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    The Role of the Guaranteeing State Assuming the Safety Protection Obligation of Citizens in the Risk Society

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    ๋ฒ•์  ๊ฐœ๋…์œผ๋กœ์„œ ์œ„ํ—˜๊ณผ ๋ฆฌ์Šคํฌ์˜ ๊ด€๊ณ„๋Š” 3๋‹จ๊ณ„ ๋ชจ๋ธ๊ณผ 2๋‹จ๊ณ„ ๋ชจ๋ธ์ด ์ฃผ์žฅ๋˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์œ„ํ—˜์€ ๊ฐœ์—ฐ์„ฑ๊ณผ ๊ด€๋ จ๋œ ๊ฐœ๋…์ด๊ณ , ๋ฆฌ์Šคํฌ๋Š” ๊ฐ€๋Šฅ์„ฑ๊ณผ ๊ด€๋ จ๋œ ๊ฐœ๋…์ด๋ฏ€๋กœ 2๋‹จ๊ณ„ ๋ชจ๋ธ์ด ํƒ€๋‹นํ•ด ๋ณด์ธ๋‹ค. ์ œ3์˜ ๊ธธ์ธ ๋ณด์žฅ๊ตญ๊ฐ€๋Š” ๊ตญ๊ฐ€ ์Šค์Šค๋กœ ๊ณต์  ๊ณผ์ œ๋ฅผ ์ง์ ‘ ์ˆ˜ํ–‰ํ•˜๊ธฐ๋„ ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ, ๋˜๋„๋ก ๋ฏผ๊ฐ„๊ณผ ํ˜‘๋ ฅํ•˜์—ฌ ๋˜๋Š” ๋ฏผ๊ฐ„์ด ์ง์ ‘ ๊ณต์  ๊ณผ์ œ๋ฅผ ์ดํ–‰ํ•˜๋„๋ก ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ตญ๊ฐ€๋ฅผ ๋งํ•œ๋‹ค. ๋”ฐ๋ผ์„œ ๋ณด์žฅ๊ตญ๊ฐ€๋Š” ๋‚ ์”ฌํ•œ ๊ตญ๊ฐ€ ๋‚ด์ง€ ์ตœ์†Œ๊ตญ๊ฐ€๋ฅผ ์ง€ํ–ฅํ•œ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‚˜ ๋ณด์žฅ๊ตญ๊ฐ€๋Š” ํƒˆ๊ทœ์ œ๊ฐ€ ์•„๋‹Œ, ๋” ๊นŒ๋‹ค๋กœ์šด ๊ทœ์ œ๋ฅผ ์š”๊ตฌํ•œ๋‹ค. ๋ฐ˜๋ฉด, ๋ณด์žฅ๊ตญ๊ฐ€์—์„œ๋Š” ๊ตญ๊ฐ€์™€ ๋ฏผ๊ฐ„์˜ ๋ฐ€์ ‘ํ•œ ์ƒํ˜ธ ํ˜‘๋ ฅ์ด ๊ฐ•ํ™”๋˜๊ณ  ๋ฏผ๊ฐ„์ด ๊ณต์  ๊ณผ์ œ๋ฅผ ์ถฉ์‹คํžˆ ์ดํ–‰ํ•˜๋„๋ก ๊ตญ๊ฐ€๊ฐ€ ์ ๊ทน์ ์œผ๋กœ ํ˜‘๋ ฅํ•˜๊ณ  ๊ตฌ์กฐํ™”ํ•œ๋‹ค. ๋ณด์žฅ๊ตญ๊ฐ€์—์„œ์˜ ์ฑ…์ž„์€ ํฌ๊ฒŒ ์ดํ–‰์ฑ…์ž„๊ณผ ๋ณด์žฅ์ฑ…์ž„์œผ๋กœ ๋‚˜๋‰œ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ๋ณด์žฅ์ฑ…์ž„์€ ๊ณต๊ธ‰์ฑ…์ž„, ์ˆ˜์šฉ์ฑ…์ž„, ์™„์ถฉ์ฑ…์ž„์œผ๋กœ ๋‚˜๋‰œ๋‹ค. ๋ฏผ๊ฐ„์€ ์ดํ–‰์ฑ…์ž„๋งŒ์„ ์ง€๋ฉฐ, ๊ตญ๊ฐ€๋Š” ์ดํ–‰์ฑ…์ž„๊ณผ ๋ณด์žฅ์ฑ…์ž„์„ ์ง„๋‹ค. ํ˜„ํ–‰ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋‚˜๋ผ ์žฌ๋‚œ ๋ฐ ์•ˆ์ „๊ด€๋ฆฌ ๊ธฐ๋ณธ๋ฒ•์€ ์„ ์–ธ์ ์ธ ๊ทœ์ •์ด ๋งŽ๊ณ  ์‹คํšจ์„ฑ ์žˆ๋Š” ์ง‘ํ–‰์„ ๋‹ด๋ณดํ•˜์ง€ ๋ชปํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์žฌ๋‚œ์˜ ์œ ํ˜•์— ๋”ฐ๋ฅธ ๊ตฌ์ฒด์ ์ธ ์žฌ๋‚œ ๊ด€๋ฆฌ ๋ฐฉ์•ˆ์„ ๊ทœ์ •ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ทผ๊ฑฐ๊ทœ์ •์„ ๋‘˜ ํ•„์š”์„ฑ์ด ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๋˜ํ•œ ๊ตญ๋ฏผ์•ˆ์ „์ฒ˜๊ฐ€ ๋ชจ๋“  ์žฌ๋‚œ์„ ์ด๊ด„ํ•˜๊ณ  ์ฑ…์ž„์งˆ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š”๊ฐ€์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๊ทผ๋ณธ์ ์ธ ๋Œ€๋‹ต์ด ํ•„์š”ํ•˜๊ณ , ๊ทธ ๋Œ€์•ˆ์„ ๋ชจ์ƒ‰ํ•˜์—ฌ์•ผ ํ•œ๋‹ค. ๊ตญ๋ฏผ์ด ์Šค์Šค๋กœ ์•ˆ์ „ ์ถ”๊ตฌ ๋…ธ๋ ฅ์„ ํ•˜๋„๋ก ๋ฒ•์ œ๋„ํ™”ํ•ด์•ผ ํ•˜๋ฉฐ, ์žฌ๋‚œ ๋ฐ ์•ˆ์ „๊ด€๋ฆฌ ๊ธฐ๋ณธ๋ฒ•์€ ๊ด€(ๅฎ˜) ์ฃผ๋„์—์„œ ๋ฏผ๊ด€(ๆฐ‘ๅฎ˜) ํ˜‘๋ ฅ์ฒด์ œ๋กœ ๊ฐœ์ •๋˜์–ด์•ผ ํ•œ๋‹ค.There are the three-step model and the two-step model with respect to the division of danger and risk. While danger is associated with the probability, risk is associated with the possibility. The two-step model seems to be the more valid in terms of a practical approach. There is not only a tension but also a common intersection between liberty and security. Freedom should not be always sacrificed in order to ensure safety. This idea will lead to unsafety by having unpredictability of the state police power. The balance and harmony ought to be maintained between liberty and security. The guaranteeing state as a third way is the state performing public tasks in cooperation with the private sector. The guaranteeing state, thus, aims for a slim state or a minimal state. However, the guaranteeing state is not deregulation but the more demanding regulations. On the other hand, the guaranteeing state plays a role to actively collaborate with the private sector, closely cooperate with the private sector and strengthen the private sector to perform public tasks faithfully. Responsibility of the guaranteeing state is divided into the implementation responsibility and the guaranteeing responsibility. The guaranteeing responsibility can be divided into supply responsibility, acceptance responsibility, buffer responsibility. While private sector is responsible for the implementation responsibility, the guaranteeing state shall be responsible for the implementation responsibility and the guaranteeing responsibility. With regard to the current safety legislation, the Framework Act on the Management of Disasters and Safety does not guarantee the effectiveness of enforcement in many a declarative rules. There is a necessity to regulate the applicable provisions based on disaster management plans in accordance with the types of disaster. In addition, the Ministry of Public Safety and Security must give fundamental responses to managing and being held accountable for all the disasters, and seek for the alternatives. The institution has to be established in order that the public make their own efforts to pursue their safety. In conclusion, the Framework Act on the Management of Disasters and Safety must turn a state-centered into a cooperation system between public and private sectors

    Das Erfordernis des Unmittelbaren Betroffenseins bei Verfassungsbeschwerden

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