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    Enseignement du français pour un objectif spécifique

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    ν•™μœ„λ…Όλ¬Έ (석사)-- μ„œμšΈλŒ€ν•™κ΅ λŒ€ν•™μ› : μ™Έκ΅­μ–΄κ΅μœ‘κ³Ό(λΆˆμ–΄μ „κ³΅), 2013. 2. 심봉섭.λ³Έ μ—°κ΅¬λŠ” μ™Έκ΅­μ–΄λ‘œμ„œ ν”„λž‘μŠ€μ–΄λ₯Ό λ°°μš°λŠ” ν•™μŠ΅μž 집단 μ€‘μ˜ ν•˜λ‚˜μΈ μ„±μ•… μ „κ³΅μžλ“€μ˜ ν”„λž‘μŠ€μ–΄ ꡐ윑 ν˜„ν™© νŒŒμ•…κ³Ό ν”„λž‘μŠ€μ–΄ μš”κ΅¬ 뢄석을 ν†΅ν•΄μ„œ κ·Έ 집단에 μ ν•©ν•œ 효율적인 ν”„λž‘μŠ€μ–΄ κ΅μˆ˜Β·ν•™μŠ΅ λ°©λ²•μ˜ κ°œμ„  λ°©μ•ˆμ„ λͺ¨μƒ‰ν•˜λŠ” 데에 κ·Έ λͺ©μ μ΄ μžˆλ‹€. ν”„λž‘μŠ€μ–΄ κ΅μœ‘μ€ 크게 일반 ν”„λž‘μŠ€μ–΄(franΓ§ais gΓ©nΓ©ral)와 특수 λͺ©μ  ν”„λž‘μŠ€μ–΄(franΓ§ais sur objectif spΓ©cifique)둜 λ‚˜λˆ„μ–΄ 질 수 μžˆλ‹€. 일반 ν”„λž‘μŠ€μ–΄ κ΅μœ‘μ€ 일반적인 상식을 μŒ“κ±°λ‚˜ ꡐ양을 μ¦μ§„μ‹œν‚€κΈ° μœ„ν•˜μ—¬ 차후에 μ–΄λ–€ λͺ©μ μœΌλ‘œ 쓰일지 λͺ¨λ₯΄μ§€λ§Œ, λ‹Ήμž₯은 ꡬ체적인 λͺ©μ  없이 단지 ν”„λž‘μŠ€μ–΄λ₯Ό λ°°μš΄λ‹€λŠ” κ΄‘λ²”μœ„ν•œ ν•™μŠ΅ λͺ©ν‘œ μ•„λž˜ 주둜 λ¬Έν™”λ‚˜ μΌμƒμƒν™œκ³Ό 관련이 μžˆλŠ” λ‚΄μš©μœΌλ‘œ 이루어진닀. 반면, 특수 λͺ©μ  ν”„λž‘μŠ€μ–΄ κ΅μœ‘μ€ μš©μ–΄ κ·ΈλŒ€λ‘œ νŠΉμˆ˜ν•œ λͺ©μ μ„ 가지고 ν”„λž‘μŠ€μ–΄λ₯Ό 배우고자 ν•˜λŠ” ν•™μŠ΅μžλ₯Ό μœ„ν•œ κΈ°λŠ₯적인 μ–Έμ–΄ κ΅μœ‘μ„ λ§ν•œλ‹€. 특수 λͺ©μ  ν”„λž‘μŠ€μ–΄λŠ” 직업 ν™œλ™μ΄λ‚˜ μƒμœ„ κ΅μœ‘μ„ λ°›κΈ° μœ„ν•΄ μ—¬λŸ¬ μ „λ¬Έ λΆ„μ•Όλ‚˜ ν•™μ—… κ³Όμ • μ€‘μ—μ„œ ν”„λž‘μŠ€μ–΄λ₯Ό ν•„μš”λ‘œ ν•˜λŠ” 성인듀을 μœ„ν•œ ꡐ윑으둜써 ν•™μŠ΅μžλ“€μ€ ν•™μŠ΅λͺ©ν‘œκ°€ λšœλ ·ν•˜κ³  단기간 내에 ν”„λž‘μŠ€μ–΄λ₯Ό λ°°μ›Œ ν™œμš©ν•˜κΈ° μ›ν•œλ‹€. λ˜ν•œ, ν•™μŠ΅μžμ˜ μ–Έμ–΄μš”κ΅¬(besoins langagiers)λ₯Ό λ°”νƒ•μœΌλ‘œ λͺ¨λ“  ꡐ윑 ν™œλ™λ“€μ΄ μ΄λ£¨μ–΄μ§€λŠ” ν•™μŠ΅μž μ€‘μ‹¬μ˜ κ΅μœ‘μ΄λΌλŠ” μ μ—μ„œ 일반 ν”„λž‘μŠ€μ–΄ κ΅μœ‘κ³ΌλŠ” ν™•μ‹€ν•˜κ²Œ ꡬ뢄이 되고 μžˆλ‹€. λ³Έ μ—°κ΅¬μ˜ λŒ€μƒμΈ μš°λ¦¬λ‚˜λΌμ˜ μ„±μ•… μ „κ³΅μžλ“€μ€ ν”„λž‘μŠ€μ–΄ ν•™μŠ΅μ„ μ ˆμ‹€νžˆ ν•„μš”λ‘œ ν•˜λŠ” μ§‘λ‹¨μ΄μ§€λ§Œ ν˜„μ‹€μ μœΌλ‘œ 그듀이 μ›ν•˜λŠ” ν”„λž‘μŠ€μ–΄ ꡐ윑의 기회λ₯Ό 거의 갖지 λͺ»ν•˜κ³  μžˆλ‹€λŠ” μ μ—μ„œ 잠재적인 특수 λͺ©μ  ν”„λž‘μŠ€μ–΄ ν•™μŠ΅μž μ§‘λ‹¨μœΌλ‘œ λΆ„λ₯˜ν•  수 μžˆλ‹€. λ˜ν•œ λ³Έ μ—°κ΅¬μ—μ„œλŠ” 특수 λͺ©μ  ν”„λž‘μŠ€μ–΄ κ΅μœ‘μ„ λ‹€μ‹œ 특수 λͺ©μ μ„ μœ„ν•œ ν”„λž‘μŠ€μ–΄ ꡐ윑과 κ΅¬λΆ„ν•˜μ—¬ μ„±μ•… 전곡 ν•™μŠ΅μžλ“€μ„ μœ„ν•œ ν”„λž‘μŠ€μ–΄ κ΅μœ‘μ„ 특수 λͺ©μ  ν”„λž‘μŠ€μ–΄ κ΅μœ‘κ³ΌλŠ” κ°œλ…μ μœΌλ‘œ 차이가 μžˆλŠ” 특수 λͺ©μ μ„ μœ„ν•œ ν”„λž‘μŠ€μ–΄ ꡐ윑으둜 κ°„μ£Όν•˜μ˜€λ‹€. ν”„λž‘μŠ€ μ˜ˆμˆ κ°€κ³‘μ„ λ…Έλž˜ν•˜λŠ” μ„±μ•… μ „κ³΅μžλ“€μ—κ²Œ μžˆμ–΄μ„œ ν”„λž‘μŠ€μ–΄λŠ” 항상 μ“°μ΄λŠ” 언어이며 ν•„μš”ν•œ 언어이닀. 이듀은 기본적으둜 ν”„λž‘μŠ€μ–΄μ˜ λ°œμŒλ²•κ³Ό ν•΄μ„ν•˜λŠ” λŠ₯λ ₯을 κ°€μž₯ ν•„μš”λ‘œ ν•˜κ³  있으며 배우기 μ›ν•œλ‹€. μ΄λ ‡κ²Œ νŠΉμˆ˜ν•œ μƒν™©μ—μ„œ ν•™μŠ΅ λͺ©μ μ΄ λΆ„λͺ…ν•œ μ΄λ“€μ—κ²Œ 일반 λͺ©μ μ˜ ν”„λž‘μŠ€μ–΄ κ΅μœ‘λ§Œμ„ ν•œλ‹€λ©΄ ꡐ윑 λͺ©μ κ³Ό λͺ©ν‘œλ₯Ό λ‹¬μ„±ν•˜κ³  ꡐ윑적 효과λ₯Ό μ–»κΈ°κ°€ 맀우 μ–΄λ €μšΈ 것이닀. ν˜„μž¬ λŒ€ν•™κ΅ μ„±μ•…κ³Ό 전곡과λͺ©μœΌλ‘œ κ°œμ„€λœ ν”„λž‘μŠ€μ–΄ κ΄€λ ¨ μˆ˜μ—…λ“€μ΄ μžˆμ§€λ§Œ 이 μˆ˜μ—…μ—μ„œ λ‹€λ£¨λŠ” λ‚΄μš©λ§ŒμœΌλ‘œλŠ” 그듀이 μ›ν•˜λŠ” ν”„λž‘μŠ€μ–΄ λŠ₯λ ₯을 κ°–μΆ”κΈ°κ°€ νž˜λ“€λ‹€. λ”°λΌμ„œ μ„±μ•… μ „κ³΅μžλ“€μ˜ μš”κ΅¬λ₯Ό λ°˜μ˜ν•˜κ³  이 μ§‘λ‹¨μ˜ νŠΉμ„±κ³Ό κΈ°λŒ€μ— μ•Œλ§žμ€ ꡐ윑 방법을 μ œμ‹œν•  ν•„μš”κ°€ μžˆλ‹€. 이λ₯Ό μœ„ν•΄ μš°μ„  μ„±μ•… μ „κ³΅μžλ“€μ˜ ν”„λž‘μŠ€μ–΄ κ΅μœ‘μ— λŒ€ν•œ μš”κ΅¬λ₯Ό λΆ„μ„ν•˜κ³  이 μ§‘λ‹¨μ˜ νŠΉμ„±μ„ νŒŒμ•…ν•˜λŠ” μž‘μ—…μ΄ μ„ ν–‰λ˜μ–΄μ•Ό ν•  것이닀. λ”°λΌμ„œ ν˜„μž¬ μ„±μ•…κ°€λ‘œ ν™œλ™ μ€‘μ΄κ±°λ‚˜ λŒ€ν•™μ—μ„œ 성악을 μ „κ³΅ν•˜κ³  μžˆλŠ” 61λͺ…μ˜ μ„±μ•… μ „κ³΅μžλ“€μ„ λŒ€μƒμœΌλ‘œ 섀문을 톡해 ν”„λž‘μŠ€μ–΄ μš”κ΅¬λ₯Ό μ‘°μ‚¬ν•˜μ˜€λ‹€. 쑰사 κ²°κ³Όλ₯Ό ν† λŒ€λ‘œ ν•™μŠ΅μžμ˜ μ–Έμ–΄μš”κ΅¬κ°€ 반영된 ν•™μŠ΅ λͺ©ν‘œμ™€ λ‚΄μš©μ„ μ„ μ •ν•˜μ˜€κ³  이 ν•™μŠ΅ λ‚΄μš© 쀑 일뢀λ₯Ό 가지고 μ„±μ•…κ³Όμ˜ ν”„λž‘μŠ€μ–΄ κ΄€λ ¨ μˆ˜μ—…μ—μ„œ 효과적으둜 ν™œμš©ν•  수 μžˆλŠ” κ΅μˆ˜Β·ν•™μŠ΅ λ°©μ•ˆμ„ 예둜 μ œμ‹œν•˜μ˜€λ‹€. ν˜„μž¬ κ΅­λ‚΄μ˜ ν”„λž‘μŠ€μ–΄ ν•™μŠ΅μžμ˜ μˆ˜μš”κ°€ 점점 쀄어듀고 있긴 ν•˜μ§€λ§Œ μ—¬μ „νžˆ ν”„λž‘μŠ€μ–΄λ₯Ό ν•„μš”λ‘œ ν•˜κ³  있으며 κΎΈμ€€νžˆ 배우고자 ν•˜λŠ” ν•™μŠ΅μžλ“€μ€ 항상 μ‘΄μž¬ν•œλ‹€. μ„±μ•… 전곡 ν•™μŠ΅μžλ“€μ²˜λŸΌ μ–΄λ–€ λͺ©μ μ— μ˜ν•΄ ν”„λž‘μŠ€μ–΄λ₯Ό κ°„μ ˆν•˜κ²Œ ν•„μš”λ‘œ ν•˜λŠ” ν•™μŠ΅μžλ“€μ„ μœ„ν•΄, 비둝 κ·Έ μˆ˜κ°€ μ†Œμˆ˜μΌμ§€λΌλ„ μ‹€μ§ˆμ μΈ 도움을 쀄 수 μžˆλŠ” 특수 λͺ©μ μ„ μœ„ν•œ ν”„λž‘μŠ€μ–΄ κ΅μœ‘μ„ 톡해 μ‹€μš©μ μΈ λΆ€λΆ„μ—μ„œ ν”„λž‘μŠ€μ–΄ ꡐ윑의 ν™œμ„±ν™”κ°€ 이루어지길 λ°”λž€λ‹€.0. μ„œλ‘  1 β… . 이둠적 λ°°κ²½ 5 1.1. 특수 λͺ©μ  ν”„λž‘μŠ€μ–΄μ˜ 역사적 λ°°κ²½ 5 1.2. 특수 λͺ©μ  ν”„λž‘μŠ€μ–΄λ₯Ό μ§€μΉ­ν•˜λŠ” μš©μ–΄μ˜ 역사 7 1.2.1. ꡰ사 ν”„λž‘μŠ€μ–΄ 8 1.2.2. κ³Όν•™Β·κΈ°μˆ  λΆ„μ•Όμ˜ ν”„λž‘μŠ€μ–΄ 10 1.2.3. 도ꡬ ν”„λž‘μŠ€μ–΄ 12 1.2.4. κΈ°λŠ₯ ν”„λž‘μŠ€μ–΄ 14 1.3. 특수 λͺ©μ  ν”„λž‘μŠ€μ–΄ 19 1.3.1. 특수 λͺ©μ  ν”„λž‘μŠ€μ–΄μ˜ κ°œλ… 19 1.3.2. 일반 ν”„λž‘μŠ€μ–΄ vs 특수 λͺ©μ  ν”„λž‘μŠ€μ–΄ 20 1.3.3. 특수 λͺ©μ  ν”„λž‘μŠ€μ–΄ ꡐ윑의 선행연ꡬ 22 1.4. 특수 λͺ©μ  ν”„λž‘μŠ€μ–΄μ™€ μ„±μ•… 전곡 ν•™μŠ΅μžλ“€μ„ μœ„ν•œ ν”„λž‘μŠ€μ–΄ 25 β…‘. μ„±μ•… 전곡 ν•™μŠ΅μžλ“€μ˜ ν”„λž‘μŠ€μ–΄ κ΅μœ‘Β·ν•™μŠ΅ ν˜„ν™© 뢄석 28 2.1. 쑰사 λŒ€μƒ μ„ μ • 및 방법 28 2.2. μ„±μ•…κ³Ό ν”„λž‘μŠ€μ–΄ κ΄€λ ¨ ꡐ과 κ°œμ„€ ν˜„ν™© 29 2.3. ꡐ재 및 λ‚΄μš© 뢄석 37 2.3.1. ꡐ재 λΆ„μ„μ˜ λͺ©μ  및 뢄석 ꡐ재 μ„ μ • 37 2.3.2. ꡐ재 λΆ„μ„μ˜ κΈ°μ€€ 38 2.3.3. ꡐ재 뢄석 40 β…’. μ„±μ•… 전곡 ν•™μŠ΅μžλ“€μ˜ ν”„λž‘μŠ€μ–΄ μš”κ΅¬ 뢄석 60 3.1. μ–Έμ–΄κ΅μœ‘μ—μ„œ ν•™μŠ΅μžμ˜ μ–Έμ–΄μš”κ΅¬ 뢄석 60 3.1.1. μ–Έμ–΄μš”κ΅¬μ˜ μ •μ˜ 60 3.1.2. μš”κ΅¬ λΆ„μ„μ˜ μ •μ˜ 및 λͺ©μ  62 3.1.3. μš”κ΅¬ 뢄석 방법둠 64 3.2. 쑰사 λŒ€μƒ 및 λͺ©ν‘œ 66 3.3. 쑰사 λ‚΄μš© 및 절차 67 3.4. 쑰사 κ²°κ³Ό 및 뢄석 69 3.4.1. ν”„λž‘μŠ€μ–΄ ν•™μŠ΅κ²½ν—˜ 뢄석 69 3.4.2. ν”„λž‘μŠ€μ–΄ κ΄€λ ¨ μˆ˜μ—…κ²½ν—˜ 뢄석 73 3.4.2.1. μˆ˜μ—… 및 진행 방식 쑰사 73 3.4.2.2. κ΅μž¬μ— λŒ€ν•œ 쑰사 77 3.4.2.3. κ΅μˆ˜μžμ— κ΄€ν•œ 쑰사 80 3.4.3. ν•™μŠ΅μžμ˜ ν”„λž‘μŠ€μ–΄ μš”κ΅¬ 뢄석 83 β…£. μ„±μ•… 전곡 ν•™μŠ΅μžλ“€μ„ μœ„ν•œ ν”„λž‘μŠ€μ–΄ κ΅μˆ˜Β·ν•™μŠ΅ 방법 κ°œμ„  λ°©μ•ˆ 91 4.1. ν”„λž‘μŠ€μ–΄ μš”κ΅¬ 뢄석을 λ°˜μ˜ν•œ ν•™μŠ΅ λͺ©ν‘œ 및 λ‚΄μš© μ„ μ • 91 4.1.1. ν”„λž‘μŠ€μ–΄ ν•™μŠ΅ λͺ©ν‘œ μ„€μ • 91 4.1.2. ν”„λž‘μŠ€μ–΄ ν•™μŠ΅ λ‚΄μš© μ„ μ • 92 4.2. μ„±μ•… 전곡 ν•™μŠ΅μžλ“€μ„ μœ„ν•œ ν”„λž‘μŠ€μ–΄ κ΅μˆ˜Β·ν•™μŠ΅ λ°©μ•ˆ 99 4.2.1. κ°€κ³‘μ˜ 가사 해석을 μœ„ν•œ λ™μ‚¬ν™œμš© ν•™μŠ΅ λ°©μ•ˆ 100 4.3. ν”„λž‘μŠ€μ–΄ κ΄€λ ¨ μˆ˜μ—…μ˜ κ΅μˆ˜Β·ν•™μŠ΅ μ œλ„ κ°œμ„  λ°©μ•ˆ 105 β…€.κ²°λ‘  109 Bibliographie 113 Annexe 118 [뢀둝 1] μ„±μ•… μ „κ³΅μžλ“€μ˜ ν”„λž‘μŠ€μ–΄ μš”κ΅¬ 쑰사 118 [뢀둝 2] μ„€λ¬Έ 쑰사 κ²°κ³Ό 뢄석 134 [뢀둝 3] κΈ°λ³Έ μ–΄νœ˜ν‘œ 기쀀에 λ”°λ₯Έ κ°€κ³‘μ˜ κΈ°λ³Έμ–΄νœ˜ 150 [뢀둝 4] κΈ°λ³Έ μ–΄νœ˜μ— μ†ν•˜μ§€ μ•ŠμœΌλ‚˜ 가곑에 μ œμ‹œλœ μ–΄νœ˜ 154 RΓ©sumΓ© 156 ν‘œ λͺ© μ°¨ [ν‘œ β… -1] 일반 ν”„λž‘μŠ€μ–΄ vs 특수 λͺ©μ  ν”„λž‘μŠ€μ–΄ 22 [ν‘œ β…‘-1] 6개 λŒ€ν•™ μ„±μ•…κ³Ό ν”„λž‘μŠ€μ–΄ κ³Όλ ¨ ꡐ과 29 [ν‘œ β…‘-2] ν”„λž‘μŠ€μ–΄ κ΄€λ ¨ κ°•μ’Œ λ‚΄μš© 및 μˆ˜μ—… 진행 ν˜•νƒœ 32 [ν‘œ β…‘-3] ꡐ재 뢄석 κΈ°μ€€ 40 [ν‘œ β…‘-4] ꡐ재의 λͺ©ν‘œ 41 [ν‘œ β…‘-5] ꡐ재의 ꡬ성 41 [ν‘œ β…‘-6] 각 단원 ꡬ성 42 [ν‘œ β…‘-7] Aꡐ재의 발음 λ‚΄μš© μ œμ‹œ 및 μ„€λͺ… 46 [ν‘œ β…‘-8] Bꡐ재의 발음 λ‚΄μš© μ œμ‹œ 및 μ„€λͺ… 47 [ν‘œ β…‘-9] μ–΄νœ˜ 뢄석을 μœ„ν•œ 뢄석 λŒ€μƒ 가곑 52 [ν‘œ β…’-1] μ„±μ•… 전곡 ν•™μŠ΅μžλ“€μ˜ ν”„λž‘μŠ€μ–΄ μš”κ΅¬ 쑰사 λ‚΄μš© 68 [ν‘œ β…’-2] ν”„λž‘μŠ€μ–΄ λ”•μ…˜ ꡐ재λ₯Ό ν†΅ν•œ ν”„λž‘μŠ€μ–΄ λ°œμŒλ²• μŠ΅λ“μ—¬λΆ€ 79 [ν‘œ β…’-3] ꡐ수자의 전곡뢄야 81 [ν‘œ β…’-4] μ›ν•˜λŠ” ν”„λž‘μŠ€μ–΄ λ”•μ…˜ μˆ˜μ—… ꡐ수자 νƒ€μž… 82 [ν‘œ β…’-5] ꡐ수자의 ν”„λž‘μŠ€μ–΄ 문법 ꡐ윑 μ—¬λΆ€ 82 κ·Έ λ¦Ό λͺ© μ°¨ [κ·Έλ¦Ό β… -1] FOS κ΅μœ‘ν”„λ‘œκ·Έλž¨μ„ μœ„ν•œ 5단계 절차 24 [κ·Έλ¦Ό β…’-1] ν”„λž‘μŠ€ 체λ₯˜κ²½ν—˜ 70 [κ·Έλ¦Ό β…’-2] μ „λ°˜μ μΈ ν”„λž‘μŠ€μ–΄ λŠ₯λ ₯에 κ΄€ν•œ μžκ°€μ§„λ‹¨ 평가 71 [κ·Έλ¦Ό β…’-3] ν”„λž‘μŠ€μ–΄ λ§ν•˜κΈ°Β·λ“£κΈ°Β·μ½κΈ°Β·μ“°κΈ° λŠ₯λ ₯ 72 [κ·Έλ¦Ό β…’-4] ν”„λž‘μŠ€μ–΄ κ΄€λ ¨ μˆ˜μ—… μˆ˜κ°•μ—¬λΆ€ 74 [κ·Έλ¦Ό β…’-5] 기본적인 ν”„λž‘μŠ€μ–΄ ν•™μŠ΅μ˜ ν•„μš”μ„± 75 [κ·Έλ¦Ό β…’-6] μˆ˜μ—…μ˜ ꡐ재 μ‚¬μš© μ—¬λΆ€ 77 [κ·Έλ¦Ό β…’-7] μˆ˜μ—… μ΄μ™Έμ˜ λ³„λ„μ˜ ꡐ재 μ°Έκ³ μ—¬λΆ€ 78 [κ·Έλ¦Ό β…’-8] ꡐ재 μ°Έκ³  μ‹œ 도움이 λ˜μ—ˆλŠ”μ§€μ˜ μ—¬λΆ€ 78 [κ·Έλ¦Ό β…’-9] κ΅μˆ˜μžμ— λŒ€ν•œ λ§Œμ‘±λ„ 81 [κ·Έλ¦Ό β…’-10] λ°œμŒλ²• 이외에 λ³„λ„μ˜ ν”„λž‘μŠ€μ–΄ ν•™μŠ΅μ˜ ν•„μš”μ„± 84 [κ·Έλ¦Ό β…’-11] λ°œμŒλ²• 이외에 ν•„μš”ν•œ ν•™μŠ΅μ˜ μ’…λ₯˜ 85 [κ·Έλ¦Ό β…’-12] 성악을 μœ„ν•œ ν”„λž‘μŠ€μ–΄ 문법 ν•™μŠ΅μ˜ ν•„μš”μ„± 86 [κ·Έλ¦Ό β…’-13] ν”„λž‘μŠ€ κ°€κ³‘Β·μ˜€νŽ˜λΌλ₯Ό μ—°μ£Όν•  λ•Œμ˜ 두렀움 μ—¬λΆ€ 87 [κ·Έλ¦Ό β…’-14] ν”„λž‘μŠ€μ–΄ μˆ˜μ€€μ΄ λ†’μ•„μ§ˆ 경우, 연주에 λŒ€ν•œ μžμ‹ κ° μ—¬λΆ€ 88 [κ·Έλ¦Ό β…’-15] ν”„λž‘μŠ€μ–΄ ν•™μŠ΅ 의ν–₯ 89 [κ·Έλ¦Ό β…’-16] μ›ν•˜λŠ” ν•™μŠ΅ ν˜•νƒœ 89Maste

    일본 μ›μžλ ₯신화와 μ›μ „μ†Œμ†‘ : κ·Έ 역사와 ν˜„μž¬λ₯Ό λ‘˜λŸ¬μ‹Ό ν•΄λ°©μ˜ 기초

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    [μ„œν‰] 1. λ‹€μΉ΄κΈ° μ§„μžλΆ€λ‘œ μ €, 김원식 μ—­, , μ„œμšΈ: 녹색평둠사, 2011. 2. ζ΅·ζΈ‘ι›„δΈ€, , 東京: 岩泒書店, 2011.2011λ…„ ν›„μΏ μ‹œλ§ˆ 사고가 λ°œμƒν•œ 지도 벌써 3년이 ν›Œμ© 지났고, κ·Έλ™μ•ˆ μΌλ³Έμ—μ„œλŠ” ν›„μΏ μ‹œλ§ˆ μ‚¬κ³ μ˜ 원인과 진싀 규λͺ…, 그리고 μˆ˜μŠ΅λŒ€μ±…μ„ λ‘˜λŸ¬μ‹Έκ³  λ§Žμ€ λ…Όμ˜λ“€μ΄ μ§„ν–‰λ˜μ–΄ μ™”λ‹€. κ·ΈλŸ¬λ‚˜ 방사λŠ₯κ³Ό μ˜€μ—Όμˆ˜λŠ” μ—¬μ „νžˆ λŒ€λŸ‰μœΌλ‘œ 유좜되고 있으며 도무지 해결될 κΈ°λ―Έκ°€ 보이지 μ•Šκ³  μžˆλ‹€. μ΄λ ‡κ²Œ μ‹¬κ°ν•œ ν˜„μ‹€μ—λ„ λΆˆκ΅¬ν•˜κ³ , 졜근 μ›μžλ ₯λ°œμ „μ†Œ 54기의 μ „λ©΄ 쀑지와 μž¬κ°€λ™μ„ λ‘˜λŸ¬μ‹Ό λ…Όλž€μ€ μ—¬μ „νžˆ ν˜„μž¬ μ§„ν–‰ν˜•μ΄λ‹€. 그런데 μ§€λ‚œ 5μ›” 21일 ν›„μΏ μ‹œλ§ˆ 사고 이후 졜초둜 ν›„μΏ μ΄ν˜„(福井縣) μ§€λ°©λ²•μ›μ—μ„œ 원전 가동 κΈˆμ§€ 판결이 λ‚΄λ €μ‘Œλ‹€. μ΄λŠ” ν•΄λ‹Ή μ§€μ—­μ˜ μ „λ ₯ μ‚¬μ—…μžμΈ 간사이(ι—œθ₯Ώ)μ „λ ₯을 μƒλŒ€λ‘œ, ν˜„ 내에 μžˆλŠ” 였이(倧飯)원전 3Β·4호기의 가동 쀑단을 μš”κ΅¬ν•˜λ©΄μ„œ μ œκΈ°ν•œ μ†Œμ†‘μ— λŒ€ν•œ νŒκ²°μ΄μ—ˆλ‹€. 이 νŒκ²°μ€ μ›μžλ ₯을 λ‘˜λŸ¬μ‹Ό μ•ˆμ „Β·κ²½μ œΒ·ν™˜κ²½ μ‹ ν™”λ₯Ό λΆ€μ •ν•˜κ³ , λ³΄ν†΅μ˜ ꡭ민듀이 μƒκ°ν•˜λŠ” μ•ˆμ „μ— λŒ€ν•œ 감각을 μ€‘μ‹œν•˜λ €λŠ” μ‚¬λ²•λΆ€μ˜ ν†΅μ ˆν•œ νšŒκ°œμ™€ λ°˜μ„±μ˜ μ˜λ―Έλ‘œμ„œ λ†’κ²Œ ν‰κ°€λ˜μ—ˆλ‹€

    Exposure, Risk Assessment and Predictive Exposure Model Development for Agricultural Operator in Representative Crop Fields

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    ν•™μœ„λ…Όλ¬Έ (박사)-- μ„œμšΈλŒ€ν•™κ΅ λŒ€ν•™μ› : 농생λͺ…곡학뢀, 2017. 2. κΉ€μ •ν•œ.Korea predictive model for the estimation of agricultural operator exposure has been developed on the basis of new exposure data to improve the current agricultural operator exposure and risk assessment in the Korea. The new operator exposure model represents current application techniques (speed sprayer and power sprayer) and practices in representative crop fields (apple orchard and rice field). 30 replicate exposure studies conducted between 2010 and 2012 were evaluated for the new model. Exposure and risk assessment were conducted for agricultural applicators during preparation of spray suspension and application with speed sprayer and power sprayer on crop fields. Several exposure matrices, including patches, cotton gloves, socks, masks and XAD-2 resin were used to measure the potential exposure for workers. The analytical methods were fully validated to guarantee the precision and accuracy of analysis. As a major factor contributing to the exposure of operators, the amount of active ingredient used per day was identified. Other parameters such as formulation type, density of the canopy were selected as factors for sub-scenarios. Accordingly, 75 percentile of exposure dose was calculated for mixing / loading and application according to scenario, and it was derived as exposure factor of Korean model. In vitro metabolism of kresoxim-methyl was conducted with human liver microsome. Two metabolites were identified. The screening test for identifying which recombinant CYP involved with metabolism of kresoxim-methyl was conducted with 10 human cDNA-expressed CYP isoforms. Eight rCYPs (except 2A6, 2E1) contributed to metabolism of kresoxim-methyl.Chapter I: Exposure of Operators, Risk Assessment, and Model Development 1 Introduction 1 Occupational exposure study 1 Methodology of agricultural worker exposure to pesticides 5 Dermal exposure 5 Risk assessment 6 Predictive model 8 Korea predictive operator exposure model 10 Part 1 : Probabilistic Exposure Assessment for Applicators during Treatment of the Fungicide Kresoxim-methyl on Apple Orchard by Speed Sprayer 13 Introduction 15 Materials and Methods 17 Reagents and materials 17 Dermal exposure matrices 17 Inhalation exposure matrices 17 Experimental sites and field trial 18 Exposure matrices sampling 20 Extraction of kresoxim-methyl from exposure matrices 20 Instrumental conditions 20 Method validation 21 Exposure assessment 22 Exposure estimation using Monte Carlo simulation for kresoxim-methyl 23 Risk assessment 24 Results and Discussion 25 Selection of crops and pesticide 25 Method validation 25 Determination of the number of iterations 26 Dermal exposure assessment 33 Inhalation exposure assessment 34 Exposure database for predictive model 34 Risk assessment 39 Part 2 : Exposure and Risk Assessment of Operators to Insecticide Acetamiprid during Treatment on Apple Orchard 45 Introduction 47 Materials and Methods 49 Reagents and materials 49 Exposure matrices 49 Experimental sites 50 Chromatographic condition 50 Limit of detection (LOD), limit of quantitation (LOQ), reproducibility and linearity of calibration curve 52 Trapping efficiency and breakthrough tests 52 Recovery (Matrix extraction efficiency) test 52 Extraction of acetamiprid from exposure matrices 53 Field trials and sampling procedure 53 Calculation of potential dermal and inhalation exposure 54 Risk assessment 54 Results and Discussion 56 Method validation 56 PDE and PIE 60 MOS and Risk Assessment 67 Database for model 67 Part 3 : Comparative Exposure of Operators to Fenthion during Treatment in Paddy Field 73 Introduction 75 Materials and Methods 77 Reagents and materials 77 Sampling methodology 77 Calculation of dermal and inhalation exposure 77 Analytical condition 77 Method validation 78 Sampling and field experiment 78 Results and Discussion 80 Method validation 80 Potential dermal exposure and inhalation exposure 80 Risk Assessment 87 Database for model 87 Part 4 : Operator Exposure to Indoxacarb Wettable Powder and Water Dispersible Granule during Mixing/loading and Risk Assessment 93 Materials and Methods 95 Experimental materials 95 Exposure study samples and analytical conditions 95 Extraction of exposure matrices 95 LOD, LOQ, and reproducibility 96 Recovery (Matrix extraction efficiency) test 96 Trapping efficiency and breakthrough tests 96 Field study, calculation of exposure, and risk assessment 97 Results and Discussion 98 Method Validation 98 Hand exposure, inhalation exposure and MOS 99 Part 5 : Hand Exposure of Operator to Chlorpyrifos during Mixing/loading and Risk Assessment 107 Materials and Methods 109 Reagents and materials 109 Analytical method validation 109 Measurement of hand exposure and risk assessment 109 Results and Discussion 111 Method validation 111 Hand exposure and risk assessment 111 Chapter II: In vitro metabolism of kresoxim-methyl by human liver microsomes 117 Introduction 119 In vitro human metabolism studies of pesticides 119 Human liver microsomal CYP450 122 Enzyme kinetics in metabolism 125 Materials and Methods 128 Chemicals and reagents 128 Analytical instruments and conditions 128 Metabolism of kresoxim-methyl in HLMs (Phase I reaction) 130 Metabolite identification 130 Optimization of metabolic conditions and kinetic studies 130 Metabolism of kresoxim-methyl by cDNA-expressed CYP450 isoforms 131 Determination of crystal structure 131 Results and discussion 132 Formation of the kresoxim-methyl metabolite by HLMs 132 Optimization of metabolic conditions and kinetic studies 132 Metabolism of kresoxim-methyl in cDNA-expressed CYP450 isoforms 133 Determination of crystal structure for kresoxim-methyl 142 Supplementary Materials 146 References 169 Abstract in Korean 179Docto

    Endoscopist-directed propofol: pros and cons.

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    Concerns about the safety of endoscopist-directed propofol (EDP) have been voiced that propofol should be given only by healthcare professionals trained in the administration of general anesthesia. Here we discuss the safety and drawbacks of EDP for routine endoscopic procedures. Currently, both diagnostic and therapeutic endoscopy are well tolerated and accepted by both patients and endoscopists due to the application of sedation in most clinics worldwide. Accordingly, propofol use is increasing in many countries. It is crucial for endoscopists to be very familiar with the use of propofol or a combination of drugs. However, the controversy regarding the administration of sedation by an endoscopist or an anesthesiologist continues. Until now, there have been no randomized control trials comparing sedation induced by propofol administered by an endoscopist or by an anesthesiologist. It might be difficult to perform this kind of study. For the convenience and safety of sedative endoscopy, it would be important that EDP be generally applied to endoscopic procedures, and for more safety, an anesthesiologist may automatically take care of particular patients at high risk of suffering from propofol side effects.ope

    Literature Review of Structural Equation Models for Hospital Nurses' Turnover Intention in Korea

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    Purpose: The purpose of this study was to review research papers on structural equation models for hospital nurses' turnover intentions, and to identify the factors that influence these intentions. Methods: Twenty-four research papers on structural equation models for hospital nurses' turnover intentions were identified for systematic review. Results: All 24 papers assessed nurses turnover intentions in general hospitals and university hospitals. A total of 36 indicators and 105 items were used to measure turnover intention. Turnover intention was positively related with 10 variables, and negatively with 17 variables. Organizational commitment, job satisfaction, job stress, burnout, organizational culture, and empowerment were found to have significant direct and indirect effects on nurses turnover intentions. Structural equation models in 23 of the 24 research papers showed high compatibility with the data. The models accounted for 20.1% 68.0% of total variances. Conclusion: The study findings show recent trends in nurses turnover intentions, and indicate directions for future research

    A Case of Sarcoidosis Combined with Massive Ascites

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    Sarcoidosis is a multi-systemic granulomatous disease of unknown cause, which most commonly involves lung, skin, eye, liver and lymph nodes. Herein, we report a case of sarcoidosis presented with massive ascites. A 47-year-old male patient visited our hospital with symptoms of general weakness and weight loss from past 4 months. Abdomen computed tomography showed multiple lymphadenopathy and hepatosplenomegaly. Lymph node biopsy demonstrated non-caseating granulomas. After biopsy, development of massive uncontrolled ascites was noted. Liver biopsy showed non-cirrhotic hepatic and portal fibrosis and omental biopsy showed submesothelial diffuse fibrosis and focal chronic inflammation, which were suggestive of hepatic and peritoneal involvement in sarcoidosis. Ascites was controlled after subsequent treatment with corticosteroids and methotrexate.ope

    Successful hemostasis of intractable rectal variceal bleeding using variceal embolization

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    Portal hypertension causes portosystemic shunting along the gastrointestinal tract, resulting in gastrointestinal varices. Rectal varices and their bleeding is a rare complication, but it can be fatal without appropriate treatment. However, because of its rarity, no established treatment strategy is yet available. In the setting of intractable rectal variceal bleeding, a transjugular intravenous portosystemic shunt can be a treatment of choice to enable portal decompression and thus achieve hemostasis. However, in the case of recurrent rectal variceal bleeding despite successful transjugular intravenous portosystemic shunt, alternative measures to control bleeding are required. Here, we report on a patient with liver cirrhosis who experienced recurrent rectal variceal bleeding even after successful transjugular intravenous portosystemic shunt and was successfully treated with variceal embolization.ope

    Physical activity and quality of life of patients with inflammatory bowel disease

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    This study examined the association between physical activity (PA) and quality of life (QOL) in Korean patients with inflammatory bowel disease (IBD).We enrolled 158 patients with IBD (81 men and 47 women). PA levels were assessed using the International PA questionnaire. Using self-reported frequency (day) and duration (h) of physical activities, the patients were categorized into 3 groups based on their total metabolic equivalent (MET-h/wk) values: least, moderate, and most active. The QOL of patients with IBD was assessed using the inflammatory bowel disease questionnaire (IBDQ), the Medical Outcomes Study 36-Item Short Form Version 2 (SF36v2), the EuroQOL five dimensions questionnaire (EQ5D), and the EuroQOL visual analog scale (EQ-VAS).Of 158 patients, 62, 73, and 23 patients with Crohn disease, ulcerative colitis, and intestinal Behçet disease, respectively, were included. The mean age was 45.96 ± 17.58 years, and 97 (61.4%) patients were men. Higher PA levels correlated with higher EQ5D and EQ-VAS scores (P < .001 and P = .004 respectively). In addition, depending on the type of PA, the amount of leisure activity was associated with higher IBDQ (κ = 0.212, P = .018), physical function of SF36v2 (κ = 0.197, P = .026), EQ5D (κ = 0.255, P = .002), and EQ-VAS (κ = 0.276, P = .001) scores. The frequency of sweat-inducing exercise showed an inverse correlation with IBDQ (κ = -0.228, P = .011), physical function of SF36v2 (κ = -0.245, P = .006), EQ5D (κ = -0.225, P = .007), and EQ-VAS (κ = -0.246, P = .004) scores.Increased PA levels were associated with improved QOL in patients with IBD. More leisure activity and non-sweat-inducing exercise were associated with improved QOL in patients with IBD.ope

    The association between the use of proton pump inhibitors and the risk of hypomagnesemia: a systematic review and meta-analysis.

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    BACKGROUND: Although many case reports have described patients with proton pump inhibitor (PPI)-induced hypomagnesemia, the impact of PPI use on hypomagnesemia has not been fully clarified through comparative studies. We aimed to evaluate the association between the use of PPI and the risk of developing hypomagnesemia by conducting a systematic review with meta-analysis. METHODS: We conducted a systematic search of MEDLINE, EMBASE, and the Cochrane Library using the primary keywords "proton pump," "dexlansoprazole," "esomeprazole," "ilaprazole," "lansoprazole," "omeprazole," "pantoprazole," "rabeprazole," "hypomagnesemia," "hypomagnesaemia," and "magnesium." Studies were included if they evaluated the association between PPI use and hypomagnesemia and reported relative risks or odds ratios or provided data for their estimation. Pooled odds ratios with 95% confidence intervals were calculated using the random effects model. Statistical heterogeneity was assessed with Cochran's Q test and I2 statistics. RESULTS: Nine studies including 115,455 patients were analyzed. The median Newcastle-Ottawa quality score for the included studies was seven (range, 6-9). Among patients taking PPIs, the median proportion of patients with hypomagnesemia was 27.1% (range, 11.3-55.2%) across all included studies. Among patients not taking PPIs, the median proportion of patients with hypomagnesemia was 18.4% (range, 4.3-52.7%). On meta-analysis, pooled odds ratio for PPI use was found to be 1.775 (95% confidence interval 1.077-2.924). Significant heterogeneity was identified using Cochran's Q test (dfβ€Š=β€Š7, P<0.001, I2β€Š=β€Š98.0%). CONCLUSIONS: PPI use may increase the risk of hypomagnesemia. However, significant heterogeneity among the included studies prevented us from reaching a definitive conclusion.ope

    Sequence Generation and Genotyping of 15 Autosomal STR Markers Using Next Generation Sequencing

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    Recently, next generation sequencing (NGS) has received attention as the ultimate genotyping method to overcome the limitations of capillary electrophoresis (CE) based short tandem repeat (STR) analysis, such as the limited number of STR loci that can be measured simultaneously using fluorescent-labeled primers and the maximum size of STR amplicons. In this study, we analyzed 15 autosomal STR markers via the NGS method and evaluated their effectiveness in STR analysis. Using male and female standard DNA as single-sources and their 1:1 mixture, we sequentially generated sample amplicons by the multiplex polymerase chain reaction (PCR) method, constructed DNA libraries by ligation of adapters with a multiplex identifier (MID), and sequenced DNA using the Roche GS Junior Platform. Sequencing data for each sample were analyzed via alignment with pre-built reference sequences. Most STR alleles could be determined by applying a coverage threshold of 20% for the two single-sources and 10% for the 1:1 mixture. The structure of the STR in each allele was accurately determined by examining the sequences of the target STR region. The mixture ratio of the mixed sample was estimated by analyzing the coverage ratios between assigned alleles at each locus and the reference/variant ratios from the observed sequence variations. In conclusion, the experimental method used in this study allowed the successful generation of NGS data. In addition, the NGS data analysis protocol enables accurate STR allele call and repeat structure determination at each locus. Therefore, this approach using the NGS system will be helpful to interpret and analysis the STR profiles from singe-source and even mixed samples in forensic investigation.ope
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