112 research outputs found
Enseignement du français pour un objectif spécifique
νμλ
Όλ¬Έ (μμ¬)-- μμΈλνκ΅ λνμ : μΈκ΅μ΄κ΅μ‘κ³Ό(λΆμ΄μ 곡), 2013. 2. μ¬λ΄μ.λ³Έ μ°κ΅¬λ μΈκ΅μ΄λ‘μ νλμ€μ΄λ₯Ό λ°°μ°λ νμ΅μ μ§λ¨ μ€μ νλμΈ μ±μ
μ 곡μλ€μ νλμ€μ΄ κ΅μ‘ νν© νμ
κ³Ό νλμ€μ΄ μꡬ λΆμμ ν΅ν΄μ κ·Έ μ§λ¨μ μ ν©ν ν¨μ¨μ μΈ νλμ€μ΄ κ΅μΒ·νμ΅ λ°©λ²μ κ°μ λ°©μμ λͺ¨μνλ λ°μ κ·Έ λͺ©μ μ΄ μλ€.
νλμ€μ΄ κ΅μ‘μ ν¬κ² μΌλ° νλμ€μ΄(franΓ§ais gΓ©nΓ©ral)μ νΉμ λͺ©μ νλμ€μ΄(franΓ§ais sur objectif spΓ©cifique)λ‘ λλμ΄ μ§ μ μλ€. μΌλ° νλμ€μ΄ κ΅μ‘μ μΌλ°μ μΈ μμμ μκ±°λ κ΅μμ μ¦μ§μν€κΈ° μνμ¬ μ°¨νμ μ΄λ€ λͺ©μ μΌλ‘ μ°μΌμ§ λͺ¨λ₯΄μ§λ§, λΉμ₯μ ꡬ체μ μΈ λͺ©μ μμ΄ λ¨μ§ νλμ€μ΄λ₯Ό λ°°μ΄λ€λ κ΄λ²μν νμ΅ λͺ©ν μλ μ£Όλ‘ λ¬Ένλ μΌμμνκ³Ό κ΄λ ¨μ΄ μλ λ΄μ©μΌλ‘ μ΄λ£¨μ΄μ§λ€. λ°λ©΄, νΉμ λͺ©μ νλμ€μ΄ κ΅μ‘μ μ©μ΄ κ·Έλλ‘ νΉμν λͺ©μ μ κ°μ§κ³ νλμ€μ΄λ₯Ό λ°°μ°κ³ μ νλ νμ΅μλ₯Ό μν κΈ°λ₯μ μΈ μΈμ΄ κ΅μ‘μ λ§νλ€. νΉμ λͺ©μ νλμ€μ΄λ μ§μ
νλμ΄λ μμ κ΅μ‘μ λ°κΈ° μν΄ μ¬λ¬ μ λ¬Έ λΆμΌλ νμ
κ³Όμ μ€μμ νλμ€μ΄λ₯Ό νμλ‘ νλ μ±μΈλ€μ μν κ΅μ‘μΌλ‘μ¨ νμ΅μλ€μ νμ΅λͺ©νκ° λλ ·νκ³ λ¨κΈ°κ° λ΄μ νλμ€μ΄λ₯Ό λ°°μ νμ©νκΈ° μνλ€. λν, νμ΅μμ μΈμ΄μꡬ(besoins langagiers)λ₯Ό λ°νμΌλ‘ λͺ¨λ κ΅μ‘ νλλ€μ΄ μ΄λ£¨μ΄μ§λ νμ΅μ μ€μ¬μ κ΅μ‘μ΄λΌλ μ μμ μΌλ° νλμ€μ΄ κ΅μ‘κ³Όλ νμ€νκ² κ΅¬λΆμ΄ λκ³ μλ€.
λ³Έ μ°κ΅¬μ λμμΈ μ°λ¦¬λλΌμ μ±μ
μ 곡μλ€μ νλμ€μ΄ νμ΅μ μ μ€ν νμλ‘ νλ μ§λ¨μ΄μ§λ§ νμ€μ μΌλ‘ κ·Έλ€μ΄ μνλ νλμ€μ΄ κ΅μ‘μ κΈ°νλ₯Ό κ±°μ κ°μ§ λͺ»νκ³ μλ€λ μ μμ μ μ¬μ μΈ νΉμ λͺ©μ νλμ€μ΄ νμ΅μ μ§λ¨μΌλ‘ λΆλ₯ν μ μλ€. λν λ³Έ μ°κ΅¬μμλ νΉμ λͺ©μ νλμ€μ΄ κ΅μ‘μ λ€μ νΉμ λͺ©μ μ μν νλμ€μ΄ κ΅μ‘κ³Ό ꡬλΆνμ¬ μ±μ
μ 곡 νμ΅μλ€μ μν νλμ€μ΄ κ΅μ‘μ νΉμ λͺ©μ νλμ€μ΄ κ΅μ‘κ³Όλ κ°λ
μ μΌλ‘ μ°¨μ΄κ° μλ νΉμ λͺ©μ μ μν νλμ€μ΄ κ΅μ‘μΌλ‘ κ°μ£Όνμλ€.
νλμ€ μμ κ°κ³‘μ λ
Έλνλ μ±μ
μ 곡μλ€μκ² μμ΄μ νλμ€μ΄λ νμ μ°μ΄λ μΈμ΄μ΄λ©° νμν μΈμ΄μ΄λ€. μ΄λ€μ κΈ°λ³Έμ μΌλ‘ νλμ€μ΄μ λ°μλ²κ³Ό ν΄μνλ λ₯λ ₯μ κ°μ₯ νμλ‘ νκ³ μμΌλ©° λ°°μ°κΈ° μνλ€. μ΄λ κ² νΉμν μν©μμ νμ΅ λͺ©μ μ΄ λΆλͺ
ν μ΄λ€μκ² μΌλ° λͺ©μ μ νλμ€μ΄ κ΅μ‘λ§μ νλ€λ©΄ κ΅μ‘ λͺ©μ κ³Ό λͺ©νλ₯Ό λ¬μ±νκ³ κ΅μ‘μ ν¨κ³Όλ₯Ό μ»κΈ°κ° λ§€μ° μ΄λ €μΈ κ²μ΄λ€. νμ¬ λνκ΅ μ±μ
κ³Ό μ 곡과λͺ©μΌλ‘ κ°μ€λ νλμ€μ΄ κ΄λ ¨ μμ
λ€μ΄ μμ§λ§ μ΄ μμ
μμ λ€λ£¨λ λ΄μ©λ§μΌλ‘λ κ·Έλ€μ΄ μνλ νλμ€μ΄ λ₯λ ₯μ κ°μΆκΈ°κ° νλ€λ€. λ°λΌμ μ±μ
μ 곡μλ€μ μꡬλ₯Ό λ°μνκ³ μ΄ μ§λ¨μ νΉμ±κ³Ό κΈ°λμ μλ§μ κ΅μ‘ λ°©λ²μ μ μν νμκ° μλ€. μ΄λ₯Ό μν΄ μ°μ μ±μ
μ 곡μλ€μ νλμ€μ΄ κ΅μ‘μ λν μꡬλ₯Ό λΆμνκ³ μ΄ μ§λ¨μ νΉμ±μ νμ
νλ μμ
μ΄ μ νλμ΄μΌ ν κ²μ΄λ€. λ°λΌμ νμ¬ μ±μ
κ°λ‘ νλ μ€μ΄κ±°λ λνμμ μ±μ
μ μ 곡νκ³ μλ 61λͺ
μ μ±μ
μ 곡μλ€μ λμμΌλ‘ μ€λ¬Έμ ν΅ν΄ νλμ€μ΄ μꡬλ₯Ό μ‘°μ¬νμλ€. μ‘°μ¬ κ²°κ³Όλ₯Ό ν λλ‘ νμ΅μμ μΈμ΄μκ΅¬κ° λ°μλ νμ΅ λͺ©νμ λ΄μ©μ μ μ νμκ³ μ΄ νμ΅ λ΄μ© μ€ μΌλΆλ₯Ό κ°μ§κ³ μ±μ
κ³Όμ νλμ€μ΄ κ΄λ ¨ μμ
μμ ν¨κ³Όμ μΌλ‘ νμ©ν μ μλ κ΅μΒ·νμ΅ λ°©μμ μλ‘ μ μνμλ€.
νμ¬ κ΅λ΄μ νλμ€μ΄ νμ΅μμ μμκ° μ μ μ€μ΄λ€κ³ μκΈ΄ νμ§λ§ μ¬μ ν νλμ€μ΄λ₯Ό νμλ‘ νκ³ μμΌλ©° κΎΈμ€ν λ°°μ°κ³ μ νλ νμ΅μλ€μ νμ μ‘΄μ¬νλ€.
μ±μ
μ 곡 νμ΅μλ€μ²λΌ μ΄λ€ λͺ©μ μ μν΄ νλμ€μ΄λ₯Ό κ°μ νκ² νμλ‘ νλ νμ΅μλ€μ μν΄, λΉλ‘ κ·Έ μκ° μμμΌμ§λΌλ μ€μ§μ μΈ λμμ μ€ μ μλ νΉμ λͺ©μ μ μν νλμ€μ΄ κ΅μ‘μ ν΅ν΄ μ€μ©μ μΈ λΆλΆμμ νλμ€μ΄ κ΅μ‘μ νμ±νκ° μ΄λ£¨μ΄μ§κΈΈ λ°λλ€.0. μλ‘ 1
β
. μ΄λ‘ μ λ°°κ²½ 5
1.1. νΉμ λͺ©μ νλμ€μ΄μ μμ¬μ λ°°κ²½ 5
1.2. νΉμ λͺ©μ νλμ€μ΄λ₯Ό μ§μΉνλ μ©μ΄μ μμ¬ 7
1.2.1. κ΅°μ¬ νλμ€μ΄ 8
1.2.2. κ³ΌνΒ·κΈ°μ λΆμΌμ νλμ€μ΄ 10
1.2.3. λꡬ νλμ€μ΄ 12
1.2.4. κΈ°λ₯ νλμ€μ΄ 14
1.3. νΉμ λͺ©μ νλμ€μ΄ 19
1.3.1. νΉμ λͺ©μ νλμ€μ΄μ κ°λ
19
1.3.2. μΌλ° νλμ€μ΄ vs νΉμ λͺ©μ νλμ€μ΄ 20
1.3.3. νΉμ λͺ©μ νλμ€μ΄ κ΅μ‘μ μ νμ°κ΅¬ 22
1.4. νΉμ λͺ©μ νλμ€μ΄μ μ±μ
μ 곡 νμ΅μλ€μ μν νλμ€μ΄ 25
β
‘. μ±μ
μ 곡 νμ΅μλ€μ νλμ€μ΄ κ΅μ‘Β·νμ΅ νν© λΆμ 28
2.1. μ‘°μ¬ λμ μ μ λ° λ°©λ² 28
2.2. μ±μ
κ³Ό νλμ€μ΄ κ΄λ ¨ κ΅κ³Ό κ°μ€ νν© 29
2.3. κ΅μ¬ λ° λ΄μ© λΆμ 37
2.3.1. κ΅μ¬ λΆμμ λͺ©μ λ° λΆμ κ΅μ¬ μ μ 37
2.3.2. κ΅μ¬ λΆμμ κΈ°μ€ 38
2.3.3. κ΅μ¬ λΆμ 40
β
’. μ±μ
μ 곡 νμ΅μλ€μ νλμ€μ΄ μꡬ λΆμ 60
3.1. μΈμ΄κ΅μ‘μμ νμ΅μμ μΈμ΄μꡬ λΆμ 60
3.1.1. μΈμ΄μꡬμ μ μ 60
3.1.2. μꡬ λΆμμ μ μ λ° λͺ©μ 62
3.1.3. μꡬ λΆμ λ°©λ²λ‘ 64
3.2. μ‘°μ¬ λμ λ° λͺ©ν 66
3.3. μ‘°μ¬ λ΄μ© λ° μ μ°¨ 67
3.4. μ‘°μ¬ κ²°κ³Ό λ° λΆμ 69
3.4.1. νλμ€μ΄ νμ΅κ²½ν λΆμ 69
3.4.2. νλμ€μ΄ κ΄λ ¨ μμ
κ²½ν λΆμ 73
3.4.2.1. μμ
λ° μ§ν λ°©μ μ‘°μ¬ 73
3.4.2.2. κ΅μ¬μ λν μ‘°μ¬ 77
3.4.2.3. κ΅μμμ κ΄ν μ‘°μ¬ 80
3.4.3. νμ΅μμ νλμ€μ΄ μꡬ λΆμ 83
β
£. μ±μ
μ 곡 νμ΅μλ€μ μν νλμ€μ΄ κ΅μΒ·νμ΅ λ°©λ² κ°μ λ°©μ 91
4.1. νλμ€μ΄ μꡬ λΆμμ λ°μν νμ΅ λͺ©ν λ° λ΄μ© μ μ 91
4.1.1. νλμ€μ΄ νμ΅ λͺ©ν μ€μ 91
4.1.2. νλμ€μ΄ νμ΅ λ΄μ© μ μ 92
4.2. μ±μ
μ 곡 νμ΅μλ€μ μν νλμ€μ΄ κ΅μΒ·νμ΅ λ°©μ 99
4.2.1. κ°κ³‘μ κ°μ¬ ν΄μμ μν λμ¬νμ© νμ΅ λ°©μ 100
4.3. νλμ€μ΄ κ΄λ ¨ μμ
μ κ΅μΒ·νμ΅ μ λ κ°μ λ°©μ 105
β
€.κ²°λ‘ 109
Bibliographie 113
Annexe 118
[λΆλ‘ 1] μ±μ
μ 곡μλ€μ νλμ€μ΄ μꡬ μ‘°μ¬ 118
[λΆλ‘ 2] μ€λ¬Έ μ‘°μ¬ κ²°κ³Ό λΆμ 134
[λΆλ‘ 3] κΈ°λ³Έ μ΄νν κΈ°μ€μ λ°λ₯Έ κ°κ³‘μ κΈ°λ³Έμ΄ν 150
[λΆλ‘ 4] κΈ°λ³Έ μ΄νμ μνμ§ μμΌλ κ°κ³‘μ μ μλ μ΄ν 154
RΓ©sumΓ© 156
ν λͺ© μ°¨
[ν β
-1] μΌλ° νλμ€μ΄ vs νΉμ λͺ©μ νλμ€μ΄ 22
[ν β
‘-1] 6κ° λν μ±μ
κ³Ό νλμ€μ΄ κ³Όλ ¨ κ΅κ³Ό 29
[ν β
‘-2] νλμ€μ΄ κ΄λ ¨ κ°μ’ λ΄μ© λ° μμ
μ§ν νν 32
[ν β
‘-3] κ΅μ¬ λΆμ κΈ°μ€ 40
[ν β
‘-4] κ΅μ¬μ λͺ©ν 41
[ν β
‘-5] κ΅μ¬μ κ΅¬μ± 41
[ν β
‘-6] κ° λ¨μ κ΅¬μ± 42
[ν β
‘-7] Aκ΅μ¬μ λ°μ λ΄μ© μ μ λ° μ€λͺ
46
[ν β
‘-8] Bκ΅μ¬μ λ°μ λ΄μ© μ μ λ° μ€λͺ
47
[ν β
‘-9] μ΄ν λΆμμ μν λΆμ λμ κ°κ³‘ 52
[ν β
’-1] μ±μ
μ 곡 νμ΅μλ€μ νλμ€μ΄ μꡬ μ‘°μ¬ λ΄μ© 68
[ν β
’-2] νλμ€μ΄ λμ
κ΅μ¬λ₯Ό ν΅ν νλμ€μ΄ λ°μλ² μ΅λμ¬λΆ 79
[ν β
’-3] κ΅μμμ μ 곡λΆμΌ 81
[ν β
’-4] μνλ νλμ€μ΄ λμ
μμ
κ΅μμ νμ
82
[ν β
’-5] κ΅μμμ νλμ€μ΄ λ¬Έλ² κ΅μ‘ μ¬λΆ 82
κ·Έ λ¦Ό λͺ© μ°¨
[κ·Έλ¦Ό β
-1] FOS κ΅μ‘νλ‘κ·Έλ¨μ μν 5λ¨κ³ μ μ°¨ 24
[κ·Έλ¦Ό β
’-1] νλμ€ μ²΄λ₯κ²½ν 70
[κ·Έλ¦Ό β
’-2] μ λ°μ μΈ νλμ€μ΄ λ₯λ ₯μ κ΄ν μκ°μ§λ¨ νκ° 71
[κ·Έλ¦Ό β
’-3] νλμ€μ΄ λ§νκΈ°Β·λ£κΈ°Β·μ½κΈ°Β·μ°κΈ° λ₯λ ₯ 72
[κ·Έλ¦Ό β
’-4] νλμ€μ΄ κ΄λ ¨ μμ
μκ°μ¬λΆ 74
[κ·Έλ¦Ό β
’-5] κΈ°λ³Έμ μΈ νλμ€μ΄ νμ΅μ νμμ± 75
[κ·Έλ¦Ό β
’-6] μμ
μ κ΅μ¬ μ¬μ© μ¬λΆ 77
[κ·Έλ¦Ό β
’-7] μμ
μ΄μΈμ λ³λμ κ΅μ¬ μ°Έκ³ μ¬λΆ 78
[κ·Έλ¦Ό β
’-8] κ΅μ¬ μ°Έκ³ μ λμμ΄ λμλμ§μ μ¬λΆ 78
[κ·Έλ¦Ό β
’-9] κ΅μμμ λν λ§μ‘±λ 81
[κ·Έλ¦Ό β
’-10] λ°μλ² μ΄μΈμ λ³λμ νλμ€μ΄ νμ΅μ νμμ± 84
[κ·Έλ¦Ό β
’-11] λ°μλ² μ΄μΈμ νμν νμ΅μ μ’
λ₯ 85
[κ·Έλ¦Ό β
’-12] μ±μ
μ μν νλμ€μ΄ λ¬Έλ² νμ΅μ νμμ± 86
[κ·Έλ¦Ό β
’-13] νλμ€ κ°κ³‘Β·μ€νλΌλ₯Ό μ°μ£Όν λμ λλ €μ μ¬λΆ 87
[κ·Έλ¦Ό β
’-14] νλμ€μ΄ μμ€μ΄ λμμ§ κ²½μ°, μ°μ£Όμ λν μμ κ° μ¬λΆ 88
[κ·Έλ¦Ό β
’-15] νλμ€μ΄ νμ΅ μν₯ 89
[κ·Έλ¦Ό β
’-16] μνλ νμ΅ νν 89Maste
μΌλ³Έ μμλ ₯μ νμ μμ μμ‘ : κ·Έ μμ¬μ νμ¬λ₯Ό λλ¬μΌ ν΄λ°©μ κΈ°μ΄
[μν] 1. λ€μΉ΄κΈ° μ§μλΆλ‘ μ , κΉμμ μ, , μμΈ: λ
Ήμνλ‘ μ¬,
2011.
2. ζ΅·ζΈ‘ιδΈ, , ζ±δΊ¬: 岩泒ζΈεΊ, 2011.2011λ
νμΏ μλ§ μ¬κ³ κ° λ°μν μ§λ λ²μ¨ 3λ
μ΄ νμ© μ§λ¬κ³ , κ·Έλμ μΌλ³Έμμλ νμΏ μλ§ μ¬κ³ μ μμΈκ³Ό μ§μ€ κ·λͺ
, κ·Έλ¦¬κ³ μμ΅λμ±
μ λλ¬μΈκ³ λ§μ λ
Όμλ€μ΄ μ§νλμ΄ μλ€. κ·Έλ¬λ λ°©μ¬λ₯κ³Ό μ€μΌμλ μ¬μ ν λλμΌλ‘ μ μΆλκ³ μμΌλ©° λλ¬΄μ§ ν΄κ²°λ κΈ°λ―Έκ° λ³΄μ΄μ§ μκ³ μλ€. μ΄λ κ² μ¬κ°ν νμ€μλ λΆκ΅¬νκ³ , μ΅κ·Ό μμλ ₯λ°μ μ 54κΈ°μ μ λ©΄ μ€μ§μ μ¬κ°λμ λλ¬μΌ λ
Όλμ μ¬μ ν νμ¬ μ§ννμ΄λ€. κ·Έλ°λ° μ§λ 5μ 21μΌ νμΏ μλ§ μ¬κ³ μ΄ν μ΅μ΄λ‘ νμΏ μ΄ν(η¦δΊηΈ£) μ§λ°©λ²μμμ μμ κ°λ κΈμ§ νκ²°μ΄ λ΄λ €μ‘λ€. μ΄λ ν΄λΉ μ§μμ μ λ ₯ μ¬μ
μμΈ κ°μ¬μ΄(ιθ₯Ώ)μ λ ₯μ μλλ‘, ν λ΄μ μλ μ€μ΄(倧飯)μμ 3Β·4νΈκΈ°μ κ°λ μ€λ¨μ μꡬνλ©΄μ μ κΈ°ν μμ‘μ λν νκ²°μ΄μλ€. μ΄ νκ²°μ μμλ ₯μ λλ¬μΌ μμ Β·κ²½μ Β·νκ²½ μ νλ₯Ό λΆμ νκ³ , 보ν΅μ κ΅λ―Όλ€μ΄ μκ°νλ μμ μ λν κ°κ°μ μ€μνλ €λ μ¬λ²λΆμ ν΅μ ν νκ°μ λ°μ±μ μλ―Έλ‘μ λκ² νκ°λμλ€
Exposure, Risk Assessment and Predictive Exposure Model Development for Agricultural Operator in Representative Crop Fields
νμλ
Όλ¬Έ (λ°μ¬)-- μμΈλνκ΅ λνμ : λμλͺ
곡νλΆ, 2017. 2. κΉμ ν.Korea predictive model for the estimation of agricultural operator exposure has been developed on the basis of new exposure data to improve the current agricultural operator exposure and risk assessment in the Korea. The new operator exposure model represents current application techniques (speed sprayer and power sprayer) and practices in representative crop fields (apple orchard and rice field). 30 replicate exposure studies conducted between 2010 and 2012 were evaluated for the new model. Exposure and risk assessment were conducted for agricultural applicators during preparation of spray suspension and application with speed sprayer and power sprayer on crop fields. Several exposure matrices, including patches, cotton gloves, socks, masks and XAD-2 resin were used to measure the potential exposure for workers. The analytical methods were fully validated to guarantee the precision and accuracy of analysis. As a major factor contributing to the exposure of operators, the amount of active ingredient used per day was identified. Other parameters such as formulation type, density of the canopy were selected as factors for sub-scenarios. Accordingly, 75 percentile of exposure dose was calculated for mixing / loading and application according to scenario, and it was derived as exposure factor of Korean model. In vitro metabolism of kresoxim-methyl was conducted with human liver microsome. Two metabolites were identified. The screening test for identifying which recombinant CYP involved with metabolism of kresoxim-methyl was conducted with 10 human cDNA-expressed CYP isoforms. Eight rCYPs (except 2A6, 2E1) contributed to metabolism of kresoxim-methyl.Chapter I: Exposure of Operators, Risk Assessment, and Model Development 1
Introduction 1
Occupational exposure study 1
Methodology of agricultural worker exposure to pesticides 5
Dermal exposure 5
Risk assessment 6
Predictive model 8
Korea predictive operator exposure model 10
Part 1 : Probabilistic Exposure Assessment for Applicators during Treatment of the Fungicide Kresoxim-methyl on Apple Orchard by Speed Sprayer 13
Introduction 15
Materials and Methods 17
Reagents and materials 17
Dermal exposure matrices 17
Inhalation exposure matrices 17
Experimental sites and field trial 18
Exposure matrices sampling 20
Extraction of kresoxim-methyl from exposure matrices 20
Instrumental conditions 20
Method validation 21
Exposure assessment 22
Exposure estimation using Monte Carlo simulation for kresoxim-methyl 23
Risk assessment 24
Results and Discussion 25
Selection of crops and pesticide 25
Method validation 25
Determination of the number of iterations 26
Dermal exposure assessment 33
Inhalation exposure assessment 34
Exposure database for predictive model 34
Risk assessment 39
Part 2 : Exposure and Risk Assessment of Operators to Insecticide Acetamiprid during Treatment on Apple Orchard 45
Introduction 47
Materials and Methods 49
Reagents and materials 49
Exposure matrices 49
Experimental sites 50
Chromatographic condition 50
Limit of detection (LOD), limit of quantitation (LOQ), reproducibility and linearity of calibration curve 52
Trapping efficiency and breakthrough tests 52
Recovery (Matrix extraction efficiency) test 52
Extraction of acetamiprid from exposure matrices 53
Field trials and sampling procedure 53
Calculation of potential dermal and inhalation exposure 54
Risk assessment 54
Results and Discussion 56
Method validation 56
PDE and PIE 60
MOS and Risk Assessment 67
Database for model 67
Part 3 : Comparative Exposure of Operators to Fenthion during Treatment in Paddy Field 73
Introduction 75
Materials and Methods 77
Reagents and materials 77
Sampling methodology 77
Calculation of dermal and inhalation exposure 77
Analytical condition 77
Method validation 78
Sampling and field experiment 78
Results and Discussion 80
Method validation 80
Potential dermal exposure and inhalation exposure 80
Risk Assessment 87
Database for model 87
Part 4 : Operator Exposure to Indoxacarb Wettable Powder and Water Dispersible Granule during Mixing/loading and Risk Assessment 93
Materials and Methods 95
Experimental materials 95
Exposure study samples and analytical conditions 95
Extraction of exposure matrices 95
LOD, LOQ, and reproducibility 96
Recovery (Matrix extraction efficiency) test 96
Trapping efficiency and breakthrough tests 96
Field study, calculation of exposure, and risk assessment 97
Results and Discussion 98
Method Validation 98
Hand exposure, inhalation exposure and MOS 99
Part 5 : Hand Exposure of Operator to Chlorpyrifos during Mixing/loading and Risk Assessment 107
Materials and Methods 109
Reagents and materials 109
Analytical method validation 109
Measurement of hand exposure and risk assessment 109
Results and Discussion 111
Method validation 111
Hand exposure and risk assessment 111
Chapter II: In vitro metabolism of kresoxim-methyl by human liver microsomes 117
Introduction 119
In vitro human metabolism studies of pesticides 119
Human liver microsomal CYP450 122
Enzyme kinetics in metabolism 125
Materials and Methods 128
Chemicals and reagents 128
Analytical instruments and conditions 128
Metabolism of kresoxim-methyl in HLMs (Phase I reaction) 130
Metabolite identification 130
Optimization of metabolic conditions and kinetic studies 130
Metabolism of kresoxim-methyl by cDNA-expressed CYP450 isoforms 131
Determination of crystal structure 131
Results and discussion 132
Formation of the kresoxim-methyl metabolite by HLMs 132
Optimization of metabolic conditions and kinetic studies 132
Metabolism of kresoxim-methyl in cDNA-expressed CYP450 isoforms 133
Determination of crystal structure for kresoxim-methyl 142
Supplementary Materials 146
References 169
Abstract in Korean 179Docto
Endoscopist-directed propofol: pros and cons.
Concerns about the safety of endoscopist-directed propofol (EDP) have been voiced that propofol should be given only by healthcare professionals trained in the administration of general anesthesia. Here we discuss the safety and drawbacks of EDP for routine endoscopic procedures. Currently, both diagnostic and therapeutic endoscopy are well tolerated and accepted by both patients and endoscopists due to the application of sedation in most clinics worldwide. Accordingly, propofol use is increasing in many countries. It is crucial for endoscopists to be very familiar with the use of propofol or a combination of drugs. However, the controversy regarding the administration of sedation by an endoscopist or an anesthesiologist continues. Until now, there have been no randomized control trials comparing sedation induced by propofol administered by an endoscopist or by an anesthesiologist. It might be difficult to perform this kind of study. For the convenience and safety of sedative endoscopy, it would be important that EDP be generally applied to endoscopic procedures, and for more safety, an anesthesiologist may automatically take care of particular patients at high risk of suffering from propofol side effects.ope
Literature Review of Structural Equation Models for Hospital Nurses' Turnover Intention in Korea
Purpose: The purpose of this study was to review research papers on structural equation models for hospital nurses' turnover intentions, and to identify the factors that influence these intentions. Methods: Twenty-four research papers on structural equation models for hospital nurses' turnover intentions were identified for systematic review. Results: All 24 papers assessed nurses turnover intentions in general hospitals and university hospitals. A total of 36 indicators and 105 items were used to measure turnover intention. Turnover intention was positively related with 10 variables, and negatively with 17 variables. Organizational commitment, job satisfaction, job stress, burnout, organizational culture, and empowerment were found to have significant direct and indirect effects on nurses turnover intentions. Structural equation models in 23 of the 24 research papers showed high compatibility with the data. The models accounted for 20.1% 68.0% of total variances. Conclusion: The study findings show recent trends in nurses turnover intentions, and indicate directions for future research
A Case of Sarcoidosis Combined with Massive Ascites
Sarcoidosis is a multi-systemic granulomatous disease of unknown
cause, which most commonly involves lung, skin,
eye, liver and lymph nodes. Herein, we report a case of sarcoidosis
presented with massive ascites. A 47-year-old male
patient visited our hospital with symptoms of general weakness
and weight loss from past 4 months. Abdomen computed
tomography showed multiple lymphadenopathy and
hepatosplenomegaly. Lymph node biopsy demonstrated
non-caseating granulomas. After biopsy, development of
massive uncontrolled ascites was noted. Liver biopsy
showed non-cirrhotic hepatic and portal fibrosis and omental
biopsy showed submesothelial diffuse fibrosis and focal
chronic inflammation, which were suggestive of hepatic and
peritoneal involvement in sarcoidosis. Ascites was controlled
after subsequent treatment with corticosteroids and methotrexate.ope
Successful hemostasis of intractable rectal variceal bleeding using variceal embolization
Portal hypertension causes portosystemic shunting along the gastrointestinal tract, resulting in gastrointestinal varices. Rectal varices and their bleeding is a rare complication, but it can be fatal without appropriate treatment. However, because of its rarity, no established treatment strategy is yet available. In the setting of intractable rectal variceal bleeding, a transjugular intravenous portosystemic shunt can be a treatment of choice to enable portal decompression and thus achieve hemostasis. However, in the case of recurrent rectal variceal bleeding despite successful transjugular intravenous portosystemic shunt, alternative measures to control bleeding are required. Here, we report on a patient with liver cirrhosis who experienced recurrent rectal variceal bleeding even after successful transjugular intravenous portosystemic shunt and was successfully treated with variceal embolization.ope
Physical activity and quality of life of patients with inflammatory bowel disease
This study examined the association between physical activity (PA) and quality of life (QOL) in Korean patients with inflammatory bowel disease (IBD).We enrolled 158 patients with IBD (81 men and 47 women). PA levels were assessed using the International PA questionnaire. Using self-reported frequency (day) and duration (h) of physical activities, the patients were categorized into 3 groups based on their total metabolic equivalent (MET-h/wk) values: least, moderate, and most active. The QOL of patients with IBD was assessed using the inflammatory bowel disease questionnaire (IBDQ), the Medical Outcomes Study 36-Item Short Form Version 2 (SF36v2), the EuroQOL five dimensions questionnaire (EQ5D), and the EuroQOL visual analog scale (EQ-VAS).Of 158 patients, 62, 73, and 23 patients with Crohn disease, ulcerative colitis, and intestinal Behçet disease, respectively, were included. The mean age was 45.96 ± 17.58 years, and 97 (61.4%) patients were men. Higher PA levels correlated with higher EQ5D and EQ-VAS scores (P < .001 and P = .004 respectively). In addition, depending on the type of PA, the amount of leisure activity was associated with higher IBDQ (κ = 0.212, P = .018), physical function of SF36v2 (κ = 0.197, P = .026), EQ5D (κ = 0.255, P = .002), and EQ-VAS (κ = 0.276, P = .001) scores. The frequency of sweat-inducing exercise showed an inverse correlation with IBDQ (κ = -0.228, P = .011), physical function of SF36v2 (κ = -0.245, P = .006), EQ5D (κ = -0.225, P = .007), and EQ-VAS (κ = -0.246, P = .004) scores.Increased PA levels were associated with improved QOL in patients with IBD. More leisure activity and non-sweat-inducing exercise were associated with improved QOL in patients with IBD.ope
The association between the use of proton pump inhibitors and the risk of hypomagnesemia: a systematic review and meta-analysis.
BACKGROUND: Although many case reports have described patients with proton pump inhibitor (PPI)-induced hypomagnesemia, the impact of PPI use on hypomagnesemia has not been fully clarified through comparative studies. We aimed to evaluate the association between the use of PPI and the risk of developing hypomagnesemia by conducting a systematic review with meta-analysis.
METHODS: We conducted a systematic search of MEDLINE, EMBASE, and the Cochrane Library using the primary keywords "proton pump," "dexlansoprazole," "esomeprazole," "ilaprazole," "lansoprazole," "omeprazole," "pantoprazole," "rabeprazole," "hypomagnesemia," "hypomagnesaemia," and "magnesium." Studies were included if they evaluated the association between PPI use and hypomagnesemia and reported relative risks or odds ratios or provided data for their estimation. Pooled odds ratios with 95% confidence intervals were calculated using the random effects model. Statistical heterogeneity was assessed with Cochran's Q test and I2 statistics.
RESULTS: Nine studies including 115,455 patients were analyzed. The median Newcastle-Ottawa quality score for the included studies was seven (range, 6-9). Among patients taking PPIs, the median proportion of patients with hypomagnesemia was 27.1% (range, 11.3-55.2%) across all included studies. Among patients not taking PPIs, the median proportion of patients with hypomagnesemia was 18.4% (range, 4.3-52.7%). On meta-analysis, pooled odds ratio for PPI use was found to be 1.775 (95% confidence interval 1.077-2.924). Significant heterogeneity was identified using Cochran's Q test (dfβ=β7, P<0.001, I2β=β98.0%).
CONCLUSIONS: PPI use may increase the risk of hypomagnesemia. However, significant heterogeneity among the included studies prevented us from reaching a definitive conclusion.ope
Sequence Generation and Genotyping of 15 Autosomal STR Markers Using Next Generation Sequencing
Recently, next generation sequencing (NGS) has received attention as the ultimate genotyping method to overcome the limitations of capillary electrophoresis (CE) based short tandem repeat (STR) analysis, such as the limited number of STR loci that can be measured simultaneously using fluorescent-labeled primers and the maximum size of STR amplicons. In this study, we analyzed 15 autosomal STR markers via the NGS method and evaluated their effectiveness in STR analysis. Using male and female standard DNA as single-sources and their 1:1 mixture, we sequentially generated sample amplicons by the multiplex polymerase chain reaction (PCR) method, constructed DNA libraries by ligation of adapters with a multiplex identifier (MID), and sequenced DNA using the Roche GS Junior Platform. Sequencing data for each sample were analyzed via alignment with pre-built reference sequences. Most STR alleles could be determined by applying a coverage threshold of 20% for the two single-sources and 10% for the 1:1 mixture. The structure of the STR in each allele was accurately determined by examining the sequences of the target STR region. The mixture ratio of the mixed sample was estimated by analyzing the coverage ratios between assigned alleles at each locus and the reference/variant ratios from the observed sequence variations. In conclusion, the experimental method used in this study allowed the successful generation of NGS data. In addition, the NGS data analysis protocol enables accurate STR allele call and repeat structure determination at each locus. Therefore, this approach using the NGS system will be helpful to interpret and analysis the STR profiles from singe-source and even mixed samples in forensic investigation.ope
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