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    ๋Œ€๋ฉด์ ์œผ๋กœ ์ œ์–ด๋œ ๋‚˜๋…ธ์™€์ด์–ด ํ”„๋ฆฐํŒ… ๊ธฐ๋ฐ˜ ๋‚˜๋…ธ์‹๊ฐ๊ธฐ์ˆ  ๋ฐ ์ „์ž์†Œ์ž

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    Doctor์œ ๊ธฐ ๋‚˜๋…ธ์™€์ด์–ด๋Š” ์œ ์—ฐ์„ฑ, ์‹ ์ถ•์„ฑ, ๋†’์€ ์ „๊ธฐ์  ํŠน์„ฑ ๋“ฑ์˜ ์šฐ์ˆ˜ํ•œ ํŠน์„ฑ์œผ๋กœ ์ธํ•ด, ์ฐจ์„ธ๋Œ€ ํ…์Šคํƒ€์ผ (textile)/์›จ์–ด๋Ÿฌ๋ธ” (wearable) ์ „์ž์†Œ์ž์˜ ๊ตฌํ˜„์„ ์œ„ํ•œ ์žฌ๋ฃŒ๋กœ ์ฃผ๋ชฉ์„ ๋ฐ›๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์œ ๊ธฐ ๋‚˜๋…ธ์™€์ด์–ด ๊ด€๋ จ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ ๋™ํ–ฅ์„ ๋ถ„์„ํ•œ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ, ์œ ์—ฐ ๋””์Šคํ”Œ๋ ˆ์ด๋‚˜ ์œ ์—ฐ ํƒœ์–‘์ „์ง€์™€ ๊ฐ™์€ ๋‹ค์–‘ํ•œ ์œ ์—ฐ/์‹ ์ถ•์„ฑ ์ „์ž์†Œ์ž๋กœ์˜ ์‘์šฉ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๊ฐ€ ์ง‘์ค‘์ ์œผ๋กœ ์ด๋ฃจ์–ด์ง€๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค. ํ˜„์žฌ๊นŒ์ง€ ์œ ๊ธฐ ๋‚˜๋…ธ์™€์ด์–ด๋ฅผ ์ œ์กฐํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•œ ๋‹ค์–‘ํ•œ ๋ฐฉ์‹๋“ค์ด ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋˜์–ด ์™”์œผ๋‚˜, ์™€์ด์–ด๋ฅผ ๊ฐœ๋ณ„์ ์œผ๋กœ ์ œ์–ดํ•˜๊ณ  ํŒจํ„ฐ๋‹ ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ธฐ์ˆ ์˜ ๋ถ€์žฌ๋กœ ์ธํ•ด, ์œ ๊ธฐ ๋‚˜๋…ธ์™€์ด์–ด๋ฅผ ์ด์šฉํ•œ ์‹ค์งˆ์ ์ธ ์‚ฐ์—…์  ์‘์šฉ์€ ์ด๋ฃจ์–ด์ง€์ง€ ๋ชปํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๋”ฐ๋ผ์„œ, ๋‚˜๋…ธ์™€์ด์–ด์˜ ์‹ค์งˆ์ ์ธ ์‘์šฉ์„ ์œ„ํ•ด์„œ๋Š” โ€œ๊ฐœ๋ฒŒ์ ์œผ๋กœ ์ œ์–ด๊ฐ€๋Šฅํ•œโ€ ์œ ๊ธฐ ๋‚˜๋…ธ์™€์ด์–ด ์ œ์กฐ ๊ธฐ์ˆ ์ด ํ•„์ˆ˜์ ์ด๋‹ค. 2์žฅ์—์„œ๋Š” ๊ธฐ์กด์— ๊ฐœ๋ฐœ๋œ ์œ ๊ธฐ ๋‚˜๋…ธ์™€์ด์–ด ์ œ์กฐ ๊ธฐ์ˆ ๋“ค์„ ์กฐ์‚ฌํ•˜์—ฌ, ์™€์ด์–ด์˜ ์ •๋ ฌ ๊ฐ€๋Šฅ์„ฑ์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ, ๋น„์ •๋ ฌ ๋ฐฉ์‹ (non-alignment method) ์™€ ๋Œ€๋Ÿ‰ ์ •๋ ฌ ๋ฐฉ์‹ (massive-alignment method) ๋กœ ๋‚˜๋ˆ„์–ด ๋ถ„์„ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๊ธฐ์กด์˜ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋“ค์„ ํ†ตํ•ด, ๋ณ„๋„์˜ ํŒจํ„ฐ๋‹ ๊ณต์ •์ด ์—†์ด๋„ ์œ ๊ธฐ ๋‚˜๋…ธ์™€์ด์–ด์˜ ๊ฐœ๋ณ„์  ์ •๋ ฌ์ด ๊ฐ€๋Šฅํ•œ ๊ธฐ์ˆ ์ด ์—†๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ณตํ†ต๋œ ๋ฌธ์ œ์ ์„ ํ™•์ธํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. 3์žฅ์—์„œ๋Š”, ๊ณ ์†์˜ ์ „๊ธฐ์žฅ ๊ธฐ๋ฐ˜ ์œ ๊ธฐ ๋‚˜๋…ธ์™€์ด์–ด ํ”„๋ฆฐํ„ฐ๋ฅผ ์ด์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ, ๋Œ€๋ฉด์ ์˜ ์œ ๊ธฐ ๋ฐ˜๋„์ฒด ๋‚˜๋…ธ์™€์ด์–ด ์–ด๋ ˆ์ด๋ฅผ ๊ฐœ๋ณ„์ ์œผ๋กœ ๋ฏธ์„ธ ์ œ์–ดํ•˜์—ฌ, ์†Œ์ž์šฉ ๊ธฐํŒ์— ์ง์ ‘ ํ”„๋ฆฐํŒ…ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์ด๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•ด ์–ป์–ด์ง„ ์œ ๊ธฐ ๋ฐ˜๋„์ฒด ๋‚˜๋…ธ์™€์ด์–ด ๊ธฐ๋ฐ˜์˜ ํŠธ๋žœ์ง€์Šคํ„ฐ ์–ด๋ ˆ์ด๋ฅผ ์„ฑ๊ณต์ ์œผ๋กœ ๊ตฌํ˜„ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๋˜ํ•œ, ์ •๋ ฌ๋œ p-ํ˜•๊ณผ n-ํ˜• ์œ ๊ธฐ ๋ฐ˜๋„์ฒด ๋‚˜๋…ธ์™€์ด์–ด๋กœ ์ด๋ฃจ์–ด์ง„ ์ƒ๋ณดํ˜• (complementary) ํšŒ๋กœ๋ฅผ ์ œ์กฐํ•˜์—ฌ ์œ ๊ธฐ ๋ฐ˜๋„์ฒด ๋‚˜๋…ธ์™€์ด์–ด ํ”„๋ฆฐํŒ… ๋ฐ ์ •๋ ฌ ๊ธฐ์ˆ ์˜ ๊ฐ€๋Šฅ์„ฑ์„ ์ž…์ฆํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. 4์žฅ์—์„œ๋Š”, ์ •๋ ฌ๋œ ์œ ๊ธฐ ๋‚˜๋…ธ์™€์ด์–ด๋ฅผ ์‹๊ฐ์šฉ ๋งˆ์Šคํฌ๋กœ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ, ์ƒˆ๋กœ์šด ๋Œ€๋ฉด์  ๋‚˜๋…ธ์™€์ด์–ด ์‹๊ฐ ๊ธฐ์ˆ ์„ ๊ฐœ๋ฐœํ•˜๊ณ , ์ด๋ฅผ ๋‚˜๋…ธ ์ „์ž์†Œ์ž์— ์‘์šฉํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์ด๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•ด ๊ฐœ๋ฐœ๋œ ๊ณ ๋„๋กœ ์ •๋ ฌ๋œ ์œ ๊ธฐ ๋ฐ˜๋„์ฒด ๋‚˜๋…ธ์™€์ด์–ด ๊ธฐ๋ฐ˜์˜ ๋‚˜๋…ธ ์ฑ„๋„ ํŠธ๋žœ์ง€์Šคํ„ฐ๋Š” 9.7 cm2?V-1?s-1 ์˜ ์œ ๋ก€์—†์ด ๋†’์€ ์ตœ๋Œ€ ์ด๋™๋„์™€ ๋งค์šฐ ๋‚ฎ์€ ์ ‘์ด‰ ์ €ํ•ญ (<5.53 ??cm)์„ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ด์—ˆ๋‹ค. ํ”„๋ฆฐํŒ…๋œ ๋ฐ˜๋„์ฒด ๋‚˜๋…ธ์™€์ด์–ด ์–ด๋ ˆ์ด๋ฅผ ์ด์šฉํ•œ ์ดˆ๊ณ ์† ๋‚˜๋…ธ ์‹๊ฐ ๊ธฐ์ˆ ์€ ๋Œ€๋ฉด์ ์˜ ์œ ์—ฐ ๋‚˜๋…ธ ์ „์ž์†Œ์ž์˜ ๊ตฌํ˜„์„ ์œ„ํ•œ ๊ฐ„๋‹จํ•˜๋ฉด์„œ๋„ ์‹ ๋ขฐํ•  ๋งŒํ•œ ๋ฐฉ์•ˆ์ด๋ผ ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค. 5์žฅ์—์„œ๋Š”, ๊ฐœ๋ณ„์ ์œผ๋กœ ์ œ์–ด๊ฐ€๋Šฅํ•œ ์œ ๊ธฐ ๋‚˜๋…ธ์™€์ด์–ด ํŒจํ„ด์„ ํ…œํ”Œ๋ฆฟ (template) ์œผ๋กœ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ, ๋ณ„๋„์˜ ๊ฐ€์—ด์ด๋‚˜ ์ง„๊ณต ๊ณต์ • ์—†์ด๋„ ๋Œ€๋ฉด์ ์˜ ๊ธˆ ๋‚˜๋…ธ์™€์ด์–ด ์–ด๋ ˆ์ด๋ฅผ ์ œ์กฐํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ๋ฌด์ „ํ•ด๋„๊ธˆ ๊ธฐ๋ฐ˜์˜ ์ƒˆ๋กœ์šด ๊ณต์ •์„ ๊ฐœ๋ฐœํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์ด๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•ด ์ œ์กฐ๋œ ๊ธˆ ๋‚˜๋…ธ์™€์ด์–ด ์–ด๋ ˆ์ด๋Š” 7.5 ???cm ์˜ ๋งค์šฐ ๋‚ฎ์€ ๋น„์ €ํ•ญ์„ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ด์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์ด๋Š” ์ผ๋ฐ˜์ ์ธ ๊ธˆ์˜ ๋น„์ €ํ•ญ๋ณด๋‹ค ์•ฝ 3.4 ๋ฐฐ ๋ฐ–์— ๋†’์ง€ ์•Š์„ ์ •๋„๋กœ ๋‚ฎ์€ ์ˆ˜์น˜์ด๋‹ค. ์ œ์กฐ๋œ ๊ธˆ ๋‚˜๋…ธ์™€์ด์–ด๋ฅผ ์ „์ž์†Œ์ž์šฉ ํˆฌ๋ช… ๋‚˜๋…ธ์ „๊ทน์œผ๋กœ์จ ์‘์šฉ ๊ฐ€๋Šฅ์„ฑ์„ ํ™•์ธํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด, ๋‚˜๋…ธ์™€์ด์–ด ์ค„ ํžˆํ„ฐ๋ฅผ ์ œ์กฐํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๊ธˆ ๋‚˜๋…ธ์™€์ด์–ด ํžˆํ„ฐ๋Š” ๋‚ฎ์€ ์ธ๊ฐ€์ „์••์—์„œ๋„ ํšจ์œจ์ ์ด๊ณ  ๋น ๋ฅธ ๋ฐœ์—ด ํŠน์„ฑ์„ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ด์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๋˜ํ•œ, ์œ„์น˜ ์ œ์–ด๊ฐ€๋Šฅํ•œ ๋‚˜๋…ธ์™€์ด์–ด ํ”„๋ฆฐํŒ… ๊ธฐ์ˆ ๊ณผ ๋ฌด์ „ํ•ด๋„๊ธˆ ๊ธฐ์ˆ ์„ ์ด์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ, ๋ฐ˜๋„์ฒด์„ฑ ๋‚˜๋…ธ์™€์ด์–ด ์ฑ„๋„๊ณผ ์ „๋„์„ฑ ๋‚˜๋…ธ์™€์ด์–ด ์ „๊ทน์œผ๋กœ ์ด๋ฃจ์–ด์ง„ ๊ณ ์„ฑ๋Šฅ ํˆฌ๋ช… ๋‚˜๋…ธ์™€์ด์–ด ํŠธ๋žœ์ง€์Šคํ„ฐ๋ฅผ ์„ฑ๊ณต์ ์œผ๋กœ ๊ตฌํ˜„ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค (์ด๋™๋„=3.5 cm2?V-1?s-1). ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ๊ฐ„๋‹จํ•˜๊ณ  ์žฌํ˜„์„ฑ ๋†’์€ ์ „๋„์„ฑ ๋‚˜๋…ธ์™€์ด์–ด ์ œ์กฐ ๊ธฐ์ˆ ์€ ํˆฌ๋ช…/์œ ์—ฐ ๋‚˜๋…ธ ์ „์ž์†Œ์ž์˜ ๊ตฌํ˜„์„ ๊ฐ€๋Šฅํ•˜๊ฒŒ ํ•  ๊ฒƒ์ด๋‹ค.Organic nanowires (ONWs) are flexible, stretchable, and have high electrical properties, and therefore have great potential for use in next-generation textile and wearable electronics. Analysis of trends in ONWs supports their great potential for various stretchable and flexible electronic applications such as flexible displays and flexible photovoltaics. Numerous methods can be used to prepare ONWs, but practical industrial application of ONWs has not been achieved because of the lack of reliable techniques for controlling and patterning of individual nanowires. Therefore, an โ€œindividually-controllableโ€ technique to fabricate ONWs is essential for practical device applications. In chapter 2, I search and review the conventional ONWs fabrication methods, which are classified into two types: non-alignment methods, massive-alignment methods. From the previous studies, I found common limitations that individual alignment of ONWs which does not require additional patterning processes is not achieved. In chapter 3, we use a high-speed electrohydrodynamic organic nanowire printer to print large-area organic semiconducting nanowire arrays directly on device substrates in a precisely individually-controlled manner. We successfully achieve transistor array based on single-stranded organic semiconducting nanowire. We also demonstrate complementary circuit arrays comprised of well-aligned p-type and n-type organic semiconducting nanowires. These results can be a promising approach to realize large-area flexible nano-electronics. In chapter 4, we report a novel large-area nanowire lithography for nano-electronics using well-aligned ONWs as a lithography mask. We achieve an unprecedented high maximum field-effect mobility up to 9.7 cm2?V-1?s-1 with extremely low contact resistance (<5.53 ??cm) even in nano-channel transistors based on highly-aligned single organic semiconducting nanowire. Extremely fast nanolithography using printed semiconducting nanowire arrays provide a very simple, reliable method of fabricating large-area and flexible nano-electronics. In chapter 5, we demonstrate a sophisticated method to fabricate large-area electrolessly-plated Au nanowire array using individually controlled organic nanowire pattern as a template, which shows a very low resistivity of 7.5 ???cm (only 3.4 times higher than that of bulk Au); this method does not require any heating or vacuum processes. To verify its potential for transparent nano-electrodes in electronic applications, nanowire Joule heater which shows effective and fast heating behavior at low input voltages is fabricated. We also demonstrate transparent all-nanowire transistors based on semiconducting nanowire channel and conducting nanowire electrodes using a position-addressable printing and electroless plating technique, with extremely high field-effect mobility of 3.5 cm2?V 1?s 1. Our simple and reliable method to fabricate conducting nanowire array enables the realization of transparent and flexible nano-electronics
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