋งŒ, ์ •๋ถ€์กฐ์ง์€ ์ธ์‚ฌยท์กฐ์งยท์˜ˆ์‚ฐ์šด์˜์ด ๊ฒฝ์ง์ ์ด๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์— ์‹œ์˜์ ์ ˆํ•œ ๋Œ€์‘์ด ์–ด๋ ต๋‹ค. ๋”ฐ๋ผ์„œ ์ธ์‚ฌยท์กฐ์งยท์˜ˆ์‚ฐ์šด์˜์˜ ์ž์œจ์„ฑ์ด ์ƒ๋Œ€์ ์œผ๋กœ ๋†’์€ ๊ณต๊ณต์กฐ์ง์„ ํ†ตํ•ด ๊ณต๊ณต์„œ๋น„์Šค๋ฅผ ์ œ๊ณตํ•˜์—ฌ ์‹œ์žฅ์‹คํŒจ๋ฅผ ๊ต์ •ํ•œ๋‹ค๋Š” ๋…ผ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ๊ทธ ํ•ต์‹ฌ์ด๋‹ค(์ตœ๋ณ‘์„ , 1993). ๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‚˜ ํ–‰์ •ํ™˜๊ฒฝ์˜ ๋ณต์žก์„ฑ๊ณผ ๋‹ค์–‘์„ฑ์ด ์ฆ๊ฐ€ํ•˜๋ฉด์„œ ์ด์— ๋Œ€์‘ํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด ๋‹ค์–‘ํ•œ ์˜์—ญ์—์„œ ๊ณต๊ณต๊ธฐ๊ด€์ด ์„ค๋ฆฝโ€ค์šด์˜๋˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค. ํŠนํžˆ ๋ณต์ง€๊ตญ๊ฐ€์ฒด์ œํ•˜์—์„œ ์ •๋ถ€์˜ ๊ณต๊ณต์žฌ ์ƒ์‚ฐ, ์„œ๋น„์Šค ์ œ๊ณต, ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์ •์ฑ…์ง‘ํ–‰์€ ํ•˜๋‚˜์˜ ๋‹จ์ผ์ฒด์ œ์ธ(unified monolithic) ์ „ํ†ต์ ์ธ ์ •๋ถ€์กฐ์ง์— ์˜ํ•ด์„œ๋งŒ ์ด๋ฃจ์–ด์งˆ ์ˆ˜๋Š” ์—†๋‹ค. ์ •๋ถ€์กฐ์ง์˜ ๋ฒ”์œ„๋ฅผ ๋ฒ—์–ด๋‚œ ๊ณต๊ธฐ์—…, ์‚ฐํ•˜๊ธฐ๊ด€ ๋˜๋Š” ๋ฏผ๊ฐ„์กฐ์ง์ด์ง€๋งŒ ์ •๋ถ€์˜ ๊ทœ์ œ ๋ฐ ์ง€์›์„ ๋ฐ›์œผ๋ฉด์„œ ๋‹ค์–‘ํ•œ ํ˜•์‹์œผ๋กœ ์ •๋ถ€์˜ ํ†ต์ œ๋ฅผ ๋ฐ›๋Š” ์กฐ์ง๋“ค์— ์˜ํ•ด ๊ณต์ ์ธ ์žฌํ™”์™€ ์„œ๋น„์Šค๊ฐ€ ์ƒ์‚ฐ๋˜๊ณ  ๊ณต๊ธ‰๋œ๋‹ค(์ตœ์ง„ํ˜„์™ธ, 2012). 2021๋…„ ์˜ˆ์‚ฐ์•ˆ ๋ฐ ๊ธฐ๊ธˆ์šด์šฉ๊ณ„ํš์•ˆ ๊ธฐ์ค€์œผ๋กœ 555.8์กฐ์›์˜ ์ •๋ถ€์ด์ง€์ถœ ์ค‘ 18.3%(101.7์กฐ์›)๊ฐ€ ๊ณต๊ณต๊ธฐ๊ด€์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์ •๋ถ€์ง€์›์˜ˆ์‚ฐ์ผ ์ •๋„๋กœ(NABO, 2020), ๊ณต๊ณต๊ธฐ๊ด€์€ ์ •๋ถ€๋ฅผ ๋Œ€์‹ ํ•˜์—ฌ ์žฌํ™”์™€ ์„œ๋น„์Šค๋ฅผ ์ œ๊ณตํ•˜๋ฉฐ ๊ตญ๋ฏผ๊ฒฝ์ œ์— ํฐ ๋ถ€๋ฌธ์„ ์ฐจ์ง€ํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๊ณต๊ณต๊ธฐ๊ด€์˜ ๊ธฐ๋Šฅ๊ณผ ์—ญํ• ์ด ํ™•๋Œ€๋˜๊ณ  ๊ทธ ์ค‘์š”์„ฑ์ด ์ปค์ง€๋Š” ๋งŒํผ ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ๊ณต๊ณต๊ธฐ๊ด€์˜ ์ฑ…์ž„์„ฑ์„ ์–ด๋–ป๊ฒŒ ํ™•๋ณดํ•  ๊ฒƒ์ธ๊ฐ€๋Š” ์ •๋ถ€์˜ ๋˜ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ๊ณผ์ œ๋กœ์„œ ๊ฐ•์กฐ๋˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๋”ฐ๋ผ์„œ ๊ด€๋ฆฌํ•  ๊ณต๊ณต๊ธฐ๊ด€์˜ ๋ฒ”์œ„๋ฅผ ์ •ํ•˜๊ณ , ๊ทธ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์ฒด๊ณ„์ ์ธ ๊ด€๋ฆฌ์‹œ์Šคํ…œ์„ ๋งˆ๋ จํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์€ ๊ตญ๊ฐ€์˜ ์ฑ…์ž„์„ฑ ๋ฐ ์žฌ๋ฌด๊ฑด์ „์„ฑ ์ธก๋ฉด์—์„œ๋„ ์ค‘์š”ํ•œ ์˜๋ฏธ๋ฅผ ๊ฐ€์ง„๋‹ค. ๊ณต๊ณต๊ธฐ๊ด€์€ ์‹ค์ฃผ์ธ์ธ ๊ตญ๋ฏผ์œผ๋กœ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ๊ถŒํ•œ์„ ์œ„์ž„๋ฐ›์€ ๋Œ€๋ฆฌ์ธ์ด์ž ๊ณต์ ์ธ ๋ชฉํ‘œ๋ฅผ ๊ณต๊ณต๊ธฐ๊ด€์— ๋ถ€์—ฌํ•˜๋Š” ์ฃผ์ธ์ธ ์ค‘์•™์ •๋ถ€์™€ ๋ณต๋Œ€๋ฆฌ์ธ ๊ด€๊ณ„๋ฅผ ๊ฐ€์ง€๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ์†Œ์œ ๊ตฌ์กฐ์˜ ๋ณต์žก์„ฑ์œผ๋กœ ์ฃผ์ธ-๋Œ€๋ฆฌ์ธ์ด๋ก ์—์„œ ๋ฐœ์ƒํ•˜๋Š” ๋„๋•์  ํ•ด์ด๊ฐ€ ๊ณต๊ณต๊ธฐ๊ด€ ๋‚ด์— ๋” ํญ๋„“๊ฒŒ ์กด์žฌํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋˜๊ณ  ๋น„ํšจ์œจ์ด ๋ฐœ์ƒํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋œ๋‹ค. ๋”ฐ๋ผ์„œ ์˜ค๋žœ ์‹œ๊ฐ„ ๊ณต๊ณต๊ธฐ๊ด€ ๊ด€๋ฆฌ์˜ ํ•ต์‹ฌ์€ ์–ด๋–ป๊ฒŒ ๋Œ€๋ฆฌ์ธ ๋ฌธ์ œ๋ฅผ ํ•ด์†Œํ•˜๋Š”๊ฐ€์— ๋ฐฉ์ ์„ ๋‘๊ณ  ์ด๋ฃจ์–ด์ ธ ์™”๋‹ค. ์ผ๊ฐ์—์„œ๋Š” ๊ทผ๋ณธ์ ์ธ ์†Œ์œ ๊ตฌ์กฐ ๊ฐœ์„ ์„ ์œ„ํ•œ ๋ฏผ์˜ํ™”๊ฐ€ ํ•„์š”ํ•˜๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒฌํ•ด, ์ •๋ถ€์˜ ๊ทœ์ œ๋ฅผ ์™„ํ™”ํ•˜๊ณ  ๊ฒฝ์˜์˜ ์ž์œจ์„ฑ์„ ์ฆ๋Œ€ํ•ด์•ผ ํ•œ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒฌํ•ด, ํšจ๊ณผ์ ์ธ ๊ธฐ์—…์ง€๋ฐฐ๊ตฌ์กฐ ์„ค๊ณ„๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•ด ์ด๋ฅผ ํ†ต์ œํ•˜์—ฌ์•ผ ํ•œ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒฌํ•ด ๋“ฑ ๋‹ค์–‘ํ•œ ์˜๊ฒฌ๋“ค์ด ์ œ์‹œ๋˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๊ณต๊ณต๊ธฐ๊ด€์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์ฒด๊ณ„์  ๊ด€๋ฆฌ์˜ ์‹œ๋ฐœ์ด ๋œ ใ€Œ์ •๋ถ€ํˆฌ์ž๊ธฐ๊ด€๊ด€๋ฆฌ๊ธฐ๋ณธ๋ฒ•(1984๋…„ ์ œ์ •)ใ€์ œ์ • ์ดํ›„ ๋ฒ•ใƒป์ œ๋„์ ์ธ ๊ด€๋ฆฌ์ฒด๊ณ„์˜ ๊ฐœ์„ ์ด ์ง€์†์ ์œผ๋กœ ์ด๋ฃจ์–ด์ ธ ์™”์œผ๋ฉฐ, ์ •๋ถ€ํˆฌ์ž๊ธฐ๊ด€๊ณผ ์‚ฐํ•˜๊ธฐ๊ด€ ๋“ฑ ๋ถ„์‚ฐ์ ์œผ๋กœ ๊ด€๋ฆฌ๋˜์–ด ์˜ค๋˜ ๊ณต๊ณต๊ธฐ๊ด€์„ ์ฒด๊ณ„์ ์œผ๋กœ ๊ด€๋ฆฌํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด 2007๋…„ ใ€Œ๊ณต๊ณต๊ธฐ๊ด€์˜ ์šด์˜์— ๊ด€ํ•œ ๋ฒ•๋ฅ (์ดํ•˜ ใ€Œ๊ณต์šด๋ฒ•ใ€)ใ€์ด ์ œ์ •๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์ด ๋ฒ•์€ ๊ณต๊ณต๊ธฐ๊ด€ ๊ด€๋ฆฌ์ฒด๊ณ„๋ฅผ ๊ธฐํš์žฌ์ •๋ถ€(๊ตฌ ๊ธฐํš์˜ˆ์‚ฐ์ฒ˜) ์ค‘์‹ฌ์œผ๋กœ ๊ฐœํŽธํ•˜๊ณ , ๊ธฐ์กด์— ํˆฌ์ž๊ธฐ๊ด€ใƒป์ถœ์ž๊ธฐ๊ด€ใƒป์‚ฐํ•˜๊ธฐ๊ด€ ๋“ฑ ใ€Œ๊ณต์šด๋ฒ•ใ€ ์ œ์ • ๋‹น์‹œ, ใ€Œ์ •๋ถ€ํˆฌ์ž๊ธฐ๊ด€๊ด€๋ฆฌ๊ธฐ๋ณธ๋ฒ•ใ€ ์ ์šฉ๋Œ€์ƒ ๊ธฐ๊ด€์€ 13๊ฐœ, ใ€Œ๊ณต๊ธฐ์—…์˜ ๊ฒฝ์˜๊ตฌ์กฐ ๊ฐœ์„  ๋ฐ ๋ฏผ์˜ํ™”์— ๊ด€ํ•œ ๋ฒ•๋ฅ ใ€ ์ ์šฉ๋Œ€์ƒ ๊ธฐ๊ด€์ด 3๊ฐœ, ใ€Œ์ •๋ถ€์‚ฐํ•œ๊ธฐ๊ด€๊ด€๋ฆฌ๊ธฐ๋ณธ๋ฒ•ใ€์˜ ์ ์šฉ๋Œ€์ƒ ๊ธฐ๊ด€์ด 88๊ฐœ์˜€๋‹ค. ๋‹ค์–‘ํ•œ ์ด๋ฆ„์œผ๋กœ ๋ถˆ๋ฆฌ๋ฉฐ ์œ ํ˜•๋ถ„๋ฅ˜๊ฐ€ ๋ชจํ˜ธํ–ˆ๋˜ ๊ธฐ๊ด€๋“ค์„ ํ•˜๋‚˜์˜ ํ‹€๋กœ ์ƒˆ๋กญ๊ฒŒ ๋ถ„๋ฅ˜ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค(๋ฐ•์ƒํฌ์™ธ, 2012). ใ€Œ๊ณต์šด๋ฒ•ใ€์ƒ์˜ โ€˜๊ณต๊ณต๊ธฐ๊ด€ ์ง€์ •โ€™๊ณผ โ€˜์œ ํ˜•๊ตฌ๋ถ„โ€™์€ ์ •๋ถ€์˜ ๊ด€๋ฆฌ๋ฒ”์œ„๋ฅผ ํ™•์ •ํ•˜๋Š” ๋™์‹œ์— ์œ ํ˜•์— ๋”ฐ๋ฅธ ์ง€๋ฐฐ๊ตฌ์กฐ๋ฅผ ์ ์šฉํ•จ์œผ๋กœ์จ ๊ณต๊ณต๊ธฐ๊ด€์—์„œ ๋”์šฑ ๋ฌธ์ œ์‹œ๋˜๋Š” ์ •๋ณด๋น„๋Œ€์นญ๊ณผ ์ดํ•ด์ƒ์ถฉ์„ ๊ฐœ์„ ํ•˜์—ฌ ๊ถ๊ทน์ ์œผ๋กœ ๋Œ€๋ฆฌ์ธ๋น„์šฉ์„ ๊ฐ์†Œ์‹œํ‚ค๊ณ  ์„ฑ๊ณผ๋ฅผ ์ œ๊ณ ํ•˜๋Š”๋ฐ ๋ชฉ์ ์ด ์žˆ๋‹ค. ํ˜„์žฌ ์ œ๋„์  ํ†ต์ œ ๋ฐ ์ •์น˜์  ํ†ต์ œ๊ฐ€ ์ฃผ๋„๋ฉด๋ฐ€ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ์กด์žฌํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์œผ๋‚˜ ๊ณผ์—ฐ ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ํ†ต์ œ๊ฐ€ ๊ณผ์—ฐ ๋ณธ์งˆ์ ์ธ ํ†ต์ œ๋ฅผ ์ด๋ฃฐ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š”์ง€์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด์„œ๋Š” ์˜๋ฌธ์ด ์กด์žฌํ•œ๋‹ค. ๋ณธ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์˜ ๋ชฉ์ ์€ ํ˜„์žฌ ๊ณต๊ณต๊ธฐ๊ด€์˜ ๊ด€๋ฆฌ์ œ๋„๊ฐ€ ๊ณต๊ณต๊ธฐ๊ด€์—์„œ ๋”์šฑ ํฌ๊ฒŒ ๋ฐœ์ƒํ•˜๋Š” ๋Œ€๋ฆฌ์ธ๋น„์šฉ์„ ์ค„์ผ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š”์ง€๋ฅผ ๋ฐํžˆ๊ณ , ์ด๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•ด ๋ณด๋‹ค ํšจ๊ณผ์ ์ธ ๊ด€๋ฆฌ๋ฐฉ์•ˆ์„ ๋ชจ์ƒ‰ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์— ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๋˜ํ•œ ๊ณต๊ณต๊ธฐ๊ด€์˜ ๊ธฐ๊ด€์žฅ์€ ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ๋Œ€๋ฆฌ์ธ๋น„์šฉ์— ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ์ค„ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ํ•ต์‹ฌ๋ณ€์ˆ˜๊ฐ€ ๋  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Œ์—๋„ ๊ทธ๋™์•ˆ ๋Œ€๋ฆฌ์ธ์œผ๋กœ์„œ์˜ ๊ธฐ๊ด€๊ณผ ๊ธฐ๊ด€์žฅ์„ ๋ถ„๋ฆฌํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š๊ณ  ๋ถ„์„์ด ์ด๋ฃจ์–ด์ง„ ์ธก๋ฉด์ด ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๊ธฐ๊ด€์žฅ์˜ ํŠน์„ฑ(์™ธ๋ถ€์˜์ž…, ์ •์น˜์  ์—ฐ๊ฒฐ์„ฑ, ๊ธฐ๊ด€์žฅ ๊ต์ฒด)์ด ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ๋Œ€๋ฆฌ์ธ๋น„์šฉ์— ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ์ค„ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์–ด ์ด๋ฅผ ์‹ค์ฆ์ ์œผ๋กœ ํ™•์ธํ•˜๊ณ ์ž ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๋ณธ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋Š” ๊ด€๋ฆฌ์ œ๋„๊ฐ€ ๋Œ€๋ฆฌ์ธ๋น„์šฉ์— ๋ฏธ์น˜๋Š” ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ๋ถ„์„ํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด ใ€Œ๊ณต์šด๋ฒ•ใ€ ์ œ์ • ๋ฐ ์ตœ์ดˆ์ง€์ •์ด ์ด๋ฃจ์–ด์ง„ 2007๋…„๋ถ€ํ„ฐ 2020๋…„ ํ˜„์žฌ๊นŒ์ง€ ์ง€์ •๋œ ๋ฐ” ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ณต๊ณต๊ธฐ๊ด€ 353๊ฐœ๋ฅผ ๋Œ€์ƒ์œผ๋กœ ํŒจ๋„์ž๋ฃŒ๋ฅผ ๊ตฌ์ถ•ํ•˜์—ฌ ๊ด€๋ฆฌ์ œ๋„์™€ ๋Œ€๋ฆฌ์ธ๋น„์šฉ์˜ ๊ด€๊ณ„๋ฅผ ๊ณ ์ •ํšจ๊ณผ๋ชจํ˜•(Fixed Effect Model)์„ ํ†ตํ•ด ๋ถ„์„ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์ด๋•Œ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋ณ€์ˆ˜๋กœ๋Š” ๊ณต๊ณต๊ธฐ๊ด€์˜ ๋ฒ”์œ„๋ฅผ ์„ค์ •ํ•˜๊ณ  ์ตœ์†Œํ•œ์˜ ๊ด€๋ฆฌํ‹€์„ ์ œ์‹œํ•˜๋Š” โ€˜์ง€์ •โ€™๊ณผ ๊ณต๊ณต๊ธฐ๊ด€์˜ ๋‚ดโ€ค์™ธ๋ถ€์ง€๋ฐฐ๊ตฌ์กฐ์˜ ์ฐจ์ด๋ฅผ ๋ฐœ์ƒ์‹œํ‚ค๋Š” โ€˜์œ ํ˜•๋ณ€๊ฒฝโ€™์œผ๋กœ ํ•˜์˜€์œผ๋ฉฐ, ์ข…์†๋ณ€์ˆ˜๋Š” ๋Œ€๋ฆฌ์ธ๋น„์šฉ(agency cost)์œผ๋กœ ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์œ ํ˜•๋ณ€๊ฒฝ์ด ์‹ค์ œ๋กœ ๊ณต๊ณต๊ธฐ๊ด€์˜ ๋‚ด๋ถ€์ง€๋ฐฐ๊ตฌ์กฐ์ธ ์ด์‚ฌํšŒ ํŠน์„ฑ์„ ๋ณ€ํ™”์‹œ์ผฐ๋Š”์ง€ ์‚ดํŽด๋ณด๊ณ  ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ๋‚ด๋ถ€์ง€๋ฐฐ๊ตฌ์กฐ์˜ ๋ณ€ํ™”๊ฐ€ ๋Œ€๋ฆฌ์ธ๋น„์šฉ์˜ ๊ฐ์†Œ๋กœ ์ด์–ด์ง€๋Š”์ง€๋ฅผ ์ถ”๊ฐ€์ ์œผ๋กœ ๋ถ„์„ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๋Œ€๋ฆฌ์ธ๋น„์šฉ์€ Ang, Cole and Lin(2000)์˜ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์—์„œ ์‚ฌ์šฉ๋œ ์ž์‚ฐํšจ์œจ์„ฑ(์ž์‚ฐํšŒ์ „์œจ)๊ณผ ๋น„์šฉํšจ์œจ์„ฑ(์šด์˜๋น„์šฉ๋น„์œจ)์„ ๋Œ€๋ฆฌ๋ณ€์ˆ˜(proxy)๋กœ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๋˜ํ•œ ๊ธฐ๊ด€์žฅ์˜ ํŠน์„ฑ์ด ๊ด€๋ฆฌ์ œ๋„๊ฐ€ ๋Œ€๋ฆฌ์ธ๋น„์šฉ์— ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ์ฃผ๋Š” ์กฐ์ ˆ๋ณ€์ˆ˜๊ฐ€ ๋  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์„ ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ๋ณด๊ณ  ๊ด€๋ฆฌ์ œ๋„์™€์˜ ์ƒํ˜ธ์ž‘์šฉํ•ญ์„ ๋„ฃ์–ด ๋ถ„์„ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๋ถ„์„๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋ฅผ ์ •๋ฆฌํ•˜๋ฉด ๋‹ค์Œ๊ณผ ๊ฐ™๋‹ค. ์ฒซ์งธ, ๋น„๊ณต๊ณต๊ธฐ๊ด€์ด โ€˜์ง€์ •โ€™์œผ๋กœ ์ธํ•ด ์ •๋ถ€๊ฐ€ ์ง์ ‘์ ์œผ๋กœ ๊ด€๋ฆฌํ•˜๋Š” ๊ณต๊ณต๊ธฐ๊ด€์˜ ๋ฒ”์œ„์— ๋“ค์–ด์˜ค๊ฒŒ ๋จ์œผ๋กœ์จ ๋Œ€๋ฆฌ์ธ๋น„์šฉ์ด ๊ฐ์†Œํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ฌ๋‹ค. ์ด๋Š” ๊ณต๊ณต๊ธฐ๊ด€ ์ง€์ •์‹œ ๊ฒฝ์˜๊ณต์‹œ, ํ†ตํ•ฉ๊ณต์‹œ๋ฅผ ์˜๋ฌด์ ์œผ๋กœ ์ˆ˜ํ–‰ํ•˜์—ฌ์•ผ ํ•˜๊ณ , ใ€Œ๊ณต์šด๋ฒ•ใ€์— ๊ทœ์ •๋œ ์ผ๋ จ์˜ ์ ˆ์ฐจ์™€ ๊ธฐ์ค€ ๋“ฑ์„ ์ค€์ˆ˜ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋จ์œผ๋กœ์จ ํˆฌ๋ช…์„ฑ์ด ์ฆ๊ฐ€ํ•˜๊ณ  ์—…๋ฌด์˜ ๊ทœ์ •ํ™”๊ฐ€ ์ด๋ฃจ์–ด์ ธ ๋Œ€๋ฆฌ์ธ์˜ ์‚ฌ์ ํ–‰์œ„๊ฐ€ ํ†ต์ œ๋œ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋กœ ํ•ด์„ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๋˜ํ•œ ๊ณต๊ณต๊ธฐ๊ด€์ด ๋œ ๊ทธ ์ž์ฒด๋กœ ๋Œ€์™ธ์ ์ธ ๊ด€์‹ฌ๋„๊ฐ€ ์ฆ๊ฐ€ํ•˜๋Š” ๋“ฑ ๋น„๊ณต์‹์ ์ธ ํ†ต์ œ๊ฐ€ ๋Œ€๋ฆฌ์ธ๋น„์šฉ์„ ๊ฐ์†Œ์‹œํ‚ค๋Š”๋ฐ ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ์ฃผ์—ˆ์„ ๊ฐ€๋Šฅ์„ฑ๋„ ์กด์žฌํ•œ๋‹ค. ๋‘˜์งธ, ์œ ํ˜•๋ณ€๊ฒฝ์œผ๋กœ ์ธํ•œ ๋‚ด์™ธ๋ถ€ ์ง€๋ฐฐ๊ตฌ์กฐ์˜ ๋ณ€ํ™”๋Š” ๊ณต๊ณต๊ธฐ๊ด€์˜ ๋Œ€๋ฆฌ์ธ๋น„์šฉ์„ ์ค„์ด๋Š” ๋ฐฉํ–ฅ์„ฑ์€ ๋ณด์—ฌ์ฃผ์—ˆ์œผ๋‚˜ ํ†ต๊ณ„์ ์œผ๋กœ ์œ ์˜๋ฏธํ•œ ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ์ฃผ์ง€ ๋ชปํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๋‹ค๋งŒ ๊ธฐํƒ€๊ณต๊ณต๊ธฐ๊ด€์— ๋น„ํ•ด ์ค€์ •๋ถ€๊ธฐ๊ด€์˜ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ์— ๋น„์šฉํšจ์œจ์„ฑ ์ธก๋ฉด์—์„œ ๋Œ€๋ฆฌ์ธ๋น„์šฉ์ด ๊ฐ์†Œํ•˜์˜€๊ณ , ๊ณต๊ธฐ์—…์—์„œ๋Š” ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ํšจ๊ณผ๊ฐ€ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚˜์ง€ ์•Š์•˜๋‹ค. ์ด๋Š” ใ€Œ๊ณต์šด๋ฒ•ใ€์˜ ์œ ํ˜•๋ถ„๋ฅ˜ ๋ชฉ์ ์ด ์œ ํ˜•๋ณ„ ํ‘œ์ค€์  ์ง€๋ฐฐ๊ตฌ์กฐ๋ฅผ ์ œ์‹œํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ž„์„ ์ƒ๊ธฐํ•˜์—ฌ ๋ณผ ๋•Œ, ์œ ํ˜•๋ณ„ ์ง€๋ฐฐ๊ตฌ์กฐ๊ฐ€ ๋Œ€๋ฆฌ์ธ๋น„์šฉ์„ ๊ฐ์†Œ์‹œํ‚ค๋Š”๋ฐ ํšจ๊ณผ์ ์ด์ง€ ์•Š์„ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Œ์„ ๋ณด์—ฌ์ค€๋‹ค. ํ•œํŽธ์œผ๋กœ๋Š” ํ˜„์žฌ์˜ ๊ณต๊ณต๊ธฐ๊ด€ ์œ ํ˜•๊ตฌ๋ถ„์ด ใ€Œ๊ณต์šด๋ฒ•ใ€์ƒ์˜ ์ง€๋ฐฐ๊ตฌ์กฐ์™€ ์ •ํ•ฉ์„ฑ์ด ๋–จ์–ด์ ธ์„œ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚˜๋Š” ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋กœ๋„ ํ•ด์„์ด ๊ฐ€๋Šฅํ•˜๋‹ค. ์…‹์งธ, ์œ ํ˜•๋ณ€ํ™”๊ฐ€ ๋‚ด๋ถ€์ง€๋ฐฐ๊ตฌ์กฐ์ธ ์ด์‚ฌํšŒ ํŠน์„ฑ(์ด์‚ฌํšŒ ๊ทœ๋ชจ, ๋น„์ƒ์ž„์ด์‚ฌ๋น„์œจ, ๊ธฐ๊ด€์žฅ๊ณผ ์˜์žฅ๋ถ„๋ฆฌ)์˜ ๋ณ€ํ™”๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•ด ๋Œ€๋ฆฌ์ธ๋น„์šฉ์— ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ๋ฏธ์น˜๋Š”์ง€๋ฅผ ๋ถ„์„ํ•œ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ, ์œ ํ˜•๋ณ€๊ฒฝ์ด ์ด์‚ฌํšŒ์˜ ํŠน์„ฑ์—๋Š” ์œ ์˜๋ฏธํ•œ ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ์ฃผ์—ˆ์ง€๋งŒ, ์ด๊ฒƒ์ด ๋Œ€๋ฆฌ์ธ๋น„์šฉ์˜ ๊ฐ์†Œ๋กœ ์—ฐ๊ฒฐ๋˜์ง€ ์•Š๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ฌ๋‹ค. ์ด๋Š” ์œ ํ˜•๋ณ„ ์ง€๋ฐฐ๊ตฌ์กฐ๊ฐ€ ๋Œ€๋ฆฌ์ธ๋น„์šฉ์„ ๊ฐ์†Œ์‹œํ‚ค๋Š”๋ฐ ํšจ๊ณผ์ ์ด์ง€ ์•Š์„ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Œ์„ ๋ณด์—ฌ์ฃผ๋Š” ๋™์‹œ์— ํ˜„์žฌ์˜ ์ œ๋„๊ฐ€ ํ˜•์‹์ ์œผ๋กœ๋Š” ์ง€๋ฐฐ๊ตฌ์กฐ์˜ ํ‹€์„ ๊ฐ–์ถ”๋Š”๋ฐ ๊ธฐ์—ฌํ•˜์˜€์œผ๋‚˜ ์‹ค์งˆ์ ์ธ ๊ฐ์‹œ์™€ ๊ฒฌ์ œ๊ธฐ๋Šฅ์„ ์ˆ˜ํ–‰ํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•œ ์ „๋ฌธ์„ฑ๊ณผ ๋…๋ฆฝ์„ฑ์„ ๋ณด์žฅํ•ด์ฃผ์ง€ ๋ชปํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ํ•ด์„ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๋„ท์งธ, ๊ธฐ๊ด€์žฅ์˜ ํŠน์„ฑ(๊ต์ฒด์—ฌ๋ถ€, ์™ธ๋ถ€์˜์ž…, ์ •์น˜์  ์—ฐ๊ฒฐ์„ฑ ๋ณธ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์—์„œ ์ •์น˜์  ์—ฐ๊ฒฐ์„ฑ์ด๋ž€ ๊ธฐ๊ด€์žฅ ์ž„๋ช… ์ „ ํ–‰์ •๋ถ€ ๋ฐ ๊ตญํšŒ ๋“ฑ์—์„œ ๊ณ ์œ„์ง(์ฐจ๊ด€๊ธ‰)์„ ์—ญ์ž„ํ•œ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ๋ฅผ ์˜๋ฏธํ•œ๋‹ค. )๊ณผ ๋Œ€๋ฆฌ์ธ๋น„์šฉ๊ฐ„์˜ ๊ด€๊ณ„๋ฅผ ์‚ดํŽด๋ณด๋ฉด, ๊ธฐ๊ด€์žฅ ๊ต์ฒด์—ฌ๋ถ€๋Š” ๋Œ€๋ฆฌ์ธ๋น„์šฉ์„ ๋†’์ด๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ฌ๋‹ค. ๋Œ€๋ฆฌ์ธ ๊ด€๊ณ„์˜ ์ง€์†์„ฑ์€ ์ •๋ณด๋น„๋Œ€์นญ์„ ๋‚ฎ์ถฐ์ฃผ๋Š”๋ฐ ๊ณต๊ณต๊ธฐ๊ด€์˜ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ ์ž„๊ธฐ๊ฐ€ ๊ณ ์ •๋˜์–ด ์žˆ๊ณ , ์ •๊ถŒ์— ๋”ฐ๋ฅธ ๊ต์ฒด๊ฐ€ ๋นˆ๋ฒˆํžˆ ์ด๋ฃจ์–ด์ ธ ์ฃผ์ธ๊ณผ ๋Œ€๋ฆฌ์ธ์˜ ๊ด€๊ณ„๊ฐ€ ๋‹จ๊ธฐ์ ์ผ ์ˆ˜๋ฐ–์— ์—†๋‹ค. ๋˜ํ•œ ๊ต์ฒด๊ฐ€ ์žฆ์„ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ ์‚ฌํ›„ํ‰๊ฐ€ ์กฐ์ฐจ ์ด๋ฃจ์–ด์ง€๊ธฐ ํž˜๋“ค๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์— ๋Œ€๋ฆฌ์ธ์˜ ์‚ฌ์ ์†Œ๋น„๊ฐ€ ๊ทน๋Œ€ํ™”๋  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๋ฐ˜๋ฉด ์ •์น˜์ ์œผ๋กœ ์—ฐ๊ฒฐ๋œ ๊ธฐ๊ด€์žฅ์€ ๊ณต๊ณต๊ธฐ๊ด€์˜ ๋Œ€๋ฆฌ์ธ๋น„์šฉ์„ ๋‚ฎ์ถ”๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ฌ๋‹ค. ์ด๋Š” ๊ณต๊ณต๊ธฐ๊ด€ ๊ธฐ๊ด€์žฅ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์ •์น˜์ ์ธ ํ†ต์ œ๊ฐ€ ๋Œ€๋ฆฌ์ธ๋น„์šฉ์„ ๋‚ฎ์ถ”๋Š”๋ฐ ํšจ๊ณผ์ ์ผ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ, ์ •๋ถ€๋ถ€์ฒ˜๋‚˜ ๊ตญํšŒ ๋“ฑ๊ณผ ์˜์‚ฌ์†Œํ†ต์ด ์›ํ™œํžˆ ์ด๋ฃจ์–ด์ง์œผ๋กœ์จ ์ •๋ณด๋น„๋Œ€์นญ์„ ๋‚ฎ์ถœ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๊ณ  ์ดํ•ด์ƒ์ถฉ์„ ์ค„์ผ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Œ์„ ์‹œ์‚ฌํ•œ๋‹ค. ๋‹ค์„ฏ์งธ, ๊ณต๊ณต๊ธฐ๊ด€ ์ง€์ •์œผ๋กœ ์ธํ•œ ๋Œ€๋ฆฌ์ธ๋น„์šฉ๊ฐ์†Œ๋ฅผ ๊ธฐ๊ด€์žฅ์˜ ๊ต์ฒด ๋ฐ ๊ธฐ๊ด€์žฅ์˜ ์ •์น˜์  ์—ฐ๊ฒฐ์ด ์•ฝํ™”์‹œํ‚ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ฌ๋‹ค. ํŠนํžˆ ๊ธฐ๊ด€์žฅ ๊ต์ฒด๋Š” ์ž์‚ฐํšจ์œจ์„ฑ๊ณผ ๋น„์šฉํšจ์œจ์„ฑ์—์„œ ๊ธ์ •์  ํšจ๊ณผ๋ฅผ ๋ชจ๋‘ ์ƒ์‡„์‹œํ‚ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ฌ๋‹ค. ์žฆ์€ ๊ธฐ๊ด€์žฅ ๊ต์ฒด๊ฐ€ ๋Œ€๋ฆฌ์ธ ๊ด€๊ณ„์˜ ์ง€์†์„ฑ์„ ๋–จ์–ด๋œจ๋ ค ๋Œ€๋ฆฌ์ธ๋น„์šฉ์„ ์ฆ๊ฐ€์‹œํ‚ฌ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๊ณ , ์ง€์ •์œผ๋กœ ์ธํ•œ ๊ธ์ •์  ํšจ๊ณผ๋งˆ์ € ์ƒ์‡„ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Œ์„ ๋ณด์—ฌ์ค€๋‹ค. ๋ณธ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋Š” ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์ฃผ์ œ ์ธก๋ฉด์—์„œ๋Š” ๊ณต๊ณต๊ธฐ๊ด€ ๊ด€๋ฆฌ์ œ๋„์™€ ๋Œ€๋ฆฌ์ธ๋น„์šฉ๊ฐ„์˜ ๊ด€๊ณ„๋ฅผ ์‹ค์ฆ์ ์œผ๋กœ ๋ถ„์„ํ•œ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋ผ๋Š” ์ ์—์„œ ์˜์˜๊ฐ€ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๊ธฐํƒ€๊ณต๊ณต๊ธฐ๊ด€๊นŒ์ง€ ํฌํ•จํ•˜๋Š” 14๋…„๊ฐ„์˜ ํŒจ๋„๋ฐ์ดํ„ฐ๋ฅผ ๊ตฌ์ถ•ํ•˜์—ฌ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๊ธฐ๊ฐ„ ๋ฐ ๋Œ€์ƒ์„ ํ™•๋Œ€ํ•œ ์ ์—์„œ๋„ ์˜์˜๊ฐ€ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๋ณธ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋Š” ํˆฌ๋ช…์„ฑ์„ ๊ฐ•ํ™”ํ•˜๋Š” ์ •์ฑ…์ด ๊ณต๊ณต๊ธฐ๊ด€์˜ ๋Œ€๋ฆฌ์ธ๋น„์šฉ์„ ๋‚ฎ์ถ”๋Š”๋ฐ ํšจ๊ณผ์ ์ž„์„ ๋ณด์—ฌ์ฃผ์—ˆ๋‹ค. ํ˜„์žฌ์˜ ์ง€๋ฐฐ๊ตฌ์กฐ๊ฐ€ ์ƒ์—…์  ๊ณต๊ณต๊ธฐ๊ด€์„ ์ „์ œ๋กœ ์„ค๊ณ„๋˜์—ˆ๊ณ , ์œ ํ˜•๋ณ€ํ™” ์ž์ฒด๊ฐ€ ์ง€๋ฐฐ๊ตฌ์กฐ์˜ ๋ณ€ํ™”๋ฅผ ์ด๋Œ์–ด๋‚ด๊ธฐ๋Š” ํ•˜์˜€์œผ๋‚˜ ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ๋ณ€ํ™”๊ฐ€ ๊ฒฌ์ œ์™€ ๊ฐ์‹œ๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•œ ๋Œ€๋ฆฌ์ธ๋น„์šฉ์˜ ๊ฐ์†Œ๋กœ ์—ฐ๊ฒฐ๋˜์ง€ ์•Š์Œ์„ ํ™•์ธํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์ด๋ฅผ ๊ฐ์•ˆํ•  ๋•Œ ์œ ํ˜•๋ณ„ ์ง€๋ฐฐ๊ตฌ์กฐ๊ฐ€ ๊ณต๊ณต๊ธฐ๊ด€์˜ ์œ ํ˜•์— ๋งž๊ฒŒ ์žฌ์„ค๊ณ„๋  ํ•„์š”๊ฐ€ ์žˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ, ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ์ง€๋ฐฐ๊ตฌ์กฐ๊ฐ€ ์ž‘๋™ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋„๋ก ์ ์ ˆํ•œ ๊ถŒํ•œ๊ณผ ์ฑ…์ž„์ด ๋ถ€์—ฌ๋  ํ•„์š”๊ฐ€ ์žˆ์Œ์„ ๋ฐœ๊ฒฌํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ์ง€๋ฐฐ๊ตฌ์กฐ ์žฌ์„ค๊ณ„์— ์•ž์„œ ๊ธฐ๊ด€์˜ ์—…๋ฌด์˜ ํŠน์„ฑ๊ณผ ๋ฒ•์  ํ˜•ํƒœ, ์‹œ์žฅ์˜ ๊ตฌ์กฐ ๋“ฑ์„ ๊ณ ๋ คํ•˜์—ฌ ๊ณต๊ณต๊ธฐ๊ด€์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์œ ํ˜• ๋ถ„๋ฅ˜๊ฐ€ ์ ์ ˆํžˆ ์ด๋ฃจ์–ด์งˆ ํ•„์š”๊ฐ€ ์žˆ์Œ์„ ๋„์ถœํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๋˜ํ•œ ๊ณต๊ณต๊ธฐ๊ด€์˜ ๊ธฐ๊ด€์žฅ์˜ ์žฆ์€ ๊ต์ฒด๊ฐ€ ๋Œ€๋ฆฌ์ธ๋น„์šฉ์„ ์ฆ๊ฐ€์‹œ์ผœ ๋น„ํšจ์œจ์„ฑ์ด ๋†’์•„์งˆ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์œผ๋ฏ€๋กœ, ๊ธฐ๊ด€์žฅ์˜ ์ž„๊ธฐ๋ณด์žฅ ๋ฐ ์„ฑ๊ณผ์— ๋”ฐ๋ฅธ ์—ฐ์ž„์„ ํ™œ์„ฑํ™”ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด ํ•„์š”ํ•  ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ๋ณด์ธ๋‹ค. ๊ณต๊ณต๊ธฐ๊ด€์˜ ์ž์œจ๊ถŒ ํ™•๋Œ€์™€ ๊ฐ™์ด ์ธ์„ผํ‹ฐ๋ธŒ ๋ถ€์—ฌ๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•ด ๋Œ€๋ฆฌ์ธ๋น„์šฉ์„ ์ค„์ด๋ ค๋Š” ์‹œ๋„๋“ค๋„ ํ–ฅํ›„ ๊ณ ๋ ค๋˜์–ด์•ผ ํ•  ๊ฒƒ์ด๋‹ค.The Initial purpose of establishing public institutions was to enable state intervention in the market to resolve market failures. More specifically, The core logic behind the introduction public institutions is to correct market failures by providing public services through public organizations with relatively high autonomy in personnel, organization, and budget management (Byungseon Choi, 1993). As the complexity and diversity of the countryโ€™s administrative environment increases, various public institutions are established and in operation in a variety of fields. In particular, under the welfare state system of the Republic of Korea, the government's production of public goods, provision of services, and policy execution could no longer be accomplished by a traditional monolithic government organization alone. As a result, public corporations, affiliated organizations, or private organizations, which did not previously belong to the scope of government organizations, are currently engaged in the production and supply of public goods and services. Although they are not government organization, they are controlled by the government in various forms while receiving government regulation and support at the same time(Choi et al., 2012). The total government expenditure, according to the 2021 budget and fund management plan, was 555.8 trillion Korean won; of which the government support budget for public institutions was 101.7 trillion won accounting for about 18.3% of the total government expenditure (National Assembly Budget Office(NABO), 2020). In brief, public institutions are in charge of providing public goods and services while occupying a significant part of the national economy. As the function and role of public institutions expanded and their importance grew, securing the responsibility of public institutions has become another major task of the government. In the same context, determining the scope of public institutions to be managed and preparing a systematic management system are important in order to strengthen national financial soundness. Public institutions are basically multiple sub-agents of the central government. The latter is the first agent authorized by the real owner, the people; and on behalf of the people, the central government assign public goals to the public institutions. Due to the complexity of the ownership structure, public institutions are prone to moral hazard arising from the principal-agent problem and inefficiency occurs. Therefore, one of the longstanding issues concerning public institution management has been addressing the said principal-agent problem with long-term solutions. Various opinions have so far been raised in this respect: Some people argue that privatization is necessary to fundamentally improve the ownership structure while some others assert that government regulations should be relaxed to promote management autonomy. At the same time, there are people who stresses the importance of effective corporate governance design as a control mechanism. Since the enactment of theใ€ŒFramework Act on the Management of Government-Invested Institutions (established in 1984)ใ€which provided the groundwork of the systematic management of public institutions, the legal and institutional management system has been continuously improved. In 2007, the ใ€ŒAct on the Management of Public Institutions (hereinafter referred to as the ใ€ŒPI Actใ€)ใ€ was introduced to more systematically manage existing public institutions. This Act reorganized the management system of public institutions under the leadership of the Ministry of Strategy and Finance (formerly the Ministry of Planning and Budget). Institutions that were called by various names and whose classification was ambiguous were newly categorized under a single framework (Sanghee Park et al., 2012). Article 4 (Public Institutions) and Article 5(Classification of Public Institutions) of the ใ€ŒPI Actใ€ determine the scope of government management and applicable governance structure by type of institution. The aforementioned Articles and the Act in general aim to address problems arising from asymmetric information and conflicts of interest, which are problematic in public institutions ultimately impacting agency costs. In other words, the main object is to reduce the agency costs and improve the performance of public institutions. Currently, there is significant institutional and political control over public institutions. However, at the same time, there is a question as to whether such intervention can achieve essential control. The purpose of this study is to (i) assess whether the current management system of public institutions can actually reduce the agency costs of public institutions and to (ii) identify and seek more effective control methodology. In addition, although the head of a public institution can be a key variable in determining the agency costs, previous studies and literatures did not keep an agency and the head of the agency separate while providing an analysis. Considering the fact that the characteristics of the head of an agency (external recruitment, political connections, replacement, etc.) can affect the agency costs, this study aims to provide empirical verification of it as well. In order to analyze the impact of the management system on agency costs, this study constructed panel data targeting 353 public institutions designated between 2007 and 2020 pursuant to theใ€ŒPI Actใ€. The study looks into the correlation between the management system and agency costs using the fixed effect model. The research variables are 'designation' which sets the scope of public institutions and presents the minimum management framework; and 'change in classificationโ€™ that causes the difference in internal and external governance of public institutions. The dependent variable is agency costs. The asset efficiency (asset turnover) and cost efficiency (operating cost ratio) as suggested by Ang, Cole and Lin (2000) are used as the proxy variables. As mentioned above, considering that the characteristics of the head of an institution can be a moderating variable in the relationship between the management system and the agency cost, this paper further analyzes the interaction term with the change in management system. The results of the study can be summarized as follows: First, agency costs decreased as non-public institutions came to be categorized as public institutions directly managed by the government following their โ€˜designationโ€™ in accordance with the ใ€ŒPI Actใ€. When designating a public institution, it is mandatory to perform management disclosure and integrated disclosure. In addition, complying with a series of procedures and standards stipulated in the ใ€ŒPI Actใ€is a prerequisite. Consequently, transparency improved and arbitrary actions of agents were controlled. In addition, there is a possibility that non-official control, such as increased external interests, may have had an effect on reducing agency costs. Second, the change in the governance structure following the change in classification showed the tendency of reducing agency costs; however, did not have statistical significance. Nevertheless, in the case of quasi-government institutions, agency costs decreased thanks to improved cost efficiency, which was not the case for public corporations. In conclusion, considering the purpose of classification pursuant to the ใ€ŒPI Actใ€which is to provide a standard governance structure for each type of public institutions, the study suggests that the current governance structure may not actually be effective in reducing agency costs. In the case of non-classified public institutions turning to public corporations, which in many cases were subsidiaries of public corporations (parent company), the change in their corporate governance structure due to the change in classification was not significant. Third, the study delves into whether change in classification impacts the agency costs through changes in the internal governance structure of the board of directors (size of board, ratio of non-executive directors, separation of the head of institution and chairman). The analysis found out that it actually had a significant impact on the board's characteristics but did not lead to agency cost reduction. This shows that The current governance structure applied in accordance with the ใ€ŒPI Actใ€may not be effective in reducing agent costs. Although the current system has in fact contributed to establishing a basic framework for governance structure, the analysis indicates that it does not guarantee expertise and independence in performing practical check and balance functions. Fourth, this paper further evaluates the correlation between the characteristics of the head of institution(continuity, external recruitment, political connections) and the agency costs. The result indicates that the replacement of the head of institution increases the agency costs. Continuity in agency relationships lowers information asymmetry. However, in the case of public institutions, the term in office is fixed and the principal-agent relationship is inevitably short-lived following the changes in Administration. In addition, frequent replacement may potentially lead to maximizing private consumption by agents as ex-post evaluation is difficult. Consequently, replacement of the heads of institutions may increase the agency costs. The study also identified that the politically connected heads of institutions, in fact, lower agency costs. This suggests that political control over the heads of public institutions can be effective in lowering agency costs. Through smooth communication with government ministries and the National Assembly, political affiliation is identified to help addressing information asymmetry and resolving conflicts of interest. Fifth, this paper identified that the replacement of the heads of agencies and their political connections institution weakened or diluted any impact on agency costs incurred by designating an agency or organization as a public. In particular, the replacement of the heads of institutions is found to reduce positive effects on both asset and cost efficiency. In conclusion, frequent replacement may increase agency costs by impairing continuity of agency relationships and may even offset the positive effects of designation as public institutions. This study confirms that policies to strengthen transparency are effective in lowering the agent costs of public institutions. Although the current governance structure is designed on the premise of commercial public institutions and change in classification pursuant to the ใ€ŒPI Actใ€ leads to a change in governance structure, the study identifies that such change did not lead to a reduction in agent costs through checks and monitoring processes. Considering this aspect, this paper suggests the followings: (i) the current governance structure needs to be redesigned according to the types of public institutions, and (ii) appropriate authority and responsibility should be given to guarantee sound operation of the said governance structure. In addition, prior to redesigning the governance structure, the study further identifies that it is necessary to properly classify public institutions considering the characteristics, legal and market structures of the institution, etc. Furthermore, as mentioned, frequent replacement of the heads of public institutions can increase inefficiency by driving agent costs up. Therefore, this paper concludes that it is necessary to guarantee the head of institution's term of office enabling him or her to hold office during the term of prescribed years, and grant the possibility of serving a second term according to his or her performance. In going forward, it will be helpful to consider potential ways to reduce agency costs through incentives, such as by expanding autonomy of public institutions.์ œ 1 ์žฅ ์„œ ๋ก  1 ์ œ 1 ์ ˆ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์˜ ๋ฐฐ๊ฒฝ ๋ฐ ๋ชฉ์  1 1. ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์˜ ๋ฐฐ๊ฒฝ 1 2. ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์˜ ๋ชฉ์  5 ์ œ 2 ์ ˆ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์˜ ๋ฒ”์œ„์™€ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ• 6 ์ œ 3 ์ ˆ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์˜ ๊ตฌ์„ฑ 9 ์ œ 2 ์žฅ ์ด๋ก ์  ๋…ผ์˜ 10 ์ œ 1 ์ ˆ ์ด๋ก ์  ๋ฐฐ๊ฒฝ 10 1. ๋Œ€๋ฆฌ์ธ ์ด๋ก (principal Agent Theory)๊ณผ ๋น„์šฉ(Agency Costs) 10 2. ๊ณต๊ณต๊ธฐ๊ด€์˜ ๋Œ€๋ฆฌ์ธ ๋ฌธ์ œ 13 3. ๊ธฐ๊ด€์žฅ๊ณผ ๋Œ€๋ฆฌ์ธ๋น„์šฉ 16 4. ๋Œ€๋ฆฌ์ธ ๋ฌธ์ œ ํ•ด์†Œ ๋ฐฉ์•ˆ 17 ์ œ 2 ์ ˆ ๊ณต๊ณต๊ธฐ๊ด€์˜ ์ง€์ • ๋ฐ ์œ ํ˜•๋ถ„๋ฅ˜ 25 1. ๊ณต๊ณต๋ถ€๋ฌธ์˜ ๋ฒ”์œ„ ๋ฐ ์œ ํ˜•์— ๊ด€ํ•œ ์ด๋ก ์  ๋…ผ์˜ 25 2. ๊ณต๊ณต๊ธฐ๊ด€ ์œ ํ˜•๋ถ„๋ฅ˜์˜ ๊ตญ์ œ ๊ธฐ์ค€ 33 ์ œ 3 ์ ˆ ์„ ํ–‰์—ฐ๊ตฌ ๊ฒ€ํ†  ๋ฐ ๊ฐ€์„ค ์„ค์ • 36 1. ๋Œ€๋ฆฌ์ธ๋น„์šฉ์— ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ๋ฏธ์น˜๋Š” ์š”์ธ์— ๊ด€ํ•œ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ 36 2. ๊ณต๊ณต๊ธฐ๊ด€ ์ง€์ • ๋ฐ ์œ ํ˜•๊ตฌ๋ถ„์— ๊ด€ํ•œ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ 43 3. ๊ธฐ๊ด€์žฅ์˜ ํŠน์„ฑ๊ณผ ๋Œ€๋ฆฌ์ธ๋น„์šฉ์— ๊ด€ํ•œ ๋…ผ์˜ 46 4. ๊ธฐ์กด ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์™€์˜ ์ฐจ์ด์  51 ์ œ 3 ์žฅ ๊ณต๊ณต๊ธฐ๊ด€ ๊ด€๋ฆฌ์ œ๋„ 54 ์ œ 1 ์ ˆ ๊ณต๊ณต๊ธฐ๊ด€์˜ ์šด์˜์— ๊ด€ํ•œ ๋ฒ•๋ฅ ์˜ ์ œ์ •์˜ ์˜์˜ 54 1. ๊ณต๊ณต๊ธฐ๊ด€์˜ ์šด์˜์— ๊ด€ํ•œ ๋ฒ•๋ฅ  ์ œ์ • ๋ฐฐ๊ฒฝ 54 2. ๊ณต๊ณต๊ธฐ๊ด€ ์ง€์ •์ œ๋„ 58 3. ์œ ํ˜• ๋ฐ ๊ตฌ๋ถ„๊ธฐ์ค€ 63 ์ œ 2 ์ ˆ ๊ณต๊ณต๊ธฐ๊ด€ ์œ ํ˜•๋ณ„ ์ง€๋ฐฐ๊ตฌ์กฐ 71 1. ๋‚ด๋ถ€ ์ง€๋ฐฐ๊ตฌ์กฐ 71 2. ์™ธ๋ถ€ ์ง€๋ฐฐ๊ตฌ์กฐ 77 ์ œ 3 ์ ˆ ํ˜„ํ–‰ ์ง€์ • ๋ฐ ์œ ํ˜•๋ถ„๋ฅ˜์˜ ๋ฌธ์ œ์  87 1. ์ง€์ •์ œ๋„์˜ ๋ฌธ์ œ์  87 2. ์œ ํ˜•๊ตฌ๋ถ„์ œ๋„์˜ ๋ฌธ์ œ์  88 ์ œ 4 ์ ˆ ๊ณต๊ณต๊ธฐ๊ด€ ์ง€์ • ํ˜„ํ™ฉ 90 ์ œ 4 ์žฅ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์˜ ์„ค๊ณ„ 93 ์ œ 1 ์ ˆ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์˜ ๋ถ„์„ํ‹€ 93 ์ œ 2 ์ ˆ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์˜ ๋Œ€์ƒ ๋ฐ ๋ชจํ˜• 96 ์ œ 3 ์ ˆ ์ž๋ฃŒ์˜ ์›์ฒœ 98 ์ œ 4 ์ ˆ ๋ณ€์ˆ˜์˜ ์„ค์ • 99 1. ๋…๋ฆฝ๋ณ€์ˆ˜ : ๊ณต๊ณต๊ธฐ๊ด€ ๊ด€๋ฆฌ์ œ๋„ 99 2. ์ข…์†๋ณ€์ˆ˜ : ๋Œ€๋ฆฌ์ธ๋น„์šฉ 100 3. ์กฐ์ ˆ๋ณ€์ˆ˜ : ๊ธฐ๊ด€์žฅ์˜ ํŠน์„ฑ 103 4. ๋งค๊ฐœ๋ณ€์ˆ˜ : ์ด์‚ฌํšŒ ํŠน์„ฑ 105 5. ํ†ต์ œ๋ณ€์ˆ˜ 107 ์ œ 5 ์žฅ ๋ถ„์„์˜ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ 113 ์ œ 1 ์ ˆ ๊ธฐ์ˆ ํ†ต๊ณ„ ๋ฐ ์ƒ๊ด€๊ด€๊ณ„ ๋ถ„์„ 113 ์ œ 2 ์ ˆ ์ง€์ •์ œ๋„์™€ ๋Œ€๋ฆฌ์ธ๋น„์šฉ 125 ์ œ 3 ์ ˆ ๊ณต๊ณต๊ธฐ๊ด€์˜ ์œ ํ˜•๋ณ€๊ฒฝ๊ณผ ๋Œ€๋ฆฌ์ธ๋น„์šฉ 130 1. ์œ ํ˜•๋ณ€๊ฒฝ๊ณผ ๋Œ€๋ฆฌ์ธ๋น„์šฉ 130 2. ์œ ํ˜•๋ณ€๊ฒฝ๊ณผ ์ง€๋ฐฐ๊ตฌ์กฐ์˜ ๋งค๊ฐœํšจ๊ณผ 134 3. ์œ ํ˜•๋ณ€๊ฒฝ ๋Œ€์ƒ๊ธฐ๊ด€ ๋ถ„์„ 140 ์ œ 4 ์ ˆ ๊ธฐ๊ด€์žฅ ํŠน์„ฑ์˜ ์กฐ์ ˆํšจ๊ณผ ๋ถ„์„ 145 ์ œ 6 ์žฅ ๊ฒฐ ๋ก  152 ์ œ 1 ์ ˆ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์˜ ์š”์•ฝ 152 ์ œ 2 ์ ˆ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์˜ ํ•จ์˜ ๋ฐ ์ •์ฑ…์  ์‹œ์‚ฌ์  156 ์ œ 3 ์ ˆ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์˜ ํ•œ๊ณ„ ๋ฐ ์ œ์–ธ 161 ์ฐธ ๊ณ  ๋ฌธ ํ—Œ 163 <๋ถ€๋ก 1> ์—ฐ๋„๋ณ„ ๊ณต๊ณต๊ธฐ๊ด€ ์ง€์ • ๋ณ€๊ฒฝ ๋‚ด์šฉ(2007~2020) 190๋ฐ•
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