30 research outputs found

    Japanese Religious Belief on Earthquakes and Namazu-e -The Ansei Edo Earthquake in 1855 and Yonaoshi-

    No full text
    ํ•™์œ„๋…ผ๋ฌธ (์„์‚ฌ)-- ์„œ์šธ๋Œ€ํ•™๊ต ๋Œ€ํ•™์› : ์ข…๊ตํ•™๊ณผ, 2012. 8. ์ตœ์ข…์„ฑ.๋ณธ ๋…ผ๋ฌธ์€ ์ž์—ฐ์žฌํ•ด์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์ข…๊ต์  ์ธ์‹๊ณผ ์‹ค์ฒœ์„ ์ผ๋ณธ์˜ ์ง€์ง„ ์žฌํ•ด๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•ด ์‚ดํŽด๋ณด๊ณ ์ž ํ•œ๋‹ค. ํŠนํžˆ 1855๋…„์˜ ์•ˆ์„ธ์ด ์ง€์ง„๊ณผ ๊ทธ ์ดํ›„ ๋“ฑ์žฅํ•˜๋Š” ๋‚˜๋งˆ์ฆˆ์—(้ฏฐ็ตต)๋ผ๋Š” ๋ฏผ์†์ ์ธ ํšŒํ™” ์ž๋ฃŒ๋ฅผ ์ค‘์‹ฌ์œผ๋กœ ์ง€์ง„์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์ข…๊ต์  ์ธ์‹๊ณผ ์‹ค์ฒœ์„ ์ง€์ง„์‹ ์•™์˜ ๊ด€์ ์—์„œ ์‚ดํŽด๋ณด๊ณ , ์žฌํ•ด์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์ข…๊ต์  ์ธ์‹์˜ ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ ์ธต์œ„์™€ ๊ทธ๊ฒƒ์ด ๋ณ€์šฉ๋˜์–ด ๋‚˜๊ฐ€๋Š” ๊ณผ์ •์„ ์ƒ์ง•ํ•ด์„ํ•™์ ์ธ ์ข…๊ต์ธ๋ฅ˜ํ•™์˜ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•๋ก ์„ ํ†ตํ•ด ๋ฐํ˜€๋ณด๊ณ ์ž ์‹œ๋„ํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ์žฌํ•ด์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์ข…๊ตํ•™์˜ ์ ‘๊ทผ์€ ์•„์ง ์ถฉ๋ถ„์น˜ ์•Š์€ ์ƒํ™ฉ์ด๋ฉฐ ์ผ๋ณธ์˜ ์ง€์ง„๊ณผ ๋‚˜๋งˆ์ฆˆ์—์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ ์—ญ์‹œ ์žฌํ•ด์™€ ์ข…๊ต(Disaster and Religion)๋ผ๋Š” ๊ด€์ ์—์„œ ๊นŠ์ด ์žˆ๊ฒŒ ๋‹ค๋ฃจ์–ด์ง€์ง€ ๋ชปํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ์ด๋Ÿฐ ์ƒํ™ฉ์—์„œ ๋ณธ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋Š” ์ผ๋ณธ์˜ ์ง€์ง„์‹ ์•™๊ณผ ๋‚˜๋งˆ์ฆˆ์— ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•ด ์žฌํ•ด์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์ข…๊ต์  ์ธ์‹์ด ์žฌํ•ด ์ž์ฒด๋ฅผ ๋ฐฉ์ง€ํ•˜๊ณ ์ž ํ•˜๋Š” ์ฃผ์ˆ ์  ์ธก๋ฉด๋ฟ๋งŒ ์•„๋‹ˆ๋ผ ์ •์น˜์ โ€ข๊ฒฝ์ œ์ โ€ข์‚ฌํšŒ์  ์งˆ์„œ์˜ ์žฌ์ƒ๊ณผ ํšŒ๋ณต, ๋” ๋‚˜์•„๊ฐ€ ์‚ฌํšŒ๋ณ€ํ˜์  ์ธก๋ฉด๊นŒ์ง€ ํ™•์žฅ๋  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค๋Š” ์ ์„ ๋“œ๋Ÿฌ๋‚ด๊ณ ์ž ํ–ˆ๋‹ค. 1855๋…„ ์Œ๋ ฅ 10์›” 2์ผ ์ผ์–ด๋‚œ ์•ˆ์„ธ์ด ์ง€์ง„์€ ์ง„๋„ 7์— 1๋งŒ์—ฌ๋ช… ์ด์ƒ์˜ ์‚ฌ์ƒ์ž๊ฐ€ ๋ฐœ์ƒํ•œ ๋Œ€์ง€์ง„์ด์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์ด ์•ˆ์„ธ์ด ์ง€์ง„์ด ์ผ์–ด๋‚˜๊ณ  3์ผ์ด ์ง€๋‚˜ ๋‚˜๋งˆ์ฆˆ์—๋ผ๋Š” ๋ฉ”๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ์†Œ์žฌ๋กœ ํ•œ ๊ทธ๋ฆผ์ด ๋“ฑ์žฅํ•˜๊ณ  ๋ฏผ์ค‘๋“ค ์‚ฌ์ด์— ํญ๋ฐœ์ ์ธ ์ธ๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ๋Œ๊ฒŒ ๋œ๋‹ค. ์ด ๋‚˜๋งˆ์ฆˆ์—์—๋Š” ์ด๋ผ๋Š” ์„ธ ์š”์†Œ๊ฐ€ ์ค‘์‹ฌ์ด ๋˜์–ด ํ‘œํ˜„๋˜์–ด ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ๋‚˜๋งˆ์ฆˆ์—์— ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚œ ์ง€์ง„์‹ ์•™์˜ ์ƒ์ง•์„ ์ดํ•ดํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด์„œ๋Š” ์ผ๋ณธ ์ง€์ง„์‹ ์•™์˜ ์ „๋ฐ˜์ ์ธ ๊ณ„๋ณด์™€ ๋ฉ”๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ์ค‘์‹ฌ์œผ๋กœ ํ•˜๋Š” ์ง€์ง„์‹ ํ™”์˜ ๊ตฌ์„ฑ๊ณผ์ •์„ ์‚ดํŽด๋ณผ ํ•„์š”๊ฐ€ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์ผ๋ณธ์—์„œ๋Š” ์‹ ์˜ ๋ถ„๋…ธ, ์œ ๊ต์  ์ฒœ๊ฒฌ๋ก ๊ณผ ์Œ์–‘์‚ฌ์ƒ์— ๊ธฐ๋ฐ˜์„ ๋‘” ์ง€์ง„๋ก ์ด ๊ณ ๋Œ€๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ๊ทผ๋Œ€๊นŒ์ง€ ์ด์–ด์ ธ์˜ค๋Š” ๊ฐ€์šด๋ฐ, ์ง€์ง„๋™๋ฌผ์ด ์ง€์ง„์„ ์ผ์œผํ‚จ๋‹ค๋Š” ์ƒ๊ฐ์ด ๋ฏผ์ค‘๋“ค ์‚ฌ์ด์— ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚˜๊ธฐ ์‹œ์ž‘ํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ์ฒ˜์Œ์—๋Š” ๋ฑ€๊ณผ ์šฉ์œผ๋กœ ์ƒ์ƒ๋˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด ์–ด๋Š์ƒˆ ๋ฉ”๊ธฐ๋กœ ๋ณ€ํ™”๋˜๊ณ  ์ด๊ฒƒ์ด ์นด์‹œ๋งˆ์‹ ์•™(้นฟๅณถไฟกไปฐ)์™€ ์—ฐ๊ฒฐ๋˜์–ด ์ง€์ง„์„ ์ผ์œผํ‚ค๋Š” ๋ฉ”๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ์นด์‹œ๋งˆ๋Œ€๋ช…์‹ ์ด ์นด๋‚˜๋ฉ”์ด์‹œ๋กœ ๋ˆ„๋ฅด๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค๋Š” ์ง€์ง„์‹ ํ™”์˜ ๋‚ด๋Ÿฌํ‹ฐ๋ธŒ๊ฐ€ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚œ๋‹ค. ์ง€์ง„์˜ ์›์ธ๊ณผ ์ง€์ง„์„ ๋ง‰์„ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ์กด์žฌ๊ฐ€ ๊ตฌ์ฒด์ ์œผ๋กœ ์ƒ์ƒ๋˜๊ธฐ ์‹œ์ž‘ํ–ˆ๋˜ ๊ฒƒ์ด๋‹ค. ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ์ง€์ง„์‹ ํ™”๊ฐ€ ํšŒํ™”๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•ด ๋ฏผ์ค‘๋“ค ์‚ฌ์ด์— ์œ ํ†ต๋˜๊ฒŒ ๋œ ๊ณ„๊ธฐ๊ฐ€ 1855๋…„์˜ ์•ˆ์„ธ์ด ์ง€์ง„์ด์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๋‚˜๋งˆ์ฆˆ์—์—๋Š” ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ์ง€์ง„์‹ ํ™”์˜ ๋‚ด๋Ÿฌํ‹ฐ๋ธŒ๋ฅผ ๋ฐ”ํƒ•์œผ๋กœ ์žฌ์•™์˜ ์›ํ‰์œผ๋กœ์„œ ๋ฉ”๊ธฐ๊ฐ€ ๊ทธ๋ ค์ง€๊ณ  ์นด๋‚˜๋ฉ”์ด์‹œ์™€ ์นด์‹œ๋งˆ๋Œ€๋ช…์‹ ์€ ๊ทธ ๋ฉ”๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ์–ต๋ˆ„๋ฅด๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ํ‘œํ˜„๋œ๋‹ค. ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ๋งฅ๋ฝ์˜ ๊ทธ๋ฆผ ์†์—์„œ ๋ฉ”๊ธฐ๋Š” ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์—๊ฒŒ ์–ป์–ด๋งž๊ฑฐ๋‚˜ ์‚ฌ๊ณผํ•˜๊ณ  ๋˜๋Š” ๋จนํžˆ๊ฒŒ ๋œ๋‹ค. ๋ฐ˜๋ฉด ํฅ๋ฏธ๋กญ๊ฒŒ๋„ ์ง€์ง„์‹ ํ™”์˜ ๊ตฌ์กฐ์™€๋Š” ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ๋ฉ”๊ธฐ๋„ ๋‚˜๋งˆ์ฆˆ์—์— ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚œ๋‹ค. ๋‹จ์ˆœํžˆ ์žฌ์•™์˜ ์›์ธ์ด ์•„๋‹Œ ์ง€์ง„์„ ์ˆ˜๋‹จ์œผ๋กœ์จ ๋˜ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ๋ชฉ์ ์„ ์ด๋ฃจ๋ ค๋Š” ์ ๊ทน์ ์ธ ์ฃผ์ฒด๋กœ์„œ์˜ ๋ฉ”๊ธฐ๋„ ๋ฐœ๊ฒฌ๋˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด๋‹ค. ์นด์‹œ๋งˆ๋Œ€๋ช…์‹ ์˜ ๋ช…์„ ๋ฐ›์€ ์‹ ์˜ ์‚ฌ์ž(ไฝฟ่€…)๋กœ์„œ์˜ ๋ฉ”๊ธฐ๋Š” ํƒ์š•์— ๊ฐ€๋“ ์ฐฌ ๋ถ€์ž๋ฅผ ๋ฒŒํ•˜๊ธฐ๋„ ํ•˜๋ฉฐ ๊ทธ๋“ค์˜ ๋ˆ์„ ๊ฐˆ์ทจํ•˜๋“ ์ง€ ๋˜๋Š” ์ง€์ง„์˜ ํ”ผํ•ด์ž๋ฅผ ๋•๊ธฐ๋„ ํ•œ๋‹ค. ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ๋‚˜๋งˆ์ฆˆ์—์— ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚˜๋Š” ๋ฉ”๊ธฐ์™€ ์นด์‹œ๋งˆ๋Œ€๋ช…์‹ ์˜ ์ด์ค‘์ ์ธ ๋ชจ์Šต์€ ์ƒ์ง•์˜ ์ถฉ๋Œ๊ณผ ๊ตฌ์กฐ์˜ ๋ณ€ํ™”๋ฅผ ์ž˜ ๋“œ๋Ÿฌ๋‚ธ๋‹ค. ๊ธฐ๋ณธ์ ์œผ๋กœ ๋งŽ์€ ๋‚˜๋งˆ์ฆˆ์—์—๋Š” ์ง€์ง„์„ ์ผ์œผํ‚ค๋Š” ๋ถ€์ •์  ์กด์žฌ๋กœ์„œ์˜ ๋ฉ”๊ธฐ์™€ ๊ทธ๊ฒƒ์„ ํ†ต์ œํ•˜๋Š” ๊ธ์ •์  ์กด์žฌ๋กœ์„œ์˜ ์นด์‹œ๋งˆ๋Œ€๋ช…์‹  ์‚ฌ์ด์˜ ์ˆ˜์ง์  ์œ„๊ณ„ ๊ตฌ์กฐ๊ฐ€ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚œ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋Ÿฐ๋ฐ ์ด ๊ตฌ์กฐ์™€๋Š” ํ™•์—ฐํžˆ ๊ตฌ๋ณ„๋˜๋Š” ๊ตฌ์กฐ์˜ ๋‚˜๋งˆ์ฆˆ์—๋„ ๋ฐœ๊ฒฌ๋œ๋‹ค. ์นด์‹œ๋งˆ๋Œ€๋ช…์‹ ์˜ ๋ช…์„ ๋ฐ›์•„ ์ง€์ง„์„ ์ผ์œผ์ผœ ํƒ์š•์— ์ฐŒ๋“  ๋ถ€์ž๋“ค์„ ๋ฒŒํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฉ”๊ธฐ์˜ ๋ชจ์Šต ์†์—์„œ๋Š” ๋ฉ”๊ธฐ๊ฐ€ ๊ธ์ •์ ์ธ ํ‘œ์ƒ์œผ๋กœ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚œ ๊ฒƒ์„ ์•Œ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๋” ๋‚˜์•„๊ฐ€ ์นด์‹œ๋งˆ๋Œ€๋ช…์‹ -๋ฉ”๊ธฐ์˜ ๊ตฌ์กฐ๋Š” ์ˆ˜ํ‰์  ๊ด€๊ณ„๋กœ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚˜๊ธฐ๋„ ํ•˜๋Š”๋ฐ, ์—ฌ๊ธฐ์—์„œ๋Š” ์นด์‹œ๋งˆ๋Œ€๋ช…์‹ ์ด ์ง€์ง„์œผ๋กœ ํ”ผํ•ด๋ฅผ ๋ณด๋Š” ๋ถ€์ž๋“ค์„ ๋Œ€๋ณ€ํ•œ๋‹ค๋ฉด, ๋ฉ”๊ธฐ๋Š” ์ง€์ง„์œผ๋กœ ๋ถ€์˜ ์žฌ๋ถ„๋ฐฐ์™€ ์ƒˆ๋กœ์šด ์„ธ์ƒ์„ ๊ฟˆ๊พธ๋Š” ํ‰๋ฏผ ๊ณ„์ธต์„ ๋Œ€๋ณ€ํ•œ๋‹ค. ์ƒ์ง•์˜ ์˜๋ฏธ๊ตฌ์กฐ๊ฐ€ ์—ญ์ „๋˜์–ด ๋ฉ”๊ธฐ๋Š” ๊ธ์ •์ ์ธ ์กด์žฌ๋กœ ์นด์‹œ๋งˆ๋Œ€๋ช…์‹ ์€ ๋ถ€์ •์ ์ธ ์กด์žฌ๋กœ๊นŒ์ง€ ํ‘œ์ƒํ™”๋˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด๋‹ค. ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ์ƒ์ง•์—ญ์ „์˜ ์›๋™๋ ฅ์€ ๋‹น์‹œ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์ด ์ง€์ง„์„ ํ†ตํ•ด์„œ ๊ฟˆ๊พผ ์„ธ๊ณ„์˜ ์žฌ์ƒ๊ณผ ๋ณ€ํ˜, ์ฆ‰ ์š”๋‚˜์˜ค์‹œ(ไธ–็›ดใ—)๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•ด์„œ ์„ค๋ช…ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์ผ๋ณธ์—์„œ๋Š” ์ง€์ง„์ด ์ผ์–ด๋‚ฌ์„ ๋•Œ์— ์š”๋‚˜์˜ค์‹œ๋ผ๋Š” ์ฃผ๋ฌธ์„ ์™ธ๊ณค ํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ์ด ์š”๋‚˜์˜ค์‹œ๋ผ๋Š” ๋ง์€ ์ „ํ†ต์  ๋†๊ฒฝ์‚ฌํšŒ์—์„œ ๋ฏผ์ค‘๋“ค์˜ ์žฌ๋‚œ์„ ์ซ“๊ณ  ํ’์š”๋ฅผ ๋ฐ”๋ผ๋Š” ์˜์‹์„ ์ง€์นญํ•˜๊ธฐ๋„ ํ•œ๋‹ค. ์ƒˆํ•ด๋งž์ด ํ’๋…„์˜๋ก€์˜ ๋…ธ๋ž˜์™€ ์ถค ์†์—์„œ, ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ํ™์ˆ˜๋‚˜ ๊ฐ€๋ญ„ ๋“ฑ ๋†๊ฒฝ์— ํ•ด๋กœ์šด ์žฌํ•ด์— ๋Œ€์ฒ˜ํ•˜๋Š” ์˜๋ก€์—์„œ ํ‘œ์ถœ๋˜๋Š” ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ์˜์‹์€ ์ฃผ๊ธฐ์  ์žฌ์ƒ๊ณผ ํšŒ๋ณต์„ ํ†ตํ•ด ํ’์š”๋ฅผ ์ถ”๊ตฌํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์ด๋ฅผ ์žฌ์ƒ๊ณผ ํšŒ๋ณต์˜ ์š”๋‚˜์˜ค์‹œ๋ผ๊ณ  ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๋‚˜๋งˆ์ฆˆ์—์—๋Š” ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ์žฌ์ƒ๊ณผ ํšŒ๋ณต์˜ ์š”๋‚˜์˜ค์‹œ์™€ ํ•จ๊ป˜ ๋‹น์‹œ ์‚ฌํšŒ๊ฒฝ์ œ์  ๋ถˆํ‰๋“ฑ์„ ์‹œ์ •ํ•ด์„œ ํ‰๋“ฑํ•œ ์„ธ์ƒ์„ ๋งŒ๋“œ๋ ค๋Š” ๋ณ€ํ˜์˜ ์š”๋‚˜์˜ค์‹œ๋„ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚œ๋‹ค. ๋จผ์ € ์žฌ์ƒ๊ณผ ํšŒ๋ณต์˜ ์š”๋‚˜์˜ค์‹œ๋Š” ๋†๊ฒฝ ์‚ฌํšŒ์—์„œ ๊ฟˆ๊พผ ์š”๋‚˜์˜ค์‹œ์™€ ์œ ์‚ฌํ•˜๋‹ค. ์—ฌ๊ธฐ์„œ๋Š” ์ง€์ง„ ์ด์ „์„ ์™„์ „ํ•œ ์งˆ์„œ์˜ ์„ธ๊ณ„๋กœ ๋ณด๊ณ  ์ง€์ง„์— ์˜ํ•ด ๊ทธ๋Ÿฌํ•œ ์งˆ์„œ๊ฐ€ ๊นจ์–ด์ ธ ๊ณ ํ†ต์ด ์‹œ์ž‘๋œ๋‹ค๊ณ  ์—ฌ๊ธด๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ ์ด ์š”๋‚˜์˜ค์‹œ์—์„œ๋Š” ์ง€์ง„ ์ด์ „์˜ ์ž์—ฐ์งˆ์„œ์˜ ํšŒ๋ณต์„ ๊ฟˆ๊พผ๋‹ค. ๋‚˜๋งˆ์ฆˆ์—์—์„œ๋Š” ํ’์š”๋กœ์šด ์„ธ๊ณ„์—์˜ ๊ธฐ๋Œ€๊ฐ€ ๊ทธ๋ ค์ง„๋‹ค. ์ด๋Š” ์ง€์ง„์„ ๊ฒช์€ ์ด๋“ค์ด ๊ธฐ๋ณธ์ ์œผ๋กœ ๊ฟˆ๊พธ๋Š” ์š”๋‚˜์˜ค์‹œ์ด๋‹ค. ๋ฐ˜๋ฉด ๋ณ€ํ˜์˜ ์š”๋‚˜์˜ค์‹œ๋Š” ์žฌ์ƒ๊ณผ ํšŒ๋ณต์˜ ์š”๋‚˜์˜ค์‹œ๋งŒ์œผ๋กœ๋Š” ๋งŒ์กฑํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์—†๋Š” ์ด๋“ค์ด ๊ฟˆ๊พธ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์—ฌ๊ธฐ์„œ๋Š” ์ง€์ง„ ์ด์ „์ด ๋นˆ๋ถ€๊ฒฉ์ฐจ๊ฐ€ ์‹ฌํ•˜๊ณ  ์ƒํ™œ๊ณ ์— ์‹œ๋‹ฌ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ํ˜„์‹ค๋กœ ์ดํ•ด๋œ๋‹ค. ์ง€์ง„์€ ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ์‚ฌํšŒ์  ํ˜„์‹ค์„ ๋ณ€ํ™”์‹œํ‚ฌ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ณ„๊ธฐ๋กœ ๋ฐ›์•„๋“ค์—ฌ์ง„๋‹ค. ์ด๋“ค์€ ์ง€์ง„์„ ํ†ตํ•ด ๋ถ€๊ฐ€ ์žฌ๋ถ„๋ฐฐ๋˜๊ณ  ํ‰๋ฏผ๋“ค๋„ ์ž˜ ์‚ด ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ์„ธ๊ณ„๋ฅผ ๊ฟˆ๊พธ์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์†Œ์œ„ ๊ฒฝ์ œ์  ์งˆ์„œ์˜ ์žฌํŽธ์ด๋ผ๊ณ  ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๋‚˜๋งˆ์ฆˆ์—์—์„œ๋Š” ๋ถ€์ž์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์ ์˜ ๋ฐ ๊ณต๊ฒฉ์œผ๋กœ ํ‘œํ˜„๋œ๋‹ค. ๊ธฐ์กด์˜ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋“ค์€ ๋‚˜๋งˆ์ฆˆ์—์— ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚˜๋Š” ๋ณ€ํ˜์˜ ์š”๋‚˜์˜ค์‹œ์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ๋ถ€์ •์ ์ธ ํ‰๊ฐ€๊ฐ€ ๋‹ค์ˆ˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๋‚˜๋งˆ์ฆˆ์—์— ๋“œ๋Ÿฌ๋‚œ ๋ณ€ํ˜์‚ฌ์ƒ์€ ํšŒํ™”์ƒ์˜ ์ƒ์ง•์œผ๋กœ๋งŒ ๊ทธ์ณค๊ณ  ์‹ค์งˆ์ ์ธ ์‚ฌํšŒ์šด๋™์œผ๋กœ๊นŒ์ง€ ๋ฐœ์ „๋˜์ง€๋Š” ์•Š์•˜๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์ด์—ˆ๋‹ค. ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ๊ทธ๊ฒƒ์ด ์‹ค์งˆ์ ์ธ ์‚ฌํšŒ ๋ณ€ํ™”๋กœ ์ด์–ด์ง€์ง€๋Š” ์•Š์•˜๋‹ค๊ณ  ํ•˜๋”๋ผ๋„ ๋‚˜๋งˆ์ฆˆ์—์˜ ์ƒ์ง•์˜ ๋ณ€์šฉ ์†์— ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚˜๋Š” ๋ฏผ์ค‘๋“ค์˜ ์‚ฌํšŒ๋ชจ์ˆœ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์ธ์‹์˜ ๊ณ ์กฐ์™€ ์‹ค์ฒœ์˜ ์˜์ง€๋ฅผ ๊ฐ„๊ณผํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์—†๋‹ค. ๊ทธ ์˜์ง€๋Š” ๋‹น์‹œ์˜ ์‚ฌํšŒ ํ˜„์‹ค๊ณผ ์ง€์ง„ ํ›„ 11๋…„ ๋’ค ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚˜๋Š” ์š”๋‚˜์˜ค์‹œ ์ž‡ํ‚ค๋ผ๋Š” ๋ฏผ์ค‘๋“ค์˜ ๋ด‰๊ธฐ์™€์˜ ์—ฐ์†์„ ์ƒ์—์„œ ๋ณผ ๋•Œ ๋”์šฑ ์ž˜ ๋“œ๋Ÿฌ๋‚œ๋‹ค. ๋‹น์‹œ ์ž‡ํ‚ค๋Š” ๋ณ€ํ˜์˜ ์š”๋‚˜์˜ค์‹œ๊ฐ€ ์‹ค์ œ ์„ธ๊ณ„์—์„œ ๊ตฌํ˜„๋œ ๊ฒƒ์— ๋‹ค๋ฆ„ ์•„๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ์ ์„ ๋ณผ ๋•Œ 1855๋…„์˜ ์ง€์ง„ ์žฌํ•ด๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•ด ๋ฏผ์ค‘๋“ค์€ ์žฌ์ƒ๊ณผ ํšŒ๋ณต์˜ ์š”๋‚˜์˜ค์‹œ์™€ ํ•จ๊ป˜ ๋ณ€ํ˜์˜ ์š”๋‚˜์˜ค์‹œ๊นŒ์ง€ ๊ฟˆ๊พธ์—ˆ๋‹ค๋Š” ์ ์„ ์ง€์ ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค. 1855๋…„ ์ง€์ง„์˜ ์˜๋ฏธ๋ฅผ ์ƒ๋Œ€ํ™”ํ•ด์„œ ๋ณด๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด ์‹œ๊ณต๊ฐ„์ ์œผ๋กœ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ๋น„๊ต๋Œ€์ƒ์„ ์‚ดํŽด๋ณด๋Š” ๊ฒƒ๋„ ์˜๋ฏธ์žˆ๋Š” ์ž‘์—…์ด๋‹ค. ๊ณต๊ฐ„์  ๋น„๊ต๋Œ€์ƒ์œผ๋กœ์„œ์˜ ํ•œ๊ตญ๊ณผ ์‹œ๊ฐ„์  ๋น„๊ต๋Œ€์ƒ์œผ๋กœ์„œ์˜ 1923๋…„ ๊ฐ„ํ† ๋Œ€์ง€์ง„์ด ์„ ํƒ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๋จผ์ € ๊ณต๊ฐ„์  ๋น„๊ต๋Œ€์ƒ์œผ๋กœ์„œ ํ•œ๊ตญ์—์„œ์˜ ์ง€์ง„์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์ธ์‹๊ณผ ์‹ค์ฒœ์€ ์œ ๊ต์  ์žฌ์ธ๋ก ์˜ ๊ฐ•ํ•œ ์˜ํ–ฅ ์•„๋ž˜ ์ฒœ๊ฒฌ๋ก ์  ์ธ์‹์ด ๋‘๋“œ๋Ÿฌ์ง„๋‹ค๋Š” ์ ์ด ํŠน์ง•์ด๋‹ค. ๊ทธ์™€ ํ•จ๊ป˜ ์กฐ์„  ์ดˆ๊ธฐ ์ง€์ง„์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์˜๋ก€๋กœ์„œ ์ง€์ง„ํ•ด๊ดด์ œ๊ฐ€ ์„ฑ๋ฆฝ๋œ ์ ์€ ์ง€์ง„์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์ข…๊ต์  ์‹ค์ฒœ์ด ๊ตฌ์„ฑ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค๋Š” ์ ์—์„œ ์ค‘์š”ํ•˜๋‹ค. ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ 1855๋…„์˜ ์•ˆ์„ธ์ด ์ง€์ง„๊ณผ ๊ฐ™์€ ๋ณ€ํ˜์˜ ์š”๋‚˜์˜ค์‹œ์˜ ๋ชจ์Šต์„ ๋ณด์—ฌ์ฃผ๋Š” ์ง€์ง„์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์ธ์‹๊ณผ ์‹ค์ฒœ์€ ๋ณด์ด์ง€ ์•Š์•˜๋‹ค. ์˜คํžˆ๋ ค ๋Œ€์šฐ(ๅคง้›จ)๋ผ๋Š” ์žฌํ•ด๋ฅผ ์ด์šฉํ•ด์„œ ๋„์„ฑ์„ ํœฉ์“ธ๊ณ  ์ƒˆ๋กœ์šด ์„ธ๊ณ„๋ฅผ ์—ด๋ ค๊ณ  ํ•œ 1688๋…„์˜ ์ข…๊ต์  ์—ญ๋ชจ์‚ฌ๊ฑด ์†์—์„œ ์žฌํ•ด ์ƒ์ง•์ด ๋ณ€ํ˜์˜ ๋„๊ตฌ๋กœ ์ด์šฉ๋œ ์‚ฌ๋ก€๊ฐ€ ๋ฐœ๊ฒฌ๋œ๋‹ค. ์‹œ๊ฐ„์  ๋น„๊ต๋Œ€์ƒ์ธ 1923๋…„ ๊ฐ„ํ† ๋Œ€์ง€์ง„์˜ ์‚ฌ๋ก€์—์„œ๋Š” 1855๋…„๊ณผ ๊ฐ™์€ ๋ฉ”๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ์ค‘์‹ฌ์œผ๋กœ ํ•œ ์ง€์ง„์‹ ์•™์€ ๊ฑฐ์˜ ๋ชจ์Šต์„ ๊ฐ์ถ˜ ์ฑ„ ๊ทธ ํ”์ ๋งŒ์„ ๋ช‡ ๊ตฐ๋ฐ์„œ ์ฐพ์„ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์„ ๋ฟ์ด์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทผ๋Œ€ํ™”๋œ ๋„์ฟ„๋ผ๋Š” ์ง€์—ญ์—์„œ ์ด๋ฏธ ์ง€์ง„์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๊ณผํ•™์  ์ง€์‹์˜ ํ™•์‚ฐ๊ณผ ํ•จ๊ป˜ ํƒˆ์‹ ํ™”ํ™”๊ณผ์ •์ด ์ด๋ฃจ์–ด์กŒ๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์ด์—ˆ๋‹ค. ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ 1923๋…„์˜ ์ง€์ง„์€ ์ผ๋ณธ ์ •์น˜๊ถŒ์—์„œ ์š”๋‚˜์˜ค์‹œ์  ์˜๋ฏธ๋ฅผ ๊ฐ€์ง€๊ณ  ํ•ด์„๋˜๊ธฐ๋„ ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๋‹ค๋งŒ ๊ทธ ์˜๋ฏธ๋Š” 1855๋…„๊ณผ ์ •๋ฐ˜๋Œ€์˜€๋‹ค. ์ด๋ฒˆ์—๋Š” ๊ฐ€๋‚œํ•œ ์ด๋“ค์˜ ๋ถ€์ž์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ํ‰๋“ฑ์˜ ์š”๊ตฌ์ด๊ธฐ๋ณด๋‹ค๋Š” ์ •์น˜์  ์‹ค๊ถŒ์„ ์ฅ๊ณ  ์žˆ๋˜ ์šฐํŒŒ์„ธ๋ ฅ์ด ๋ง‰ ์„ฑ์žฅํ•˜๊ธฐ ์‹œ์ž‘ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ณต์‚ฐ์ฃผ์˜ ์ขŒํŒŒ๋ฅผ ๊ณต๊ฒฉํ•˜๋Š” ๊ณ„๊ธฐ๋กœ์„œ ์ง€์ง„์„ ํ•ด์„ํ•œ ๊ฒƒ์ด์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์ง€์ง„์˜ ๋ณ€ํ˜์  ์„ฑ๊ฒฉ๋งˆ์ € 1923๋…„์˜ ์‹œ๋Œ€์ƒํ™ฉ์—์„œ๋Š” ๊ทธ ์ฃผ์ฒด์™€ ์˜๋ฏธ๊ฐ€ ํฌ๊ฒŒ ์ „๋„๋œ ๊ฒƒ์ด๋‹ค. ์žฌํ•ด์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์ƒ์ง•ํ•ด์„์„ ํ†ตํ•ด ์žฌํ•ด์˜ ์ข…๊ต์  ์˜๋ฏธ๋ฅผ ์ฝ์–ด๋ณด๊ณ ์ž ํ•œ ๋ณธ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋Š” ์žฌํ•ด์˜ ์ข…๊ต์ƒ์ง•์ด ๊ณ ์ •๋˜์ง€ ์•Š๊ณ  ์‹œ๋Œ€์™€ ์ƒํ™ฉ์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ ๋Š์ž„์—†์ด ์žฌํ•ด์„๋˜๊ณ  ๋ฐ”๋€Œ์–ด ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Œ์„ ๋ณด์—ฌ์ฃผ๊ณ ์ž ํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ ์†์— 1855๋…„์˜ ์ง€์ง„ ์žฌํ•ด๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•ด ๊ฐ•์กฐ๋œ ๋ณ€ํ˜์˜ ์ธก๋ฉด๋„ ์ž๋ฆฌ์žก๊ณ  ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด๋‹ค.Japanese Religious Belief on Earthquakes and Namazu-e -The Ansei Edo Earthquake in 1855 and Yonaoshi- Park Byoungdo In this thesis, I attempt to examine the diversity of religious recognition of and practice related to natural disasters by looking Japanese earthquake disasters. Especially, I focus on the Ansei Edo Earthquake(ๅฎ‰ๆ”ฟๆฑŸๆˆธๅœฐ้œ‡) that occurred in 1855 and namuzu-e(้ฏฐ็ตต), which are folk paintings that appeared after the earthquake in Edo. Through this work, I present how and why these recognitions have changed by employing the approach of the symbolic interpretation of the anthropology of religion. The disaster and religion field is still in its early stage in the history of religious studies, and Japanese earthquakes and namazu-e have thus not received much analysis in this viewpoint. In this thesis, I point out that religious recognitions of disaster are not only limited to an aspect of magic which prevents disaster itself but also extend aspects of the renewal and recovery of order in the world(ๅ†็”Ÿใจๅ›žๅพฉใฎไธ–็›ดใ—). Moreover, these recognitions could be developed to the idea of social reformation (ๅค‰้ฉใฎไธ–็›ดใ—). On the second day of the tenth month of 1855(November 11 in the solar calendar), an earthquake with a magnitude of 7 shook Edo and the resultant estimated deaths amounted to 10,000. Three days after the initial earthquake, namazu-e, which means catfish paintings were distributed in markets and gained explosive popularity. Namazu-e mainly featured three elements: Namazu(้ฏฐ, catfish), Kanameisi(่ฆ็Ÿณ) and Kashima-daimyojin(้นฟๅณถๅคงๆ˜Ž็ฅž, God of Kashima). To understand the significance of these materials, we need to consider Japanese religious belief on earthquakes in general and earthquake mythology in which catfish takes a main role. In Japan, religious recognitions of earthquakes were based on Gods rage(็ฅžใฎ็ฅŸใ‚Š), and Heavens rebuke(ๅคฉ่ญด) in the context of Confucianism and Yin-Yang(้™ฐ้™ฝ) thought. These recognitions have been predominant from ancient to modern times. Among these recognitions, the earthquake mythology that talks about catfish causing earthquakes and Kashima-daimyojin holding back catfish with Kanameisi to prevent earthquakes emerged. Basically, catfish in the namazu-e were described as ringleaders of disaster and they were suppressed by Kanameisi and Kashima-daimyojin. In this context, catfish were beaten and even eaten by people and sometimes catfish apologized to sufferers for causing earthquakes. On the other hand, interestingly, the different structure of the stories was also depicted in the namazu-e. In these paintings, catfish were no longer the cause of earthquakes. Catfish became independent agents who try to accomplish another purpose through earthquakes. As messengers of Kashima-daimyojin, catfish punish greedy rich people or deprive them of their money. Furthermore, catfish even help those who suffer after the occurrence of an earthquake. From these dual types of namazu-e, we can find the clash and transition of symbolism. The vertical structure between catfish as negative creatures that cause earthquakes and Kashima-daimyojin as a positive being who can stop the catfishs actions is easily noticeable. However, the meaning of symbols changed and catfish became positive creatures that had ability to punish greedy peoplemeanwhile Kashima-daimyojin became a negative being who protects rich folks fortune. The motivation behind such a symbolic reversal may be explained by the term Yonaoshi(ไธ–็›ดใ—) which literally means the renewal of the world, the recovery of the world or the reform of the world. Japanese people used to chant a spell, yonaoshi, during an earthquake, to avoid damage. This spell also shows peoples way of thinking which appeared in the traditional agrarian society. When people encountered a natural disaster, they prayed for an end to the disaster and desired a return to the time of fertility before the disaster. This consciousness which pursues fertility through periodical renewal and recovery is broadly expressed in the songs and dances of ceremonies held in celebration of the New Year and the rituals for the coming of rain. I suggest this kind of consciousness be referred to as Yonaoshi of Renewal and Recovery. In namazu-e, we can find not only the Yonaoshi of Renewal and Recovery but also the Yonaoshi of Reform, which pursues social equality through redistribution of wealth as a consequence of the reformation of society. First of all, the Yonaoshi of Renewal and Recovery at the time of an earthquake is almost the same as the yonaoshi of the traditional agrarian society. In this yonaoshi, it is considered that the world before the earthquake is a completely ordered world. However, because of the earthquake, the order is destroyed and brings the onset of pain. That is why this yonaoshi seeks to recover the order of nature before the occurrence of the earthquake. In the namazu-e, this yonaoshi is described as the expectation of a fertile world. On the other hand, the Yonaoshi of Reform emerges when people are no longer satisfied with the Yonaoshi of Renewal and Recovery. The time before an earthquake occurs is accepted as a world of inequality and absurdity. There existed a wide gap between the rich and the poor and most people were exploited by the rich. The earthquake is understood as an opportunity to overthrow the existing society. At this time, people could dream the world which ordinary people can live in affluence and the redistribution of wealth is realized. The idea of social reformation expressed in namazu-e has not received much recognition in the field of namazu-e studies. Scholars underestimated the power of Yonaoshi of Reform because they saw the idea only as symbolic expression and concluded that this idea was not connected to social revolution. However, even though this yonaoshi did not affect social change directly, we cannot overlook the peoples recognitions of social conflict and the will to solve the problem, which was expressed in the symbolic transition of namazu-e. This will was found in Yonaoshi Ikki(ไธ–็›ดใ—ไธ€ๆ†), a kind of revolt that occurred 11years after the Ansei Edo Earthquake. Yonaoshi Ikki is nothing but the embodiment of the Yonaoshi of Reform in real world. When we consider this point, we can conclude that people dreamed about the Yonaoshi of Reform as well as the Yonaoshi of Renewal and Recovery through the earthquake disaster in 1855. It is also meaningful to consider comparative cases of differing space and time. I dealt with earthquakes in Korea as a comparative regional case and the Kanto Earthquake in 1923 as a comparative historical case. At first, there existed strong recognitions of Heavens rebuke(ๅคฉ่ญด) in the context of Confucianism and the ritual reaction called Ritual of Earthquake(ๅœฐ้œ‡่งฃๆ€ช็ฅญ). However, information on thought on social change at the time of an earthquake cannot be found in Korea. On the other hand, in the Kanto Earthquake as a historical case in Japan, the belief about catfish had almost disappeared, a result of the spread of scientific knowledge and demystification in modernized Tokyo. Although the mythology of earthquakes did not have special meaning to ordinary people, the Yonaoshi of Reform resurfaced after the Kanto earthquake. But the meaning was totally different from that of the earthquake of 1855. The Kanto Earthquake was interpreted by the right wing as heavens punishment to the communists and they used the earthquake as a sign to attack their political enemies. According to such circumstances, even the meaning of the Yonaoshi of Reform changed in 1923. In conclusion, the thesis attempting to find the religious meaning of disaster through the analysis of symbols presents that the religious symbols of disaster do not have fixed meaning. Religious symbols of disaster have been continuously reinterpreted depending on the context of social situations. The earthquake in 1855 was a unique case that showed the idea of world reform through folk paintings as a reinterpretation of existing mythology.โ… . ๋จธ๋ฆฌ๋ง 1. ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์˜ ๋ชฉ์  2. ์„ ํ–‰์—ฐ๊ตฌ ๋ถ„์„ 3. ๋…ผ๋ฌธ์˜ ๊ตฌ์„ฑ โ…ก. ์ผ๋ณธ ์ง€์ง„์‹ ์•™์˜ ๊ณ„๋ณด์™€ ์ง€์ง„์‹ ํ™”์˜ ํ˜•์„ฑ 1. ์ „ํ†ต์ ์ธ ์ง€์ง„๋ก  1) ์‹ ์˜ ํƒ€ํƒ€๋ฆฌ์™€ ์–ด๋ น์‹ ์•™(ๅพก้œŠไฟกไปฐ) 2) ์ฒœ๊ฒฌ๋ก  3) ์Œ์–‘์  ์ดํ•ด 2. ์ง€์ง„์ถฉ๊ณผ ์ง€์ง„๋™๋ฌผ 1) ์ง€์ง„์„ ์ผ์œผํ‚ค๋Š” ๋ฑ€๊ณผ ์šฉ 2) ์šฉ์—์„œ ๋ฉ”๊ธฐ๋กœ 3. ์นด์‹œ๋งˆ(้นฟๅณถ) ์‹ ์•™๊ณผ ๋ฉ”๊ธฐ์˜ ๋งŒ๋‚จ 1) ์นด์‹œ๋งˆ์‹ ๊ถ(้นฟๅณถ็ฅžๅฎฎ)๊ณผ ์นด์‹œ๋งˆ๋Œ€๋ช…์‹ (้นฟๅณถๅคงๆ˜Ž็ฅž) 2) ์นด๋‚˜๋ฉ”์ด์‹œ(่ฆ็Ÿณ)์™€ ๋ฉ”๊ธฐ โ…ข. 1855๋…„ ์•ˆ์„ธ์ด ์—๋„์ง€์ง„๊ณผ ๋‚˜๋งˆ์ฆˆ์—(้ฏฐ็ตต) 1. ์ง€์ง„์˜ ๋ฐœ๋ฐœ๊ณผ ๋‚˜๋งˆ์ฆˆ์—์˜ ๋“ฑ์žฅ 1) ์ง€์ง„์˜ ๋ฐœ๋ฐœ 2) ๋‚˜๋งˆ์ฆˆ์—์˜ ๋“ฑ์žฅ 3) ๋‚˜๋งˆ์ฆˆ์—์˜ ๋ถ„๋ฅ˜ 2. ์žฌ์•™์˜ ์›ํ‰์œผ๋กœ์„œ์˜ ๋ฉ”๊ธฐ 1) ์–ป์–ด๋งž๋Š” ๋ฉ”๊ธฐ 2) ๊ตฌ์›Œ ๋จนํžˆ๋Š” ๋ฉ”๊ธฐ 3) ์‚ฌ๊ณผํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฉ”๊ธฐ 3. ์ƒˆ ์งˆ์„œ ๊ตฌ์ถ•์ž๋กœ์„œ์˜ ๋ฉ”๊ธฐ 1) ์‹ ์˜ ์‚ฌ์ž๋กœ์„œ์˜ ๋ฉ”๊ธฐ 2) ์•ฝํƒˆ์ž๋กœ์„œ์˜ ๋ฉ”๊ธฐ 3) ์›์กฐ์ž๋กœ์„œ์˜ ๋ฉ”๊ธฐ 4. ๋‚˜๋งˆ์ฆˆ์—์— ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚˜๋Š” ์ƒ์ง•์˜ ์ถฉ๋Œ๊ณผ ๊ตฌ์กฐ์˜ ๋ณ€ํ™” โ…ฃ. ์ง€์ง„์˜ ์š”๋‚˜์˜ค์‹œ: ์ง€์ง„(ๅœฐ้œ‡)์—์„œ ์ง€์‹ (ๅœฐๆ–ฐ)์œผ๋กœ 1. ์ง€์ง„ ์ฃผ๋ฌธ๊ณผ ์š”๋‚˜์˜ค์‹œ 1) ์ง€์ง„ ํ”ผํ•˜๊ธฐ์˜ ์ฃผ๋ฌธ 2) ์ „ํ†ต์  ๋†๊ฒฝ์‚ฌํšŒ์˜ ์š”๋‚˜์˜ค์‹œ 2. ๋‚˜๋งˆ์ฆˆ์—์— ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚œ ์š”๋‚˜์˜ค์‹œ์˜ ๋‘ ์–‘ํƒœ 1) ์žฌ์ƒ-ํšŒ๋ณต์˜ ์š”๋‚˜์˜ค์‹œ: ์žฌ๋‚œ๊ณผ ๊ณ ํ†ต์˜ ์„ธ์ƒ์—์„œ ํ‰์˜จํ•œ ์„ธ์ƒ์œผ๋กœ 2) ๋ณ€ํ˜์˜ ์š”๋‚˜์˜ค์‹œ: ์‚ฌํšŒ๊ฒฝ์ œ์  ๋ถˆํ‰๋“ฑ์˜ ์„ธ์ƒ์—์„œ ํ‰๋“ฑํ•œ ์„ธ์ƒ์œผ๋กœ 3. ์ง€์ง„์˜ ๋ณ€ํ˜์„ฑ 1) ๋‚˜๋งˆ์ฆˆ์—์˜ ์š”๋‚˜์˜ค์‹œ ํ‰๊ฐ€ 2) ์š”๋‚˜์˜ค์‹œ ์ž‡ํ‚ค์™€ ๋ณ€ํ˜์˜ ์š”๋‚˜์˜ค์‹œ 3) ์ง€์ง„ ์žฌํ•ด์˜ ๋ณ€ํ˜์  ํž˜ โ…ค. ๋น„๊ต์™€ ์ „๋ง 1. ๊ณต๊ฐ„์ ์ธ ๋น„๊ต: ํ•œ๊ตญ 1) ์ง€์ง„ ์žฌํ•ด์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์ฒœ๊ฒฌ๋ก ์  ์ธ์‹๊ณผ ๋ฐ˜์‘ 2) ์ง€์ง„์ œ(ๅœฐ้œ‡็ฅญ)์™€ ใ€Žํ•ด๊ดด์ œ๋“ฑ๋กใ€ 3) ํ•œ๊ตญ์—์„œ์˜ ์žฌํ•ด ์ƒ์ง•๊ณผ ๋ณ€ํ˜ โ€“ 1688๋…„ ์—ฌํ™˜์˜ ์—ญ๋ชจ์‚ฌ๊ฑด 2. ์‹œ๊ฐ„์ ์ธ ๋น„๊ต: 1923๋…„ ๊ฐ„ํ† ๋Œ€์ง€์ง„ 1) 1923๋…„ ๊ฐ„ํ† ๋Œ€์ง€์ง„๊ณผ ์ง€์ง„์‹ ํ™”โ€ข๋‚˜๋งˆ์ฆˆ์— 2) ๊ฐ„ํ† ๋Œ€์ง€์ง„๊ณผ ์š”๋‚˜์˜ค์‹œ 3. ์žฌํ•ด์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์ข…๊ตํ•™์  ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์˜ ์ „๋ง โ…ฅ. ๋งบ์Œ๋ง ์ฐธ๊ณ ๋ฌธํ—Œ AbstractMaste
    corecore