Essays on Analyzing Green Remodeling Policy and Energy Consumption Prediction of Small-sized Buildings

학위논문(박사) -- 서울대학교대학원 : 환경대학원 환경계획학과, 2022.2. 홍종호.In order to reduce GHG emissions in the building sector in Korea, the potential and importance of old buildings are significant in terms of the number of buildings. This is because the annual number of building permits in South Korea is approximately 250,000, which accounts for only about 3.5% of a total of 7.19 million existing buildings. In other words, although strict management of new buildings equivalent to 3.5% is important, it is difficult to actually reduce building energy and greenhouse gas without managing the majority (96.5%) of existing buildings. For this reason, in many countries around the world, to reduce GHG emission and improve environmental issues, governments are actively implementing energy efficiency policies for existing buildings. The Green Deal in England, the Green Growth Legislation in France, the Energy Policy Act in the US, the Energy Efficiency in Government Operation policy in Australia, the Retrofit policy of the 13th FYP (Five Year Plan) in China, and the Building Retrofit Energy Efficiency Financing Scheme in Singapore are representative energy performance policies for old buildings (Liu et al., 2020; Sebi et al, 2019; Tan et al, 2018). Although GR can only be considered as a path to reducing greenhouse gas emissions through energy savings, David Jacobs (2017) has disclosed an empirical case that implementing GR (heat insulation, airtightness, windows, air conditioning, and ventilation improvements, etc.) is effective in enhancing energy performance as well as improving user health, indoor environment, and air quality of old buildings. This is a major decision-making factor that determines whether to perform GR as the GR ratio can be increased. However, despite the energy reduction and various benefits (Co-Benefits) of GR, there are barriers such as a high construction cost burden, uneven energy reduction effects according to GR, and the lack of recognition of GR (Bergamn et al., 2020; Liu et al., 2020; Alam et al., 2019; Tan et al., 2018; Hwang et al., 2017). Therefore, many countries use policy measures such as subsidies, zero-interest loans, and various promotional means and technical support to alleviate this problem. However, they cannot activate these measures with voluntary GR. Therefore, in this study, 2030 NDC and 2050 carbon neutrality of the building sector, uneven energy saving characteristics of GR, and GR performance barriers were analyzed. Based on results of the analysis, this study discussed the direction of GR policy efficiency for carbon neutrality by comprehensively dealing with GR policy direction, quantitative goal establishment, GR effect (improvement of performance ratio), and so on. This is the first study analyzing characteristics of GR policy as a means of reducing greenhouse gas. This study also developed a recurrent GR policy model to propose a direction for improving GR policy for Korean residential facilities. Second, according to the allocation of greenhouse gas reduction targets in the building sector, a model was proposed to predict annual energy consumption using building performance and energy consumption data for neighborhood living facilities as the main GR targets. This prediction model can be used in a basic study to predict building energy consumption. It can be used as an analysis tool to establish quantitative goals (performance quantity) of the recurrent GR policy model and estimate the performance effect. Finally, as mentioned earlier, the improvement of indoor environment and air quality through GR in old buildings can improve the health of residents, which can increase the GR performance ratio as one of the important decision-making factors to determine whether to perform GR (David, 2017, J. Oritiz et al., 2019). Therefore, in the third study, the GR effect was proved by quantitatively analyzing carbon reduction, energy reduction costs, and public benefits (indoor environment and air quality) through GR for public business facilities. This result is a decision-making case that helps perform GR. It is judged to be a result that can contribute to GR activation (increasing the performance rate).한국은 2020년 10월 2050년까지 탄소중립을 선언하고, 2021년 8월 기후위기 대응을 위한 탄소중립∙녹색성장 기본법이 국회를 통과하면서 세계에서 14번째로 탄소중립을 법제화한 국가가 되었다. 2030 국가 온실가스 감축목표(Nationally Determined Contributions, NDC)는 2018년 기준 총배출량 대비 26.3% 감축에서 40% 감축으로 대폭 상향되었다. 상향된 2030 NDC에 따라 건물부문의 감축률은 종전 19.5%에서 32.8%로 대폭 증가되었다(윤순진, 2021). 이에 따라 건물부문 감축목표 달성을 위해 제로에너지빌딩(Zero Energy Building, ZEB)과 노후 건축물의 그린리모델링(Green Remodeling, GR) 확대는 큰 과제가 되었다. 특히 한국의 건물부문 온실가스 감축을 위해 총 건물동수 측면에서 기존 건축물 가지는 온실가스 감축 잠재력과 중요성은 매우 크다. 한국의 연간 건축허가 건물 동수는 약 25만 동이며, 이는 전체 건물 동수 719만 동의 약 3.5% 수준이기 때문이다(국토교통부, 2019). 다시 말해 3.5%에 해당하는 신축 건축물에 대한 엄격한 관리도 중요하나, 96.5%의 기존 건축물의 관리 없이는 실질적인 건물 에너지 및 온실가스 감축이 힘들다는 것은 쉽게 알 수 있다. 이러한 이유로 세계 많은 나라에서는 온실가스 감축 및 환경 이슈를 완화하기 위해 기존건축물의 에너지 효율화 정책을 적극적으로 시행 중이다. 영국의 Green Deal, 프랑스의 Green Growth Legislation, 미국의 the Energy Policy Act, 호주의 the Energy Efficiency in Government Operation policy, 중국의 13차 FYP(Five Year Plan)을 통한 리트로핏 정책, 싱가폴의 Building Retrofit Energy Efficiency Financing Scheme 등이 대표적인 노후 건축물의 에너지 성능개선 정책으로, GR 활성화 방안이 포함되어져 운영되고 있다(Liu et al., 2020; Sebi et al, 2019; Tan et al, 2018). 또한 GR은 온실가스 감축수단으로써 에너지 절감 효과 뿐 아니라, 실내 환경 및 공기질 개선으로 거주자 건강 개선효과가 입증 되었으며(David, 2017), 이는 GR 수행 여부를 결정하는 주요한 의사결정 요소로 GR 수행비율을 높일 수 있다(J.Oritiz et al, 2019). 한국은 코로나-19에 따른 국난 극복, 일자리 창출을 위해 한국판 뉴딜을 발표하면서 그린 뉴딜 중 GR(도시∙공간∙생활 인프라 녹색전환 계획 중 ①호 대책)을 첫 번째 대책으로 소개하였다(관계부처 합동, 2020). 그렇지만 GR의 에너지 절감 및 다양한 공편익(Co-Benefit)에도 불구하고, GR 활성화 측면에서 높은 공사비 부담, GR에 따른 균일하지 않은 에너지절감 효과 및 GR의 인식부족 등의 장벽이 존재하였다(Bergamn et al., 2020; Liu et al., 2020; Alam et al., 2019; Tan et al., 2018 ; Hwang et al., 2017). 해외 많은 국가에서는 이러한 문제를 완화하기 위해 보조금 지급, 제로금리 대출, 다양한 홍보수단 및 기술지원 등의 정책수단을 활용하고 있으나 자발적인 GR로 활성화하는데 한계를 가진다. 정리하자면 GR 정책은 ① 탄소중립(2050년), NDC(2030년)에 따라 온실가스 감축 수단으로써 장기간 지속적으로 수행되어야 하는 정책으로, ② GR의 균일하지 않은 에너지 절감 특징, ③ GR 활성화를 위한 다양한 수행 장벽을 고려해 종합적으로 다루어져야하는 정책이다. 그렇지만 종전의 GR 관련 선행연구가 GR 활성화 측면에 집중하여 GR 효과(에너지, 공편익 등), 경제성 및 GR 수행 장벽 등을 단편적으로 다루고, 온실가스 감축수단으로써 GR 정책을 종합적으로 연구하는 사례는 전무한 실정이다. 따라서 본 연구에서는 ① 탄소중립, NDC ② GR의 균일하지 않은 에너지 절감 특성, ③ GR 수행 장벽을 분석해, 한국의 GR 정책현황을 기반으로 ① GR 정책방향, ② 정량적인 목표수립, ③ GR 효과(수행비율 향상) 등을 종합적으로 다루어 탄소중립을 위한 GR 정책 효율화 방향에 대해 논의해 보고자 한다. 이를 위해 첫 번째 연구에서는 온실가스 감축수단으로써 GR 정책특성을 분석해 순환형 GR 정책모형을 개발하여 한국 주거시설에 대한 GR 정책 개선방향을 제안하였다. 두 번째는 건물부문의 온실가스 감축목표 할당에 따라 주된 GR 대상인 근린생활시설을 대상으로 건물 성능 및 에너지소비 데이터를 활용하여 연간 에너지 소비량을 예측하는 모형을 제안하였다. 이 예측모형은 건물 에너지소비량을 예측하는 기초연구로, 순환형 GR 정책모형의 정량적인 목표(수행수량)를 수립하고, 수행효과를 추정하는 분석도구로 활용이 가능하다. 마지막으로 앞서 언급하였듯이, 노후 건축물의 GR을 통한 실내 환경 및 공기질 개선은 거주자의 건강개선 효과가 있으며 이는 GR 수행 여부를 결정하는 중요한 의사결정 요소 중 하나로 GR 수행비율을 높일 수 있다(David, 2017, J.Oritiz et al, 2019). 따라서 세 번째 연구에서는 공공 업무시설을 대상으로 GR을 통한 탄소저감, 에너지 절감비용 및 공편익(실내 환경 및 공기질)을 정량적으로 분석해 GR 효과를 입증 하였다. 이 결과는 GR 수행을 돕는 의사결정 사례로 GR 활성화(수행 비율을 높이는데)에 기여 할 수 있는 결과로 판단된다.목 차 제 1 장 서론 13 제 1 절 연구배경 및 목적 13 제 2 절 연구의 구성 및 절차 18 제 2 장 PDCA Cycle을 접목한 순환형 GR 정책모형 및 정책개선 방향 20 제 1 절 연구배경 및 목적 20 제 2 절 연구절차 및 방법 24 제 3 절 문헌조사를 통한 GR 정책특성 분석 25 1. 온실가스 감축수단으로써의 GR 정책특성 25 2. GR의 에너지 절감 특성 26 3. GR 정책 활성화 장벽 26 제 4 절 GR 정책특성을 고려한 PDCA Cycle 개념적용 29 제 5 절 주요국의 GR 정책 현황 31 1. 프랑스 32 2. 독일 34 3. 미국 36 4. 중국 칭따오 38 5. 주요국의 주요 GR 정책 현황 정리 40 제 6 절 순환형 GR 정책모형 43 1. 순환형 GR 정책개념 구체화 및 정책모형 43 2. 순환형 GR 정책모형 운영을 위한 단계별 세부요소 43 제 7 절 한국 주거시설의 GR 정책현황 및 개선방향 49 1. 한국 주거시설의 GR 정책현황 49 2. 순환형 GR 정책모형으로 단계별 GR 정책개선 방향 50 제 8 절 소결 53 제 3 장 패널회귀 모형을 통한 소규모 근린생활시설의 에너지 소비량 예측 모형 55 제 1 절 연구배경 및 목적 55 제 2 절 선행연구 고찰 58 제 3 절 에너지소비량 예측 모형개발 65 1. 분석개요 65 2. 분석데이터 66 3. 분석방법 74 4. 분석 결과 79 5. 예측 모형개발 82 제 4 절 모형의 유효성 및 민감도 분석 84 1. 모형의 유효성(Validation) 검증 84 2. 민감도(Sensitivity) 분석 86 제 5 절 논의사항 88 제 6 절 소결 90 제 4 장 공공 업무시설의 GR에 따른 에너지 및 실내 환경 개선효과 92 제 1 절 연구배경 및 목적 92 제 2 절 연구절차 및 방법 97 1. 연구절차 97 2. 에너지진단, 실내 환경 및 공기질 측정방법 98 3. 노후 건축물의 에너지 시뮬레이션 분석방법 100 4. 비용 최적화 GR모델 선정방법 101 제 3 절 최적 GR 모델계획 및 Passive 설계/시공 103 1. 현장조사 103 2. 현장조사 결과 105 3. 최적 GR 모델계획 및 선정 109 4. Passive 설계 및 시공 112 제 4 절 GR 전/후 개선 효과 분석 114 1. 외피 열적 성능 비교 114 2. 실내 환경 및 공기질 비교 116 3. 사용자만족도 GR 전/후 분석 122 4. 에너지사용량, 탄소배출량 및 에너지 소비비용 분석 124 제 5 절 소결 127 제 5 장 결론 130 제 1 절 시사점 및 향후 연구방향 130 제 2 절 연구결과 요약 133 참고문헌 136 별 첨 148 Abstract 154박

EEG Patterns of High dose Pilocarpine-Induced Status Epilepticus in Rats

Background : We studied EEG changes during pilocarpine-induced status epilepticus(SE), a widely used model whose EEG characteristics have not been fully described previously. Methods : Male Sprague-Dawley rats weighing 250-350 grams were used as subjects. SE was induced 5-7 days after placement of chronic epidural electrodes, using 360-380 mg/Kg pilocarpine IP. Rats were observed with continuous EEG recording following pilocarpine injection until end of the SE episode. Results : SE occurred in 10/12 rats studied. SE began with a series of discrete seizures 11.1±3.93 minutes after pilocarpine injection. 5.2±2.71 seizures occurred over 10.9±4.62 minutes, until the EEG converted to a waxing and waning pattern, during which the amplitude and frequency of epileptiform activity increased. After 1.4±1.82 minutes, a pattern of continuous high amplitude rapid spiking was established. Continuous spiking continued for 3.4±0.48 hours with a very gradual decline in amplitude and frequency, until periodic epileptiform discharges(PEDs) began to occur. The EEG consisted primarily of PEDs for another 7.4±3.09 hours, until electrographic generalized seizures began to occur. These continued for 5.8±4.82 hours until death. Duration of SE was 17.0±5.88 hours. Flat periods were a prominent feature during all EEG patterns in this model. Conclusion : EEG features distinctive in pilocarpine SE(but not unique to it) include flat periods during all patterns and resumption of continuous spiking episodes after the onset of PEDs. The sequence of discrete seizures to waxing and waning to continuous spiking to PEDs was identical to that which has been described in humans and other animal models.OAIID:oai:osos.snu.ac.kr:snu2000-01/102/2014017262/1SEQ:1PERF_CD:SNU2000-01EVAL_ITEM_CD:102USER_ID:2014017262ADJUST_YN:NEMP_ID:A079623DEPT_CD:801CITE_RATE:0DEPT_NM:의학과SCOPUS_YN:NCONFIRM:

Paradoxical Lateralization of Convulsive Movements in a Subtle Status Epilepticus

Background : Subtle status epilepticus (SE) is an end-stage of convulsive SE. This phenomenon might be a clinical expression of neuronal exhaustion caused by sustained electrical discharges. As subtle SE may show diverse clinical features, early detection depends on clinical suspicion. Case : A 68-year-old woman was presented with repetitive involuntary movement of right limbs after two generalized tonic-clonic seizures. She experienced right middle cerebral artery infarction 4 months ago, and after the event, left side hemiplegia sustained. These seizures were first-ever after the cerebral infarction. Orientation and verbal responses were fairly preserved but general cognitive function was minimally slowed. During the video-EEG monitoring, repetitive sharp waves were noted in the right hemisphere and these sharp waves occasionally spread to the contralateral side. Her right side involuntary movement was identifiable when the epileptic discharges were found on her right hemisphere. Conclusion : We suggested that this unexpected convulsive movement is a reflection of earlier exhaustion in the right hemisphere or deefferentation of right hemisphere because of preexisting neuronal damage.OAIID:oai:osos.snu.ac.kr:snu2002-01/102/2014017262/6SEQ:6PERF_CD:SNU2002-01EVAL_ITEM_CD:102USER_ID:2014017262ADJUST_YN:NEMP_ID:A079623DEPT_CD:801CITE_RATE:0DEPT_NM:의학과SCOPUS_YN:NCONFIRM:

Two Patients with Epilepsy Induced by Complex Thinking

Reflex epilepsies are distinct but not clearly understood clinical entity. Various cerebral activities induced by simple stimulation including visual, auditory, somatosensory stimulation, as well as diverse functional tasks such as reading, calculation, complex thinking are believed to be seizure-inducing factors. We experienced two patients whose seizures were readily precipitated by complex, strenuous thinking. Both patients was teen-aged boy at the onset of seizure(13, and 15 years of age each) with normal physical and mental growth. Although first seizure was precipitated by watching TV and playing puzzles in each patient, initial diagnosis was idiopathic generalized epilepsy, possibly juvenile myoclonic epilepsy(JME). For the first few years, seizures were infrequent but mostly precipitated by the tasks needs concentration such as playing computer games, decision-making, mathematics, reading, or during the examination. EEG revealed various thinking process including reading hard books, drawing complex figure, complex calculation induced epileptic discharges even if it usually needs certain period of concentration. Phenytoin, valproic acid, clonazepam, vigabatrin, and lamotrigine sometimes abated their seizures but none of these made them seizure-free. Complex reflex epilepsy induced by thinking was proposed to be a separate type of epilepsy or a variant of JME. Age, sex, stereotypic seizure-inducing factors, clinical course, and refractory epilepsies in these patients highly suggested this type of epilepsy as a variant of JME but its refractoriness and unique provocation still needs more speculation.OAIID:oai:osos.snu.ac.kr:snu2000-01/102/2014017262/4SEQ:4PERF_CD:SNU2000-01EVAL_ITEM_CD:102USER_ID:2014017262ADJUST_YN:NEMP_ID:A079623DEPT_CD:801CITE_RATE:0DEPT_NM:의학과SCOPUS_YN:NCONFIRM:

Aphasic Status Epilepticus：Two Cases

Background & Significance：Aphasic status epilepticus is an uncommon presentation of a simple partial status epilepticus characterized by prolonged speech impairment with clinical-EEG correlation in the absence of an altered level of consciousness. There has been no published report in Korea. This study reports two adult patients with prolonged aphasia and EEG abnormalities. Cases：Total three episodes of aphasic status epilepticus were documented in two patients. Patients were right-handed 58-year-old and 79-year-old women. The cause was intracranial plasma cell granuloma involving left temporal lobe and old left temporo-parietal hemorrhage respectively. Aphasic symptoms of these patients were characterized by difficult comprehension and jargon speech with clear consciousness. The duration of aphasia ranged 9-14 days. EEG showed continuous periodic lateralized sharp waves in one patient and discrete rhythmic theta to alpha activities in left temporo-parieto-occipital region in the other patient. Comments：Although rare in adults, aphasic status epilepticus should be considered in the differential diagnosis of aphasia.OAIID:oai:osos.snu.ac.kr:snu2000-01/102/2014017262/3SEQ:3PERF_CD:SNU2000-01EVAL_ITEM_CD:102USER_ID:2014017262ADJUST_YN:NEMP_ID:A079623DEPT_CD:801CITE_RATE:0DEPT_NM:의학과SCOPUS_YN:NCONFIRM:

Nonlinear characterization of EEG under the internal and external stimuli

Backgrounds and objective : EEG reflect dynamic changes of continuous neuronal activities by internal and external stimuli. The aim of this study is to quantify nonlinearly the local dynamic differences among EEG data corresponding to different states of brain. Methods : EEG was recorded from twelve healthy normal subjects(mean age, 29.7 years; 8 men and 4 women) using digital EEG machine. 18-channel EEG data were selected during eyes closed(EC), eyes open(EO), and mental arithmetic( MA) in each subject. Correlation dimension(D2) and largest Lyapunov exponent(LLE) were calculated from three states and average value was mapped 2 dimensionally and compared with each other. Results : The distribution of D2 was relatively symmetric and its value was higher in frontal than in parieto-occipital region during EC. These findings were reversed during EO. Bilateral centro-temporo-parietal region showed high D2 value in MA compared with those in EC, which was more prominent in left side. LLE was larger than zero in all state and showed significant differences among EC, EO and MA(p=0.000). Conclusion : These results suggest that nonlinear analysis of EEG can quantify dynamic state of brain.OAIID:oai:osos.snu.ac.kr:snu2002-01/102/2014017262/3SEQ:3PERF_CD:SNU2002-01EVAL_ITEM_CD:102USER_ID:2014017262ADJUST_YN:NEMP_ID:A079623DEPT_CD:801CITE_RATE:0DEPT_NM:의학과SCOPUS_YN:NCONFIRM:

Effect of the Ketogenic Diet on Flurothyl-Induced Seizure Susceptibility

Purpose：Despite decades of clinical experience with the ketogenic diet (KD), its efficacy and mechanisms of action have been examined in few animal studies. The present study was designed to investigate the effect of a KD on flurothyl-induced seizure susceptibility in rats. Methods：Twenty male Sprague-Dawley rats were divided into two equal groups. Dietary treatment was initiated at P39. The experimental group was fasted for a day and then fed a KD consisting of [fat]：[protein + carbohydrate] ratio of 4.3：1, while the control group was fed a standard rodent chow. On treatment day 21, blood β-hydroxybutyrate (BHB) levels were assayed and seizures were chemically induced by flurothyl (40 μl/min). Seizure susceptibility was defined as the latency from the start of flurothyl infusion to the onset of a generalized seizure (loss of posture with bilateral hindlimb tonic extension). Shorter latencies reflect greater seizure susceptibility. Results：Blood BHB levels in the KDtreated group were significantly higher than those of the control group (4.75±0.38 [n=10] vs. 0.19±0.02 [n=10] mM, respectively；p<0.01). The latencies to the onset of a generalized seizure were 673.2±32.95 [n=10] and 523.0±31.11 [n=10] seconds for the KD-treated and control groups, respectively (p<0.01). Conclusion：This study demonstrates the significant decrease in the susceptibility of flurothyl-induced seizure in the KD-treated rats. Furthermore, we have established a working animal model from which future mechanistic studies can be based.OAIID:oai:osos.snu.ac.kr:snu2002-01/102/2014017262/7SEQ:7PERF_CD:SNU2002-01EVAL_ITEM_CD:102USER_ID:2014017262ADJUST_YN:NEMP_ID:A079623DEPT_CD:801CITE_RATE:0DEPT_NM:의학과SCOPUS_YN:NCONFIRM:

A clinical study on the seizure and spontaneous lobar intracerebral hemorrhage

Background and Objective : Epileptic seizures are frequent complication of lobar hemorrhage. We investigated the factors affecting development of epilepsy following spontaneous lobar ICH. Methods : From January 1986 to July 1999, 114 patients were admitted to Chungnam National University Hospital with spontaneous lobar ICH. We analyzed 75 patients. Excluded were no follow-up(8 patients) and patients died within few days(31 patients). All the patient was followed up at least two years aside from two patients who underwent epileptic seizure and died five and eight months later each. Medical history was obtained through medical record and by telephone interview. Statistical analyses were performed using Chi-square test, Students t - test, Fishers exact test. Results : Seizure occurred in 19 patients. As three patients had previous history of seizures, 16 patients(22.2%) showed first onset early- and late- seizures. Early seizure occurred in 14 patients(19.4%). Three out of 14 were heavy alcoholics. Five patients developed late recurrent seizure 61 days to 800 days after the early seizure. Late seizure with no acute seizure occurred in two patients. The types of seizure were diverse as generalized tonic clonic seizure(10), partial seizure with secondary generalization(5), and complex partial seizure(1). The common risk factors for lobar ICH were hypertension(HT), arteriovenous malformation(AVM), and excessive use of alcohol. We could not find any causes in 23 patients. Although size of hematoma, age of onset, sex, incidence of HT or AVM were not different between patients with seizure and without seizure, the history of excessive alcohol drinking was more frequent in patients with seizure. Five patients with late recurrent seizure had ICH involving temporal area. Conclusions : This study suggests that the risk of seizure in patients with lobar ICH was increase in chronic alcoholics and patient with late recurrent seizure had ICH frequently involving temporal area.OAIID:oai:osos.snu.ac.kr:snu2002-01/102/2014017262/4SEQ:4PERF_CD:SNU2002-01EVAL_ITEM_CD:102USER_ID:2014017262ADJUST_YN:NEMP_ID:A079623DEPT_CD:801CITE_RATE:0DEPT_NM:의학과SCOPUS_YN:NCONFIRM:

Semiological and Electroencephalographic Characteristics of Kainic Acid-Induced Status Epilepticus in Rats

Background : Status epilepticus (SE) shows stereotyped progression of electroencephalogram (EEG) and behaviors in human and some SE models. We analysed semiologic features with the electroencephalographic characteristics of kainic acid (KA)-induced SE which showed different patterns from the previously reported patterns of SE. Methods : Seventeen male Sprague-Dawley rats weighing 150~220 grams were used. SE was induced 5~7 days after the placement of epidural electrodes on the rats, using 13 mg/kg kainic acid i.p.. EEGs were recorded and behaviors were continuously observed until the end of SE. Results : After the initial akinesia which was apparent within minutes of the KA injection, limbic motor seizure (LMS) composed of facial clonus, head nodding, and akinesia were repeated. Each LMS progressed into more vigorous patterns composed of facial clonus, head nodding, bilateral upper extremity clonus and rearing, without akinesia. Each cycle was repeated as the SE progressed. Severe LMS made up of facial clonus, head nodding, bilateral upper extremity clonus, rearing, falling, and jumping was followed and reiterated. After severe LMS, rats entered subtle SE. In the EEG, repeated discrete seizures mostly consisted of low voltage regular sharp waves and spikes with flat periods. After entering into the LMS, discrete seizure, merging seizure, continuous ictal discharges & periodic epileptiform discharges (PEDs) appeared sequentially in a single cycle and also reiterated. Even during subtle SE, rhythmic cycles were composed of alternating continuous ictal discharges and PEDs. PEDs were gradually replaced by sharp waves or spikes and rats recovered from SE. Conclusions : Semiologic features and the EEG sequence of KAinduced SE were composed of a series of rhythmic cycles, which have separate EEG patterns in a single cycle. Late EEG patterns of SE were more prominent as the SE progressed.OAIID:oai:osos.snu.ac.kr:snu2001-01/102/2014017262/1SEQ:1PERF_CD:SNU2001-01EVAL_ITEM_CD:102USER_ID:2014017262ADJUST_YN:NEMP_ID:A079623DEPT_CD:801DEPT_NM:의학과CONFIRM:

Spatio-temporal distribution & propagation of temporal lobe seizures: application of nonlinear mutual cross prediction

Background : Nonlinear mutual cross prediction (MCP) characterizes ynamic interdependence among nonlinear systems. MCP also reveal relative strength of the coupling between systems, thus provides information about the direction of interdependence. The aim of this study is to apply MCP algorithm to multi-channel EEG and to characterize spatio-temporal pattern of seizure. M e t h o d s : We analyzed MCP of EEG of three medically intractable temporal lobe epilepsy patients, who underwent temporal lobectomy (left 2, right 1). Asymmetry of nonlinear cross predictability between channels was investigated. Five epochs of interictal EEG free from epileptiform discharge(s) and of ictal EEG were analyzed. R e s u l t s : In interictal period, both frontal and occipital region appeared a weak driving force while awake and this driving force was further weakened during sleep. Before the onset of the seizure (preictal phase), the intensity of driving system became slightly stronger around seizure foci in 3 out of 8 seizures while no significant change was seen on the naked eyes. However this change was dim and not continuous. At the onset of seizure (ictal phase), 5 out of 8 seizures showed strong driving force around seizure foci. Three seizures without significant change initially had strong driving force as synchronous seizure discharges became built-up and spreading to surrounding areas in the middle of seizure. All seizures showed ipsilateral frontotemporal strong driving force and centroparietal response system, which was typical spatio-temporal distribution of MCP. Conclusion : MCP analysis may be a useful method for detecting spatio-temporal distribution and propagation pattern in temporal lobe epilepsy.OAIID:oai:osos.snu.ac.kr:snu2002-01/102/2014017262/2SEQ:2PERF_CD:SNU2002-01EVAL_ITEM_CD:102USER_ID:2014017262ADJUST_YN:NEMP_ID:A079623DEPT_CD:801CITE_RATE:0DEPT_NM:의학과SCOPUS_YN:NCONFIRM: