22 research outputs found

    Jane R. Zavisca, Housing the New Russia, New York: Cornell University Press, 2012.

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    ๋ฏธ๊ตญ์˜ ์‚ฌํšŒํ•™์ž ์ž๋น„์Šค์นด(Jane Zavisca)๊ฐ€ ์“ด ??ํ˜„๋Œ€ ๋Ÿฌ์‹œ์•„์™€ ์ฃผ๊ฑฐ๋ฌธ์ œ(Housing the New Russia)??๋Š” ๋‚ด๊ฐ€ ์•Œ๊ธฐ๋กœ๋„, ํ•„์ž ์ž์‹ ์˜ ์ฃผ์žฅ์ฒ˜๋Ÿผ, ์‹œ์žฅ๊ฒฝ์ œ ๋„์ž… ์ดํ›„ ๋Ÿฌ์‹œ์•„์˜ ์ฃผํƒ ์‚ฌ์ •์„ ์ฃผ์ œ๋กœ ์‚ผ์€ ์ตœ์ดˆ์˜ ํ•™์ˆ  ์„œ์ ์ด๋‹ค. 10์—ฌ๋…„ ์ „ ๋‚ด๊ฐ€ ๋ฐ•์‚ฌ ํ•™์œ„ ๋…ผ๋ฌธ์„ ์“ฐ๊ณ  ์žˆ์—ˆ์„ ๋•Œ, ์ง€๋„ ๊ต์ˆ˜๊ฐ€ ์ž์‹ ์—๊ฒŒ ์‹ฌ์‚ฌ์šฉ์œผ๋กœ ์˜จ ๋…ผ๋ฌธ์ด๋ผ๋ฉฐ, ์ด ์ฑ…์˜ ํ•„์ž ์ž๋น„์Šค์นด๊ฐ€ ๋‹ค์ฐจ์— ๊ด€ํ•ด ์“ด ๋…ผ๋ฌธ์„ ์ฝ์–ด ๋ณด๋ผ๊ณ  ์ค€ ๊ธฐ์–ต์ด ๋‚œ๋‹ค. ๋‹น์‹œ ๋‚˜๋„ ๋‹ค์ฐจ์— ๊ด€ํ•œ ๋‚ด์šฉ์„ ์“ฐ๊ณ  ์žˆ์—ˆ๋Š”๋ฐ, ๋Ÿฌ์‹œ์•„์ธ๋“ค์˜ ๋‹ค์ฐจ์— ๊ด€ํ•œ ์—ด๊ด‘์ ์ธ ์ง‘์ฐฉ์— ๋น„ํ•ด ํ•™์ˆ ์ ์ธ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋Š” ์™œ ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ ๋นˆ์•ฝํ•œ์ง€ ์˜์•„ํ•ดํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๋งˆ์ฐฌ๊ฐ€์ง€๋กœ ์†Œ๋น„์—ํŠธ ์‹œ๊ธฐ๋‚˜ ์˜ค๋Š˜๋‚ ์—๋‚˜ ๋Ÿฌ์‹œ์•„ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์˜ ์ผ์ƒ์ƒํ™œ์—์„œ ์ฃผํƒ์ด ์ฐจ์ง€ํ•˜๋Š” ๋น„์ค‘์ด ์—„์ฒญ๋‚œ ๋ฐ์— ๋น„ํ•ด, ์‹œ์žฅ๊ฒฝ์ œ ์ดํ›„ ์ฃผํƒ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋Š” ๋ณ„๋กœ ์—†๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์€ ๋‚˜๋กœ์„œ๋Š” ์ˆ˜์ˆ˜๊ป˜๋ผ์ด๋‹ค. ๋ฌผ๋ก  ์†Œ๋น„์—ํŠธ ์‹œ๋Œ€ ์ฃผํƒ์— ๊ด€ํ•œ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋Š” ์ด์ œ ์ƒ๋‹นํ•œ ์ˆ˜์ค€์œผ๋กœ ์ถ•์ ๋˜์—ˆ๊ณ , ์ฃผํƒ์˜ ์‚ฌ์œ ํ™” ๊ณผ์ •์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋„ ์–ด๋Š ์ •๋„ ๋‚˜์˜จ ๊ฒƒ ๊ฐ™๋‹ค. ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ์‚ฌ์œ ํ™” ์ดํ›„ ๋Ÿฌ์‹œ์•„์˜ ์ฃผํƒ ๋ฌธ์ œ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๋ณธ๊ฒฉ์ ์ธ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋Š”, ๊ฐœ๋ณ„ ๋…ผ๋ฌธ์„ ์ œ์™ธํ•œ๋‹ค๋ฉด, ์ด ์ฑ…์ด ์ฒ˜์Œ์ด๋‹ค

    Time, Space and Body on a Russian Factory Floor

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    ๋Ÿฌ์‹œ์•„ ์•ˆ์—์„œ๊ฑด ๋ฐ–์—์„œ๊ฑด, ์‚ฌํšŒ์ฃผ์˜ ํ˜๋ช… ์ด๋ž˜ ๋Ÿฌ์‹œ์•„ ๋…ธ๋™์ž๋“ค์€ ๋…ธ๋™ ๊ทœ์œจ ์–ด๊ธฐ๋Š” ์ผ์„ ๋‹ค๋ฐ˜์‚ฌ๋กœ ํ•˜๊ณ , ์ผ์„ ํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š๊ณ  ๋นˆ๋‘ฅ๋Œ€๋ฉฐ, ๊ทธ์ € ์“ธ๋ชจ ์—†๋Š” ๋ฌผ๊ฑด๋งŒ ๋งŒ๋“ค์–ด ๋‚ผ ๋ฟ์ด๋ผ๋Š” ๋ง์„ ํ”ํžˆ ํ•œ๋‹ค. ์›์ž์žฌ๋‚˜ ์™„์„ฑํ’ˆ์„ ํ›”์น˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ, ์ž‘์—… ์‹œ๊ฐ„์˜ ์ฃผ์˜ํƒœ๋งŒ, ๊ทผ๋กœ ์‹œ๊ฐ„์ค‘์˜ ์Œ์ฃผ๊ฐ€ ๋Ÿฌ์‹œ์•„ ๋…ธ๋™ ๊ด€์Šต์˜ ํŠน์ง•์ด๋ผ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด๋‹ค. ๋…ธ๋™๊ทœ์œจ์„ ์ง€ํ‚ค์ง€ ์•Š๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด ๋Ÿฌ์‹œ์•„ ์ผํ„ฐ ์ „์ฒด์˜ ๋ฌธ์ œ๋ผ๊ณ ๋“ค ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ, ๋Ÿฌ์‹œ์•„ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์€ ๊ทธ ์ค‘์—์„œ๋„ ํŠนํžˆ ๊ณต์žฅ ๋…ธ๋™ ์ž๋“ค์„ ๊ทœ์œจ ์œ„๋ฐ˜๊ณผ ๋ฌด์ ˆ์ œ์˜ ๋Œ€๋ช…์‚ฌ์ธ์–‘ ์ด์•ผ๊ธฐํ•˜๊ณค ํ–ˆ๋‹ค. 2002๋…„ ๊ฒจ์šธ ๋Ÿฌ์‹œ์•„ ์‹œ๋ฒ ๋ฆฌ์•„์˜ ํ•œ ๋„์‹œ์—์„œ ํ•„์ž๊ฐ€ ๊ณต์žฅ์—์„œ์˜ ํ˜„์ง€์กฐ์‚ฌ๋ฅผ ์‹œ์ž‘ํ•˜๊ธฐ ์ „, ์ฃผ์œ„ ๋Ÿฌ์‹œ์•„ ์นœ๊ตฌ๋“ค์—๊ฒŒ ๊ณต์žฅ ๋…ธ๋™์ž์™€ ํ•จ๊ป˜ ์‚ด๊ณ  ์‹ถ๋‹ค๊ณ  ํ–ˆ๋”๋‹ˆ, ์ฆ‰๊ฐ์ ์ธ ๋ฐ˜์‘์€, ๋งŒ์•ฝ์— ๋…ธ๋™์ž๋“ค์ด ๋„ˆํ•œํ…Œ ๋ณด๋“œ์นด๋ฅผ ์‚ฌ๋‚ด๋ผ๊ณ  ๊ฐ•์š”ํ•˜๋ฉด ์–ด๋–ป๊ฒŒ ํ•˜๋ ค๊ณ  ํ•˜๋‚˜? ๋ฌผ๋ก  ํ•œ๋‘ ๋ฒˆ์ด์•ผ ๊ดœ์ฐฎ์ง€. ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ๊ทธ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์€ ๋งค์ผ ๋ฐค ๋„ˆ๋ณด๊ณ  ์ˆ ์‚ฌ์˜ค๋ผ๊ณ  ํ• ๊ฑฐ์•ผ.๊ฐ™์€ ๊ฒƒ์ด์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๋…ธ๋™์ž๋“ค์ด ๊ทผ๋ฌด์‹œ๊ฐ„ ์ค‘ ์ˆ ์„ ๋งˆ์‹œ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด์•ผ, ๊ทธ ์ด์ „ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ๋„์‹œ์—์„œ ๋งฅ์ฃผ๊ณต์žฅ์— ์žˆ๋Š” ๋™์•ˆ ์ˆ˜์—†์ด ๋ชฉ๊ฒฉํ•œ ๋ฐ”์ด์ง€๋งŒ, ๊ทธ๊ฒƒ์€ ์—…์ข…์˜ ํŠน์ˆ˜์„ฑ์œผ๋กœ ๋Œ๋ฆด ์ˆ˜๋„ ์žˆ์—ˆ๋‹ค. ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ๊ทธ ๋’ค ๊ธฐ๊ณ„์ˆ˜๋ฆฌ๊ณต์žฅ๊ณผ ์ธ์‡„์†Œ์—์„œ ํ˜„์ง€์กฐ์‚ฌ๋ฅผ ํ•˜๋Š” ๋™์•ˆ, ๋‚˜๋Š” ์‹ค์ œ๋กœ๋„ ๊ทผ๋กœ์‹œ๊ฐ„ ์ค‘ ์Œ์ฃผ๋ฅผ ์ข…์ข… ๋ชฉ๊ฒฉํ–ˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ, ๋˜ ๊ฐ€๋”์€ ๊ฐ™์ด ๋งˆ์‹œ๊ธฐ๋„ ํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ์ธ์‡„์†Œ์—์„œ๋Š” ๋…ธ๋™์ž๋“ค์ด ์ž‰ํฌ์™€ ์ข…์ด๋ฅผ ๋ชฐ๋ž˜ ๋Œ€๊ทœ๋ชจ๋กœ ๋นผ๋Œ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค๋Š” ์ด์•ผ๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ๋“ฃ๊ธฐ๋„ ํ–ˆ๊ณ , ์ง‘์•ˆ์ผ์ด ์žˆ์„ ๋•Œ๋ฉด ์—ฌ์„ฑ ๋…ธ๋™์ž๋“ค์ด ์ž์ฃผ ์ž๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ ๋น„์šฐ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ๋ชฉ๊ฒฉํ•˜๊ธฐ๋„ ํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ์ž‘์—…์žฅ ๊ฑด๋ฌผ๋กœ์˜ ์ถœ์ž…์€ ๊ณต์‹์ ์œผ๋กœ๋Š” ์—„๊ฒฉํžˆ ํ†ต์ œ๋˜์—ˆ์ง€๋งŒ, ๋ฐฉํ•™ ๋•Œ๋ฉด ์ž๋…€๋“ค์ด ๊ฐ€๋” ๊ณต์žฅ์œผ๋กœ ๋†€๋Ÿฌ ์™€ ๋ถ€๋ชจ์™€ ๋†€๊ธฐ๋„ ํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ํ•„์ž๊ฐ€ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ๊ฒฌ์Šต์‚ฌ์›(15์„ธ)๊ณผ ์ผํ•  ๋•Œ๋Š”, ๊ทธ์˜ ๋ˆ„์ด(16์„ธ)๊ฐ€ ๋ฐฉํ•™์ด๋ผ๋ฉฐ ์‹ฌ์‹ฌํ•˜๋‹ค๋ฉด์„œ ์ธ์‡„์†Œ๋กœ ๋†€๋Ÿฌ ์™€ ์ข…์ด๋ฅผ ๊ฐ€์ง€๊ณ  ๋†€๊ฑฐ๋‚˜ ๋งฅ์ฃผ ๋งˆ์‹œ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ๋ณด๊ธฐ๋„ ํ–ˆ๋‹ค. 1996-7๋…„์˜ ๋Œ€๊ทœ๋ชจ ์ •๋ฆฌํ•ด๊ณ  ๋’ค, ์ธ์‡„์†Œ์—๋Š” ๋นˆ ๋ฐฉ์ด ๋งŽ์•˜์ง€๋งŒ, ์ •๊ทœ์ ์œผ๋กœ ๋ฐฉ๋ฌธํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฏธ์šฉ์‚ฌ๋Š” ๊ผญ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์ด ์ผํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋Š” ์ž‘์—…์žฅ์˜ ์ œ๋ณธ๋ถ€์„œ์˜ ๊ตฌ์„์—์„œ ๊ทผ๋ฌด์‹œ๊ฐ„ ์ค‘์— ๋…ธ๋™์ž๋“ค์˜ ๋จธ๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ ๋งŒ์ ธ์ฃผ๊ณค ํ–ˆ๋‹ค. There is a popular image of Russian workers, by both foreigners and Russians alike, that since the Soviet era they have often violated work regulations, have been idle and have made only improper products. Nevertheless, this paper first shows that even in developed capitalist countries the violations of official work discipline are both common and increasing. In any case, work discipline is always reinterpreted and reโ€created in a new web of meanings, and its actual exercises are a matter of negotiations and interactions between agents and official authorities. In order to understand the problems of work discipline in Russia, we need to explore the historical formation of work discipline, and to question its compositional characters as a modern phenomenon. This paper argues that peculiarities of work discipline in (postโ€)Soviet Russia will be found in the context of time and space. Work discipline is defined as an ensemble of modern technique that makes the human body produce something useful with efficiency at the expense of least cost and violence. It aims to induce unconscious, repetitious, voluntary agreements from the body, and to minimize the use of violence and external measures that are too costly and uneconomical to enforce and sustain a longโ€term devotion to rules. The spatial and temporal relations are the two main domains by which to give birth to a certain type of subject, that is disciplined workers, but they themselves should be transformed and fitted into the advent of modern industry. Drawing upon E. P. Thompson and M. Foucaults discussions of time and space, this paper analyses how certain modes of discipline have been imposed onto the human body in a certain space and time. However, although the two scholars perspectives have cast a significant light on the transformation of spatial and temporal relations in modern industry, they have not paid enough attention to actors appropriation of time and space, and their abilities to pass by the official lines. The mutual needs by workers and managers (or the state) to bend the official work discipline in fulfilling the plan in the Soviet era, have created distinctive forms of work practices on a workshop floor. As the plan was by definition a proclamation of the domination of time over space, time always exerted a priority over space which could be manipulated by workers, in contrast with a triumph of space over time in capitalist work practices. In conclusion, this paper argues that these relations between time and space are the loci in understanding the making of workers and work discipline in Soviet Russia, but what kind of shape a new form of work practice after the introduction of a market economy is taking is still uncertain.ํ˜„์ง€์กฐ์‚ฌ์—๋Š” University of Cambridge์˜ Department of Social Anthropology์™€ King's College์˜ ๊ธฐ๊ธˆ์˜ ๋„์›€์„ ๋ฐ›์•˜๋‹ค

    ๋Œ€ํ•œ์‚ฌ๊ฒฉ๋‹จ

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    ๆฐธๆฑ์€ํ–‰ ์‚ฌ๊ฒฉํŒ€(็พ ๅคง้Ÿ“ๅฐ„ๆ“Šๅœ˜์˜ ๅ‰่บซ)์˜ ๆญทๅฒ๋Š” ้‡‘ไธ‰็์”จ์˜ ์˜๋™์€ํ–‰ ๅ…ฅ็คพํ›„์˜ ็ถ“ๆญท๊ณผ ๊ทธ ่ปŒ๋ฅผ ๊ฐ™์ดํ•œ๋‹ค. ้‡‘์”จ๋Š” 1968๋…„์— ์˜๋™์€ํ–‰์„ ์ถœ๋ฐœ์ ์œผ๋กœ ์‚ฌํšŒ์— ์ฒซ๋ฐœ์„ ๋‚ด๋””๋Ž ์œผ๋ฉฐ ์˜๋™์€ํ–‰์€ ์ด์ œ๊นŒ์ง€ ๊ทธ์˜ ์ฒซ ์ง์žฅ์ด์ž ์œ ์ผํ•œ ์ง์žฅ์ด์—ˆ๋‹ค. ้‡‘์”จ๊ฐ€ ์ž…์‚ฌํ•  ๋‹น์‹œ ์˜๋™์€ํ–‰์—๋Š” 'ๆจ™็š„์ด๋ž€ ์ด๋ฆ„์„ ๊ฐ€์ง„ ์‚ฌ๊ฒฉํด๋Ÿฝ์ด ์žˆ์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์ด ํด๋Ÿฝ์€ ์€ํ–‰๋‚ด์— ์กฐ์ง๋˜์–ด ์žˆ๋Š” ์ทจ๋ฏธ๋‹จ์ฒด ์ค‘์˜ ํ•˜๋‚˜์˜€์œผ๋ฉฐ ํฌ์›๋“ค์€ ์—ฌ๊ฐ€์„ ์šฉ์œผ๋กœ ์ผ์š”์ผ๋งˆ๋‹ค ๋ชจ์—ฌ์„œ ๊ณต๊ธฐ์ด ์‚ฌ๊ฒฉ ์—ฐ์Šต์„ ํ•˜๊ณค ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ้‡‘ไธ‰็์”จ๋Š” 68๋…„๊นŒ์ง€ ๋งŒ 4๋…„๊ฐ„์˜ ๊ตฐ๋Œ€์‹œ์ ˆ์„ ์œก๊ตฐ ๆŸ๋ถ€๋Œ€์—์„œ ์ €๊ฒฉ์ˆ˜ ์–‘์„ฑ ๆ•Žๅฎ˜์œผ๋กœ์„œ ๊ทผ๋ฌดํ–ˆ๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์— ์ž์—ฐํžˆ ์‚ฌ๊ฒฉํด๋Ÿฝ ๆจ™็š„์— ๊ฐ€์ž…ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋˜์—ˆ๊ณ  ๋‹น์—ฐํžˆ ๋‘๊ฐ์„ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ด๊ฒŒ ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋Š” ๆจ™็š„์— ๊ฐ€์ž…ํ•œ์ง€ ๋ถˆ๊ณผ 3๊ฐœ์›”๋งŒ์— ํšŒ์žฅ์— ์„ ์ถœ๋˜์—ˆ๊ณ  ์ „ํšŒ์›์€ ๊ทธ๋ฅผ ์ค‘์‹ฌ์œผ๋กœ ๋˜˜๋˜˜๋ชฝ์ณ์„œ ๊ทธ ์ด๋“ฌํ•ด์ธ 69๋…„์—๋Š” ์ตœ์šฐ์ˆ˜ ํ™œ๋™ ํด๋Ÿฝ์˜ ์˜์˜ˆ๋ฅผ ์•ˆ๊ฒŒ ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. 71๋…„์— ๋“ค์–ด์„œ๋ฉด์„œ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ํšŒ์›์ˆ˜๋Š” 68๋…„์˜ 10๋ฐฐ์ธ 100๋ช…์ •๋„๋กœ ๋ถˆ์–ด๋‚ฌ์œผ๋ฉฐ ๊ตญ๋‚ด์‚ฌ๊ฒฉ๋Œ€ํšŒ์— ์ฐธ๊ฐ€ํ•˜์—ฌ ๊ณต๊ธฐ์ด ๋ถ€๋ฌธ์—์„œ ๋‹จ์ฒด์ˆœ์œ„ 4์œ„์˜ ์˜๊ด‘์„ ์•ˆ๊ธฐ์— ์ด๋ฅด๋ €๋‹ค
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